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Eric J Rignot's Picture
Address:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
M/S 300-319
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Dr.
Pasadena, CA 91109
Phone:
(818) 354-1640
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(818) 393-5184
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Dr. Eric J Rignot

Education
  • PhD, Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1991.
  • M.Sc., Aerospace Engineering, 1988, University of Southern California, CA.
  • M.Sc., Electrical Engineering, 1987, University of Southern California, CA.
  • M.Sc., Astronomy, 1986, University of Paris VI Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
  • Engineer Degree, 1985, Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, France.
Research Interests
  • Mass balance of ice sheets in Greenland, Antarctica and Patagonia combining satellite remote sensing techniques with other data.
  • Ice-stream dynamics, ice-ocean interactions, climate change.
  • Ice sheet modeling and data assimilation.
  • Low-frequency radar sounding of glaciers and ice sheets.
  • Geophysical applications of synthetic-aperture radar interferometry and polarimetry.
Professional Experience
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1988-present)
    • Member of Technical Staff, (1988-1996).
    • Research Scientist, (1996-2002)
    • Principal Scientist, (2002-present).
    • Senior Research Scientist, (2006-present).
  • Adjunct Professor, Centro de Estudios Cientificos, Valdivia, Chile (2003-present).
  • Visiting Scientist, University of Colorado in Boulder, CO (2004-present).
  • Research Assistant, University of Southern California, (1986-1988).
Selected Awards
  • NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Award (2007)
  • JPL Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication (2004)
  • JPL Level A Award for Technical Achievement, 2004.
  • NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Award (2003)
  • Nomination of ”Rignot Glacier, Antarctica” by U. S. Board Geogr. Names, 2003.
  • JPL Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication (2002)
  • JPL Director Lew Allen Award for Excellence (1998)
  • Prize Paper Award IEEE Geos. Rem. Sens. Soc. (1994)
  • 11 NASA Certificates of Recognition between 1988 and 1993.
  • Member AGU and IGS.
Selected Publications
  1. 1987 S. Malbequi, S. Candel, and E. Rignot, Boundary integral calculations of scattering fields: Application to a spacecraft launcher, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , 82 (5), 1771-1781.
  2. 1991 E. Rignot, R. Kwok, J. Curlander, and S. Pang, Automated Multisensor Registration: Requirements and Techniques, Photogram. Eng. Rem. Sens. , 57 (8), 1029-1038.
  3. 1991 E. Rignot and R. Chellappa, Segmentation of synthetic aperture radar complex data, J. Opt. Soc. Am. , A, 1499-1509.
  4. 1991 M. Drinkwater, R. Kwok, D. Winnebrenner, and E. Rignot, Multi-frequency Polarimetric SAR Observations of sea-ice, J. Geophys. Res. , 96 (C11), 20679-20698.
  5. 1992 R. Kwok, E. Rignot, B. Holt, and R. Onstott, Identification of sea-ice types in spaceborne synthetic aperture radar data, J. Geophys. Res. , 97 (C2), 2391-2402.
  6. 1992 E. Rignot and R. Chellappa, Segmentation of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data, IEEE Trans. Imag. Proc. , 1 , 281-300.
  7. 1992 E. Rignot, R. Chellappa, and P. Dubois, Unsupervised segmentation of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 30 (4), 697-705.
  8. 1993 E. Rignot and R. Kwok, Characterization of spatial statistics in SAR imagery, Int. J. Rem. Sens. , 14 , 345-366.
  9. 1993 E. Rignot and R. Chellappa, Maximum a posteriori segmentation of multifrequency multi-look SAR intensity data, J. Opt. Soc. Am. , A, 10 , 573-582.
  10. 1993 E. Rignot and J.J. van Zyl, Change detection techniques for ERS-1 SAR data, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 31 (4), 896-906.
  11. 1993 E. Rignot, S. Ostro, J. van Zyl, and K. Jezek, Unusual radar echoes from the Greenland ice sheet, Science , 261, 1710-1713.
  12. 1993 G. R. Spedding and E. J.M. Rignot, Performance analysis and application of grid interpolation techniques for fluid flows, Exp. Fluids , 15 (6), 417-430.
  13. 1994 E. Rignot and M. Drinkwater, Winter sea ice mapping from multi-parameter synthetic aperture radar data, J. Glaciol. , 40 (134), 31-45.
  14. 1994 R. Kwok, E. Rignot, J.B. Way, T. Freeman, J. Holt, Polarization signatures of Frozen and Thawed Forests of Varying Biomass, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 32 (2), 371-381.
  15. 1994 J.B. Way , R. Kwok, E. Rignot, T. Freeman, and J. Holt, Monitoring temporal change in Alaskan forests using AIRSAR data, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 32 (2), 353-370.
  16. 1994 E. Rignot, J.B. Way, K. McDonald, C. Williams, L .Viereck, P. Adams, C. Payne, W. Wood, and J. Shi, Monitoring environmental conditions in taiga forests using ERS-1 SAR data: Results from the Commissioning Phase, Rem. Sens. Environ. , 49 , 131-137.
  17. 1994 E. Rignot, and J.B. Way, Monitoring freeze-thaw along North-South Alaskan transects using ERS-1 SAR, Rem. Sens. Environ. , 49 , 145-154.
  18. 1994 E. Rignot, C. Williams, J.B. Way, and L. Viereck, Mapping of forest types in Alaskan boreal forests using SAR imagery, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 32 (5), 1051-1059, 1994.
  19. 1994 E. Rignot, C. Williams, J.B. Way, and L. Viereck, Radar Estimates of Aboveground Biomass in Boreal Forests of Interior Alaska, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 32 (5), 1117-1124, 1994.
  20. 1995 E. Rignot, K. C. Jezek, and H. G. Sohn, Ice flow dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet from SAR interferometry, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 22 (5), 575-578.
  21. 1995 E. Rignot, A Model for Interpreting the Unusual Radar Echoes from the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res. , 100 (E5), 9389-9400.
  22. 1995 E. Rignot, R. Zimmerman, J. van Zyl and R. Oren, Spaceborne applications of a P-band imaging radar for mapping of forest biomass, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 33 (5), 1162-1169.
  23. 1995 C.L. Williams, K.McDonald, E. Rignot, L.A. Viereck, J.B. Way and R. Zimmermann, Monitoring, classification, and characterization of interior Alaska forests using AIRSAR and ERS-1 SAR, Polar Record , 31 (177), 227-234.
  24. 1995 E.S. Kasischke, L. Morrisey, J. Way, N.H.F. French, L.L. Bourgeau-Chavez, E. Rignot, J.A. Stearn, and G.P. Livingston, Monitoring seasonal variations in boreal forest ecosystems using multi-temporal spaceborne SAR data, Canadian J. Rem. Sens. , 21 (2), 96-109.
  25. 1996 E. Rignot, R. Forster and B. Isacks, Interferometric Radar Observations of Glaciar San Rafael, Chile, J. Glaciol. , 42 (141), 279-291.
  26. 1996 E. Rignot, R. Forster and B. Isacks, Mapping of Glacial Motion and Surface Topography of Hielo Patag ?onico Norte, Chile, using Satellite SAR L-band Interferometry Data, Ann. Glaciol. , 23 , 209-216.
  27. 1996 E. Rignot, Dual-Frequency Interferometric SAR Observations of Tropical Rain-Forests, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 23 (9), 993-996.
  28. 1996 E. Rignot, Tidal flexure, ice velocities and ablation rates of Petermann Gletscher, Greenland, J. Glaciol. , 42 (142), 476-485.
  29. 1997 E. Rignot, W. Salas, and D. Skole, Mapping deforestation and secondary growth in Rondonia, Brazil using imaging radar and thematic mapper data, Rem. Sens. Environ. , 59 (2), 167-179.
  30. 1997 E. Rignot, W. Salas, and D. Skole, Mapping deforestation and secondary growth in Rondonia, Brazil using imaging radar and thematic mapper data, Rem. Sens. Environ. , 61 (1), 179-180.
  31. 1997 E. Rignot, S. Gogineni, W. Krabill and S. Ekholm, Ice discharge from north and northeast Greenland as observed from satellite radar interferometry, Science , 276 , 934-937.
  32. 1997 E. Rignot, S. Gogineni, W. Krabill and S. Ekholm, Mass balance of north Greenland - Response, Science , Letter, 278 (5336), 209-209.
  33. 1997 S. Saatchi and E. Rignot, Land cover classification of Boreas modeling grid using AIRSAR images, Rem. Sens. Environ. , 35 (6), 270-281.
  34. 1997 J. B. Way , R. Zimmermann, E. Rignot, K. McDonald and R. Oren, Winter and spring thaw as observed with imaging radar at BOREAS, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (D24), 29,673-29,684.
  35. 1998 E. Rignot and D. MacAyeal, Ice-shelf dynamics near the front of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, revealed by SAR interferometry, J. Glaciol. , 44 , 405-418.
  36. 1998 C. Hulbe, E. Rignot, and D. MacAyeal, Comparison of ice-shelf creep flow simulations with ice-front of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, detected by SAR interferometry, Ann. Glaciol. , 27 , 182-186.
  37. 1998 E. Rignot, Hinge-line migration of Petermann Gletscher, north Greenland, detected using satellite radar interferometry, J. Glaciol. , 44 , 469-476.
  38. 1998 D. MacAyeal, E. Rignot and C. Hulbe, Ice-shelf dynamics near the front of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, revealed by SAR interferometry: model/interferogram comparison, J. Glaciol. , 44 , 419-428.
  39. 1998 E. Rignot, Radar Interferometry Detection of Hinge-Line Migration on Rutford Ice Stream and Carlson Inlet, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol. , 27 , 25-32.
  40. 1998 E. Rignot, Fast recession of a West Antarctic Glacier, Science , 281 , 549-551.
  41. 1999 R. Michel and E. Rignot, Flow of Moreno Glaciar, Argentina, from repeat-pass Shuttle Imaging Radar images: Comparison of the phase correlation method with radar interferometry, J. Glaciol. , 45 (149), 93-100.
  42. 1999 R. R. Forster, E. Rignot, B. L. Isacks, and K. C. Jezek, Interferometric radar observations of glaciers Europa and Penguin, Hielo Patagonico Sur, Chile, J. Glaciol. 45 (150), 325-337.
  43. 2000 E. Rignot, Effect of Faraday Rotation on L-band Interferometric and Polarimetric Synthetic-aperture Radar Data, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. , 38 (1), 383-390.
  44. 2000 R. H. Thomas, W. Abdalati, T. Akins, B. Csatho, E. Frederick, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, S. Manizade, E. Rignot, Substantial thinning of a major east Greenland outlet glacier, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 27 (9), 1291-1294.
  45. 2000 E. Rignot, L. Padman, D.R. MacAyeal, and M. Schmeltz, Observations of ocean tides below the Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves, Antarctica, using synthetic aperture radar interferometry: Comparison with tide model predictions, J. Geophys. Res. 105 (C8), 19,615-19,6130.
  46. 2000 E. Rignot, G. Buscarlet, B. Csatho, S. Gogineni, W.B. Krabill and M. Schmeltz, Mass Balance of the Northeast Sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Remote Sensing Perspective, J. . Glaciol. , 46 (153), 265 - 273.
  47. 2000 B. Legresy, E. Rignot, and I.E. Tabacco. 2000. Constraining ice dynamics at Dome C, Antarctica, using remotely sensed measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 27 (21), 3493-3496.
  48. 2001 M. Schmeltz, E. Rignot, and D. McAyeal. Ephemeral grounding as a signal of ice-shelf change, J. Glaciol. , 47 (156), 71-77.
  49. 2001 E. Rignot, K. Echelmeyer, and W.B. Krabill. Penetration depth of interferometric synthetic-aperture radar signals in snow and ice, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 28 (18), 3501-3504.
  50. 2001 E. Rignot, Rapid Retreat and Mass Loss of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctic, J. Glaciol. , 47 (157), 213-222.
  51. 2001 E. Rignot, W.B. Krabill, S.P. Gogineni and I. Joughin. Contribution to the glaciology of northern Greenland from satellite radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res. , 106 (D24), 34,007- 34,020.
  52. 2001 Bindschadler R. and E. Rignot, ”Crack!” in the Polar Night, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union , 82 (43), 497-505, 2001.
  53. 2002 Bindschadler R., D. Diner and E. Rignot, ”West Antarctic Ice Sheet Releases New Iceberg”, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union , 83 (9), 85-93, 2002.
  54. 2002 W.A. Salas, M. Ducey and E. Rignot, Assessment of JERS-1 SAR for monitoring secondary vegetation in Amazonia: I. spatial and temporal variability in backscatter across a chronosequence of secondary vegetation stands in Rondonia, Int. J. Rem. Sens. , 23 (7), 1357-1379.
  55. 2002 W.A. Salas, M. Ducey and E. Rignot, Assessment of JERS-1 SAR for monitoring secondary vegetation in Amazonia: II. Spatial, temporal and radiometric considerations for operational monitoring, Int. J. Rem. Sens. , 23 (7), 1381-1399.
  56. 2002 E. Rignot, D. G. Vaughan, M. Schmeltz, T. Dupont, and D. MacAyeal, Acceleration of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol. 34 , 189-194.
  57. 2002 M. Schmeltz, E. Rignot and D. MacAyeal. Tidal flexure along ice sheet margins: Comparison of InSAR with an elastic plate model, Ann. Glaciol. 34 , 202-208.
  58. 2002 E. Rignot, East Antarctic Glaciers and Ice Shelves Mass Balance from Satellite Data, Ann. Glaciol. 34 , 217-227.
  59. 2002 E. Rignot and S. Jacobs, Rapid bottom melting widespread near Antarctic Ice Sheet grounding lines, Science , 296 , 2020-2023.
  60. 2002 E. Rignot, B. Hallet, and A. Fountain. Rock glacier surface motion in Beacon Valley, Antarctica, from Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 29 (12), DOI 10.1029/2001GL013494.
  61. 2002 E. Rignot and R. H. Thomas, Mass Balance of Polar Ice Sheets, Science , 297 , 1502-1506.
  62. 2002 J. Bamber and E. Rignot. Unsteady flow inferred for Thwaites Glacier and comparison with Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol. , 48 (161), 237-246.
  63. 2002 E. Rignot. Ice-shelf changes in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica, 1947 to 2000, J. Glaciol. , 48 (161), 247-256.
  64. 2002 M. Schmeltz, E. Rignot, T. Dupond, and D.R. MacAyeal, Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, to changes in ice shelf and basal conditions: a model study, J. Glaciol. , 48 (163), 552-558.
  65. 2003 I. Joughin, E. Rignot, C. E. Rosanova, B. K. Lucchittta, J. Bohlander, Timing of recent accelerations of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 30 (13), 1706 DOI 10.1029/2003GL017609.
  66. 2003 E. Rignot, A. Rivera, G. Casassa, Contribution of the Patagonia Icefields of South America to Global Sea Level Rise, Science , 302 (5644), 434-437.
  67. 2003 S.C. Solomon, V.R. Baker, J. Bloxham, J. Booth, A. Donnellan, C. Elachi, D. Evans, E. Rignot, D. Burbank, B.F. Chao, A. Chave, A. Gillespie, T. Herring, R. Jean-Loz, J.Labrecque,
  68. B. Minster, W.C. Pitmann III, M. Simons, D.L. Turcotte, M.L. Zoback, Plan for living on a restless planet sets NASA’s Solid Earth agenda, EOS Trans. Am. Geophy. Union , 84 (45), 485-491.
  69. 2004 E. Rignot, D. Braaten, S.P. Gogineni, W.B. Krabill, J. McConnell, Rapid ice discharge from southeast Greenland glaciers, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31 , L10401 DOI:10.1029/2004GRL019474.
  70. 2004 W. Abdalati and 32 others, Recommendations for the Collection and Synthesis of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Balance Data, Global and Planetary Change , 42 , 1-15.
  71. 2004 C. Stewart, E. Rignot, K. Steffen, N. Cullen and R. Ruff, Basal topography and thinning rates of Petermann Gletscher, northern Greenland, measured by ground-based phase-sensitive radar, Forum for Ice Shelf Processes, FRISP Report No. 15 , published by Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen , Norway.
  72. 2004 E. Rignot, G. Casassa, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, A. Rivera, R. Thomas, Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse of Larsen B ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31 L18401 DOI:10.1029/2004GL020697.
  73. 2004 R. Thomas, E. Rignot, G. Casassa, P. Kanagaratnam, C. Acuna, T. Akins, H. Brecher, E. Frederick, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, S. Manizade, H. Ramamoorthy, A. Rivera, R. Russell, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, J. Yungel, Accelerated sea level rise from West Antarctica, Science 306 , 255-258, 2004.
  74. 2004 E. Larour, E. Rignot, D. Aubry, Modelling of rift propagation on Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and sensitivity to climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31, L16404, doi:10.1029/2004GL020077.
  75. 2004 T. Payne, A. Vieli, A. Shepherd, D. Wingham, E. Rignot, Recent dramatic thinning of largest West-Antarctic ice stream triggered by oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31, L23401, doi:10.1029/2004GL021284.
  76. 2004 A. Shepherd, D. Wingham, E. Rignot, Warm ocean is eroding West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31, L23402, doi:10.1029/2004GL021106.
  77. 2004 E. Larour, E. Rignot, D. Aubry, Processes involved in the propagation of rifts near Hemmen Ice Rise in the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Glaciol. 50 (170), 329-341.
  78. 2004 E. Rignot, R. H. Thomas, P. Kanagaratnam, G. Casassa, E. Frederick, S. Gogineni, W. Krabill, A. Rivera, R. Russell, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, J. Yungel, Improved Estimation of the Mass Balance of Glaciers Draining into the Amundsen Sea Sector of West Antarctica from the CECS/NASA 2002 Campaign, Ann. Glaciol. 39 , 231-237.
  79. 2004 R.T. Thomas, E. Rignot, P. Kanagaratnam, W. Krabill, G. Casassa, Force-perturbation analysis of Pine Island Glacier suggests cause for recent acceleration, Ann. Glaciol. 39 , 133- 138.
  80. 2005 E. Larour, E. Rignot, D. Aubry, Rheology of the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctic, inferred from satellite radar interferometry using an inverse control methods, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32, L05503, doi:10.1029/2004GL021693.
  81. 2005 E. Rignot, H. Pritchard, R. Thomas, G. Casassa, W. Krabill, A. Rivera, P. Gogineni, J. Turner, D. Vaughan, Mass imbalance of Fleming and other glaciers, West Antarctic Peninsula, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32, L07502, doi:10.1029/2004GL021947.
  82. 2005 C. F. Raymond, T. A. Neumann, E. Rignot, K. A. Echelmeyer, A. Rivera, G. Casassa, Retreat of Tyndall Glacier, Patagonia, over the last half century, J. Glaciol. , 51 (173), 239- 247.
  83. 2006 E. Rignot, Changes in ice dynamics and mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A ,364(1844), 1637-1656.
  84. 2006 E. Rignot, P. Kanagaratnam, Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science 311 , 986-989.
  85. 2006 A. Rivera, F. Brown, R. Mella, J. Wendt, G. Casassa, C. Acuna, E. Rignot, J. Clavero, B. Brock, Ice volumetric changes on active volcanoes in southern Chile, Ann. Glaciol. , 43 , 111-122.
  86. 2007 E. Rignot, J. Bamber, M. van den Broeke, C. Davis, Y. Li, W. van de Berg, E. van Meijgaard, Recent mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from dynamic thinning, Nature in review.
  87. 2007 E. Rignot, K. Steffen, Channelized bottom melting and stability of floating ice shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review.
  88. 2007 E. Rignot, B. Chapman, Ice dynamics in Antarctica from ALOS PALSAR, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review.
  89. 2007 E. Rignot, M. van den Broeke, C. J. Bamber, Mass balance of Pine Island Bay glaciers, Antarctica in years 1992-2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review.
  90. 2007 E. Rignot, Grounding line mapping in Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review.
  91. 2007 E. Rignot, A. Safaeinili, D. Kirchner, W. Kurth, Low-frequency radio echo sounding of Alaska glaciers using the WISE system, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review.
BOOK CHAPTERS.
  1. 1993 M. R. Drinkwater, R. Kwok, E. Rignot, H. Israelsson, R. Onstott, and D. Winebrennner, Radar polarimetry of sea ice, Chapter 5.0 in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice , F. Carsey ed., Geophysical Monograph 68, (American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C. 1993), pp. 73-102, 1993.
  2. 2000 D.G. Vaughan, A.M. smith, H. Corr, A. Jenkins, C.R. Bentley, M.D. Stenoien, S.S. Jacobs, T.B. Kellog, E. Rignot and B.K. Lucchitta, A review of ice-sheet dynamics in the Pine Island Glacier basin, West Antarctica: hypothesis of instability versus observations of change, in The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment , R. Alley and R. Bindschadler eds., Antarctic Research Series Vol. 77, (American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C. 2000), pp. 237-256, 2000.
  3. 2006 E. Rignot, Case Study: influence of ocean warming on glaciers and ice streams, in Glacier Science and Environmental Change , Peter Knight Ed., Blackwell Publishing, July 2006.
  4. 2006 E. Rignot, Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica, in Encyclopedia of the Antarctic , Ed. Beau Riffenburgh, 2-volume set, Routledge NY, Oct. 2006.
  5. 2007 E. Rignot and I. Joughin, Ice Sheets on the Move, In: King, M. D., C. L. Parkinson, K. C. Partington, and R. G. Williams (eds): Our Changing Planet: The View from Space, Cambridge University Press,?Cambridge, UK., pp. 214-218.
  6. 2007 E. Rignot, Changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet and Implications for Global Sea Level Rise, In: MacCracken, M.C., Topping, J.C., Moore, F. (eds): Sudden and Disruptive Climate Change: Its likelihood, Character and Avoidance, Earth-scan publications, London, in press.

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