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Chemical Warfare
Featured Sites
CHEMM - Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Library of Medicine
Chemical Weapons Elimination
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Overview
- Background on Chemical Warfare
Noblis™ - Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW)
Science Tracer Bullets Online, Library of Congress - Chemical Categories
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Chemical Emergencies
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Chemical Terrorism
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor - Chemical Threat
Ready.gov - Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Terrorism/Warfare: A bibliography (PDF, 2 MB)
Dudley Knox Library Naval Postgraduate School - Nerve Agents
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - United States Chemical Weapons Convention Site
Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. Department of Commerce
Classes of Chemical Agents
Nerve Agents
- Health Effects
- Physostigmine cholinesterase inhibitors (reversible)
- Organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (irreversible)
- Disable enzymes responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.
- Initial effects of organophosphorus agents occur within 1-10 minutes of exposure
- Death
-
- Within 15 minutes for Tabun, Sarin, and Soman
- From 4-42 hours for VX.
- Agents Include
- Tabun (NATO military designation, GA)
- Sarin (NATO military designation, GB)
- Soman (NATO military designation, GD)
- GF (Cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate)
- VX (Methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester)
- GE (Phosphonofluoridic acid, ethyl-, isopropyl ester)
- VE (Phosphonothioic acid, ethyl-, S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester)
- VG (Amiton)
- VM (Phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester)
Blister/Vesicant Agents
- Health Effects
- Vesicants
-
- Skin blisters
- Damage eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and internal organs
- Initial effects rapid
- Mustard agents
-
- Destroy different substances within cells of living tissue
- Initial effects occur 12 to 24 hours after exposure.
- Symptoms variable
- Acute mortality low
- Death can occur from complications after lung injury.
- Agents Include
- Lewisite (L)
- Mustard-Lewisite (HL)
- Nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3)
- Phosgene oxime (CX)
- Sulfur mustards ( H, HD, HT)
Blood Agents
- Health Effects
- Highly volatile
- Rapidly acting
- seizures
- respiratory failure
- cardiac arrest
- Agents Include
- Cyanogen chloride (CK)
- Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
Pulmonary Agents
- Health Effects
- Liquids dispersed in gas form
- Damage the respiratory tract and cause severe pulmonary edema in about four hours, leading to eventual death. Effects are variable
- Rapid or delayed depending on the specific agent.
- Agents Include
- Chlorine
- Chloropicrin (PS)
- Diphosgene (DP)
- Phosgene (CG)
Emergency Response & Treatment
- Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the
CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup
2000 Apr 21;49(RR-4):1-14 - Case Definitions for Chemical Poisoning
MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005 Jan 14;4(RR01);1-24 - Emergency Room Procedures in Chemical Hazard Emergencies
A Job Aid
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Medical Management Guidelines for Nerve Agents: Tabun (GA); Sarin (GB); Soman (GD); and VX
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, 3rd Edition
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)
Brookside Press - NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations
Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force - Protecting Emergency Responders - Lessons Learned from Terrorist Attacks
RAND Corporation - Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance (2004)
World Health Organization - Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
The Borden Institute, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army
Counterterrorism & Preparedness
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear Defense Information Analysis Center
Battelle Memorial Institute, Department of Defense - Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
FEMA.gov - Chemical Weapons Elimination
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Emergency Response Guidelines (PDF, 2.8 MB)
U.S. Department of Transportation – Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) - Emergency Management
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning: State and Local Guide (PDF, 600 KB)
FEMA.gov - Recommendations for Protecting Human Health Against Potential Adverse Effects of Long-Term Exposure to
Low Doses of Chemical Warfare Agents
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1988 Feb 12;37(5):72-4, 79
Law and Policy
Resources from the National Library of Medicine
PubMed - Biomedical journal literature
- Chemical Warfare
- Hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote
- Hydrogen cyanide
- Lewisite
- Mustard Gas
- Phosgene
- Ricin
- Sarin
- Soman
- Tabun
TOXLINE - Special journal literature, technical reports and archival collections
Hazardous Substances Data Bank - Toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals
ChemIDplus - Chemical identification and structure database
MedlinePlus - Consumer Health Information
NLM Catalog - Access to information about books and other materials in NLM's catalog
- Chemical Warfare
Portals
- The Chemical-Biological Warfare Exposures Site
Force Health Protection and Readiness, Department of Defense - Chemical Weapons Elimination
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Información en español
- Ataque químico
Listo.gov - Emergencias químicas
Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades - Exposición a sustancias químicas
Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicas y el Registro de Enfermedades - Emergencias químicas
MedlinePlus en español
Disclaimer
Reference to an external Internet resource on this server does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement by the National Library of Medicine of the services or views described in that resource.
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