Title: Wounding and hardwood diseases

Author: Walters, James W.

Year: 1992

Publication: In: Hutchinson, Jay G., ed. Northern hardwood notes. St. Paul, MN.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 7.06

Abstract: Most hardwood diseases are spread by spores that are carried either by wind or insects. The spores enter into the host tree through natural wounds (fire scars, bark splits, sunscald, cankers, and branch stubs) or artificial wounds (bark carving, improper pruning, logging damage). Fresh wounds attract certain insects that can carry spores into the exposed part of the tree. The most common type of wound in managed forests results from logging.