Quality of Research
Documents Reviewed
The documents below were reviewed for Quality of Research. The research point of
contact can provide information regarding the studies reviewed and the availability
of additional materials, including those from more recent studies that may have been conducted.
Study 1Rapp, R. C., Otto, A. L., Lane, D. T., Redko, C., McGatha, S., & Carlson, R. G. (2008). Improving linkage with substance abuse treatment using brief case management and motivational interviewing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 94(1-3), 172-182. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Supplementary Materials Carr, C. J. A., Xu, J., Redko, C., Lane, D. T., Rapp, R. C., Goris, J., et al. (2008). Individual and system influences on waiting time for substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(2), 192-201.
McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., et al. (1992). The Fifth Edition of the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9(3), 199-213. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Rapp, R. C., Carr, C. A., Lane, D. T., Redko, C., & Carlson, R. G. (2008). Development of the Pretreatment Readiness Scale for substance abusers: Modification of an existing motivation assessment. Substance Abuse, 29(4), 39-50. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Rapp, R. C., & Lane, D. T. (2009). Implementation of brief strengths-based case management: An evidence-based intervention for improving linkage with care. In D. Saleebey (Ed.), The strengths perspective in social work practice (5th ed., pp. 146-160). New York: Pearson Education.
Rapp, R. C., Xu, J., Carr, C. A., Lane, D. T., Redko, C., Wang, J., et al. (2007). Understanding treatment readiness in recently assessed, pre-treatment substance abusers. Substance Abuse, 28(1), 11-23. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Rapp, R. C., Xu, J., Carr, C. A., Lane, D. T., Wang, J., & Carlson, R. G. (2006). Treatment barriers identified by substance abusers assessed at a centralized intake unit. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 30(3), 227-235. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Outcomes
Outcome 1: Entrance into substance abuse treatment within 90 days of intake |
Description of Measures
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Data on entrance into substance abuse treatment services were obtained from each participant's medical record. Entrance into treatment was defined as meeting with a treatment center counselor in individual, group, or family counseling within 90 days of intake (including an assessment) at a centralized intake unit. The decision to use 90 days after intake as a threshold was based on State regulations that require a new assessment to be performed if treatment entry has not occurred within that timeframe. A trained research assistant used the Reducing Barriers Project Services Tracking Record to extract data on entrance into treatment from participant records.
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Key Findings
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Clients seeking publicly subsidized substance abuse treatment services underwent a standardized assessment at a centralized intake unit and were randomly assigned to receive up to five 90-minute sessions of Brief SBCM for Substance Abuse, one 60-minute motivational interviewing (MI) counseling session, or usual care, which consisted of a recommendation for treatment level (i.e., residential, drug-free outpatient, outpatient methadone maintenance) and referral to a specific program. Clients in the usual care control condition were instructed to call the intake unit 1 week after intake to obtain a treatment start date.
In this study, the percentage of clients entering substance abuse treatment within 90 days of intake was higher in the intervention group (55.0%) than in the MI group (44.7%; p < .05) or control group (38.7%; p < .001). Assignment to the intervention condition was the strongest predictor of treatment entry, with intervention participants being more than twice as likely as control group participants to enter substance abuse treatment (p < .001). This difference was associated with a small effect size (odds ratio = 2.13).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 1
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.3
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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Study Populations
The following populations were identified in the studies reviewed for Quality of
Research.
Study
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Age
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Gender
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Race/Ethnicity
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Study 1
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18-25 (Young adult) 26-55 (Adult) 55+ (Older adult)
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63.3% Male 36.7% Female
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51% White 48.1% Black or African American 0.9% Race/ethnicity unspecified
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Quality of Research Ratings by Criteria (0.0-4.0 scale)
External reviewers independently evaluate the Quality of Research for an intervention's
reported results using six criteria:
For more information about these criteria and the meaning of the ratings, see Quality of Research.
Outcome
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Reliability
of Measures
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Validity
of Measures
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Fidelity
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Missing
Data/Attrition
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Confounding
Variables
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Data
Analysis
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Overall
Rating
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1: Entrance into substance abuse treatment within 90 days of intake
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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3.5
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3.0
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4.0
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3.3
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Study Strengths The use of administrative records to determine treatment entrance was a strong outcome measure. There was excellent attention to fidelity through the use of a manual, trainings of case managers by clinical supervisors, and ongoing monitoring using a fidelity ratings form. Full outcome data were available for all randomized participants. An intent-to-treat statistical approach was used with appropriate chi-square and logistic regression analyses to fully evaluate the outcome.
Study Weaknesses Few details were provided about the psychometric properties of the fidelity instrument or about the number of cases for which fidelity was rated. Study participants may have been motivated to link with treatment, having made the decision to be assessed for a substance abuse problem at the intake unit and subsequently providing informed consent and participating in the study.
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Readiness for Dissemination
Materials Reviewed
The materials below were reviewed for Readiness for Dissemination. The implementation
point of contact can provide information regarding implementation of the intervention
and the availability of additional, updated, or new materials.
Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research. (2007). Treatment linkage case management: Improving linkage among persons referred to substance abuse treatment. Dayton, OH: Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). Assessing the implementation of Strengths-Based Case Management (SBCM). Dayton, OH: Author.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). RBP Services Tracking Record. Dayton, OH: Author.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). RBP Services Tracking Record code book. Dayton, OH: Author.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). RBP Services Tracking Record decision rules. Dayton, OH: Author.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). Strengths-Based Case Management contact note summary sheet. Dayton, OH: Author.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). Strengths-Based Case Management training curriculum (brief intervention). Dayton, OH: Author.
Rapp, R. C. (n.d.). Using Strengths-Based Case Management to facilitate linkage with treatment. [PowerPoint slides]. Dayton, OH: Author.
Readiness for Dissemination Ratings by Criteria (0.0-4.0 scale)
External reviewers independently evaluate the intervention's Readiness for Dissemination
using three criteria:
- Availability of implementation materials
- Availability of training and support resources
- Availability of quality assurance procedures
For more information about these criteria and the meaning of the ratings, see Readiness for Dissemination.
Implementation
Materials
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Training and Support
Resources
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Quality Assurance
Procedures
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Overall
Rating
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4.0
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4.0
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3.3
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3.8
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Dissemination Strengths The implementation manual is well organized, provides examples, and offers information for agency executives and supervisors regarding policies and procedures, selection of staff, and strategies for ensuring the accuracy of referral sources. The materials also include an intervention overview that is provided to consumers as part of an engagement strategy. The high-quality training materials, which are clearly presented and written, include learning objectives and specific activities for each training phase and provide clear instructions for program implementation. The training is both didactic and experiential and is based upon principles of adult learning. Ongoing support is available via follow-up visits by the program developer. The case staffing guidelines are useful for ensuring that both the supervisor and case manager focus on strengths-based activities. Quality assurance is supported by program assessment, a 2-day preceptorship (including a question-and-answer session, trainee observation of experienced case managers in client sessions, and trainee observation of a client focus group), and site visits to assess implementation fidelity.
Dissemination Weaknesses The fidelity instrument is overly reliant on case manager self-report. Although a supervisor also completes the instrument, assessment does not appear to be based on independent observations of case manager behavior. While program assessment, preceptorship, and site visit procedures are outlined, there are no direct references in the materials indicating that they are part of the quality assurance procedure.
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Costs
The cost information below was provided by the developer. Although this cost information
may have been updated by the developer since the time of review, it may not reflect
the current costs or availability of items (including newly developed or discontinued
items). The implementation point of contact can provide current information and
discuss implementation requirements.
Item Description
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Cost
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Required by Developer
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Implementation materials
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Free
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Yes
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Training
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Varies depending on site needs
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Yes
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Brief email or telephone consultation
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Free
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No
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Ongoing technical assistance
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Varies depending on site needs
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No
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Additional Information The primary ongoing costs of implementation are the personnel costs associated with hiring one or more case managers. These costs depend on the location of the organization and the academic level and experience of the person(s) hired. Other ongoing costs may include reimbursement for case manager travel mileage and funds to address basic client needs to further the goal of linking with treatment.
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Replications
Selected citations are presented below. An asterisk indicates that the document
was reviewed for Quality of Research.
Craw, J. A., Gardner, L. I., Marks, G., Rapp, R. C., Bosshart, J., Duffus, W. A., et al. (2008). Brief strengths-based case management promotes entry into HIV medical care: Results of the Antiretroviral Treatment Access Study-II (ARTAS-II). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 47(5), 597-606. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Gardner, L. I., Metsch, L. R., Anderson-Mahoney, P., Loughlin, A. M., del Rio, C., Strathdee, S., et al. (2005). Efficacy of a brief case management intervention to link recently diagnosed HIV-infected persons to care. AIDS, 19(4), 423–431. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
Strathdee, S. A., Ricketts, E. P., Huettner, S., Cornelius, L., Bishai, D., Havens, J. R., et al. (2006). Facilitating entry into drug treatment among injection drug users referred from a needle exchange program: Results from a community-based behavioral intervention trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(3), 225–232. ![Pub Med icon](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20130215215555im_/http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/images/icon-pubmed.gif)
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