Space Transportation
Space commerce is fundamentally dependent on space transportation -- the ability to access, move through, and return from space. The most common form of space transportation is the launch of a satellite into orbit using a rocket-propelled vehicle. Many different launch vehicles are currently in use around the world, including commercially available boosters launched from sites known as spaceports.
The space transportation industry consists of many elements, including launch vehicle manufacturers, operators, suppliers, and spaceport facilities. The industry serves both commercial and governmental customers. The growing demand for satellite-based services, from communications and broadcasting to navigation and remote sensing, has contributed to the development of a competitive, worldwide market for commercial launch services. Additionally, renewed interest in human space travel and low-cost access to space has attracted several entrepreneurial start-up companies to the scene.
The Office of Space Commercialization works within the U.S. government to foster an economic and policy environment that promotes the growth and competitiveness of the U.S. space transportation industry.
National Policy
The National Space Policy of 2010 emphasizes the importance of assuring U.S. access to space. It states that U.S. Government payloads shall be launched on U.S. vehicles unless exempted by the White House. The policy directs U.S. agencies to:
- Work jointly to acquire space launch services and hosted payload arrangements that are reliable, responsive to U.S. Government needs, and cost-effective;
- Enhance operational efficiency, increase capacity, and reduce launch costs by investing in the modernization of space launch infrastructure; and
- Develop launch systems and technologies necessary to assure and sustain future reliable and efficient access to space, in cooperation with U.S. industry, when sufficient U.S. commercial capabilities and services do not exist.
The policy also directs NASA to seek partnerships with the private sector to enable safe, reliable, and cost-effective commercial spaceflight capabilities and services for the transport of crew and cargo to and from the International Space Station.
The U.S. Space Transportation Policy of 2005, issued by President Bush, remains in force at this time. It also emphasizes the government's need to assure U.S. access to space. It calls for a fundamental transformation in U.S. space transportation capabilities and infrastructure and encourages the government to capitalize on the entrepreneurial spirit of the U.S. private sector, which offers new approaches and technology innovation in U.S. space transportation, options for enhancing space exploration activities, and opportunities to open new commercial markets, including public space travel.
The 2005 policy includes guidelines concerning commercial space transportation, including requirements for the government to purchase commercially available U.S. space transportation products and services to the maximum extent possible, consistent with mission requirements and applicable law. The policy specifically tasks the Departments of Commerce and Transportation to encourage, facilitate, and promote U.S. commercial space transportation activities, including commercial human space flight.
Collaboration with FAA
In September 2007, the Office of Space Commercialization signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) with respect to the promotion of the U.S. commercial space transportation industry. The MOU provides a framework for collaboration between the two organizations on issues affecting this critical sector of space commerce.
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)
NASA established the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program to develop a competitive market for crew and cargo flights to the International Space Station (ISS). The intent is to use commercially available launch services to deliver astronauts and supplies to the ISS, rather than depend on the aging Space Shuttle or foreign rockets. Unlike the Shuttle, which is owned by the government, launch systems developed under COTS will also be able to serve commercial customers. According to former NASA Administrator Mike Griffin, COTS represents "the first opportunity NASA has taken to engage entrepreneurs in a way that allows us to satisfy our needs and lets commercial industry gain a foothold."
In August 2006, NASA announced its competitive selection of Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) in the COTS program. In February 2008, NASA selected Orbital Sciences Corporation to also participate in the program. The two companies signed Space Act agreements that provide financial assistance for the development and demonstration of their launch vehicles and establish progress milestones, including requirements to attract matching investments from the private sector.
In December 2008, NASA announced contract awards to both SpaceX and Orbital for ISS Cargo Resupply Services (CRS), establishing the two companies as commercial cargo haulers to the ISS. Under the CRS contracts, the companies will deliver pressurized and unpressurized cargo to the ISS, and return cargo back to Earth. For more information, see the NASA press release and the COTS Partners web page.
Reports & Presentations
- Video of Remarks at AIAA Event on Commercial Crew and Cargo Transportation, June 2009
- Remarks at Suborbital Space Education Event, February 2003
- Report on Suborbital Reusable Launch Vehicles and Applicable Markets, October 2002
Additional materials may be found in the Library section of this site.
External References
Further information concerning the space transportation industry can be found at the following U.S. Government web sites.
- FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation -- Licenses all commercial U.S. launch vehicles and spaceports to ensure public safety; also publishes launch market forecasts
- Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) -- Advises the Secretary of Transportation on industry views and needs
- NASA Launch Services Program -- Purchases commercial launch services for NASA
- NASA Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Office (C3PO) -- Manages COTS initiative
- Launch and Range Systems Wing -- Develops and acquires launch systems for the Air Force
- ITA Office of Aerospace -- Promotes U.S. aviation and space related exports
The following links to industry associations are provided as a reference tool only; they do not constitute an endorsement of the views of the organizations listed. To request the addition of another industry association web site link, please see the contact information below.