Quality of Research
Documents Reviewed
The documents below were reviewed for Quality of Research. The research point of
contact can provide information regarding the studies reviewed and the availability
of additional materials, including those from more recent studies that may have been conducted.
Study 1Carlson, L. E., Ursuliak, Z., Goodey, E., Angen, M., & Speca, M. (2001).The effects of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients: 6-month follow-up. Supportive Care in Cancer, 9(2), 112-123. 
Speca, M., Carlson, L. E., Goodey, E., & Angen, M. (2000). A randomized, wait-list controlled clinical trial: The effect of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(5), 613-622. Study 2Sephton, S. E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Ulmer, C., Floyd, A., Hoover, K., et al. (2007). Mindfulness meditation alleviates depressive symptoms in women with fibromyalgia: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 57(1), 77-85. Study 3Biegel, G. M., Brown, K. W., Shapiro, S. L., & Schubert, C. M. (2009). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 855-866.
Supplementary Materials Cassileth, B. R., Lusk, E. J., Brown, L. L., & Cross, P. A. (1985). Psychosocial status of cancer patients and next of kin: Normative data from the profile of mood states. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 3, 99-105.
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35-43.
Hoffman, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183.
Peck, J. R., Smith, T. W., Ward, J. R., & Milano, R. (1989). Disability and depression in rheumatoid arthritis: A multi-trait, multi-method investigation. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32(9), 1100-1106.
Thompson, E. A., & Budzynski, H. K. (1989). Interpretation of the Symptoms of Stress (SOS) Inventory. Seattle: Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, University of Washington.
Thompson, E. A., & Budzynski, H. K. (2001, March). Symptoms of Stress Inventory: A self assessment. Seattle: Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, University of Washington.
Outcomes
| Outcome 1: Stress and anxiety symptoms |
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Description of Measures
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Stress and anxiety symptoms were measured by three instruments:
- The Symptoms of Stress Inventory (SOSI), a 94-item self-report instrument designed to measure the frequency of physical, psychological, and behavioral symptoms of stress. Using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (almost all the time), respondents rate the frequency with which they experienced various stress-related symptoms during a designated timeframe (e.g., over the past week). Sample items include "flushing of your face," "sweating excessively even in cold weather," "severe itching," "irregular heart beats," and "rapid breathing." Responses to items are used to calculate the SOSI Total Score and scores for 10 symptom subscales: Peripheral Manifestations, Cardiopulmonary Symptoms, Central-Neurological Symptoms, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Muscle Tension, Habitual Patterns, Depression, Anxiety/Fear, Emotional Irritability, and Cognitive Disorganization.
- The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a 40-item self-report instrument with 20 items to measure current (or state) anxiety and 20 items to measure dispositional (or trait) anxiety. Each item is a statement about feelings or general tendencies, which respondents rate in regard to how they are feeling at the moment (State Anxiety subscale) and more generally (Trait Anxiety subscale), using a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Scores are calculated separately for the State Anxiety and Trait Anxiety subscales, and each subscale score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating a higher level of anxiety.
- The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a 10-item self-report instrument that measures the degree to which situations in one's life have been stressful. Using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often), respondents rate the frequency with which they experienced stressful situations during the prior month. Sample items include "In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?" and "In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?"
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Key Findings
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In one study, a randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted with a convenience sample of cancer outpatients presenting to a university-based oncology clinic. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group, which received 90-minute weekly sessions of MBSR over 7 weeks, or the wait-list control group. Participants in the wait-list control group were given the opportunity to receive MBSR after the posttreatment assessment.
The SOSI was administered to both groups to assess past-week symptoms of stress at baseline and 7-9 weeks later, after the intervention group completed the sessions of MBSR (posttreatment). Baseline scores were subtracted from posttreatment scores to calculate a change score. Results indicated that at the posttreatment assessment, participants in the intervention group had fewer symptoms of stress than participants in the control group, as indicated by the SOSI Total Stress change score (p < .01) and change scores for the symptom subscales of Habitual Patterns (p < .01), Cardiopulmonary Symptoms (p < .05), Muscle Tension (p < .05), and Emotional Irritability (p < .05).
In another study, an RCT was conducted with adolescents presenting to a hospital-based, outpatient psychiatric clinic for children and adolescents. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group, which received 120-minute weekly sessions of MBSR over 8 weeks as an adjunctive intervention to treatment as usual, or the control group, which received treatment as usual. Treatment as usual consisted of ongoing individual or group psychotherapy and/or psychotropic medication management.
The STAI and the PSS were administered to both groups at three time points: at baseline; 8 weeks later, after the intervention group completed the adjunctive sessions of MBSR (posttreatment); and at the 3-month posttreatment follow-up. Results indicated the following:
- From baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up, participants in the intervention group had fewer current (State Anxiety subscale of the STAI; p = .005) and dispositional (Trait Anxiety subscale of the STAI; p = .04) anxiety symptoms than participants in the control group. For participants in the intervention group, the reductions in current and dispositional anxiety symptoms from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up were associated with medium effect sizes (Cohen's d = 0.70 and 0.79, respectively).
- Also from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up, participants in the intervention group had fewer perceived stress symptoms than participants in the control group, as indicated by the PSS (p = .02). For participants in the intervention group, the reduction in perceived stress symptoms from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up was associated with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 0.89).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 1, Study 3
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.2
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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| Outcome 2: Mood disturbance |
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Description of Measures
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Mood disturbance was measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS), a 65-item self-report inventory. Using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely), respondents rate positive and negative adjectives to describe the mood-related feelings they experienced during the prior week. Responses to items are used to produce a Total Mood Disturbance score and scores for six symptom subscale domains: Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue-Inertia, Confusion-Bewilderment, and Vigor-Activity. Higher scores reflect greater mood disturbance.
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Key Findings
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An RCT was conducted with a convenience sample of cancer outpatients presenting to a university-based oncology clinic. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group, which received 90-minute weekly sessions of MBSR over 7 weeks, or the wait-list control group. Participants in the wait-list control group were given the opportunity to receive MBSR after the posttreatment assessment.
The POMS was administered to both groups to assess past-week mood disturbance at baseline and 7-9 weeks later, after the intervention group completed the sessions of MBSR (posttreatment). Baseline scores were subtracted from posttreatment scores to calculate a change store. Results indicated that at the posttreatment assessment, participants in the intervention group had less mood disturbance than participants in the control group, as indicated by the POMS Total Mood Disturbance change score (p < .001) and change scores for the symptom subscale domains of Tension-Anxiety (p < .001), Depression-Dejection (p < .01), Anger-Hostility (p < .01), Confusion-Bewilderment (p < .01), and Vigor-Activity (p < .01).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 1
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.2
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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| Outcome 3: Depression symptoms |
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Description of Measures
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Depression symptoms were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a 21-item self-report instrument that assesses the presence and severity of depression symptoms over the past week. Responses to items were also used to produce scores for the Dysphoric Mood (cognitive/affective) and Somatic Complaints subscales developed by Peck and colleagues to discriminate between the respondent's severity of depression symptoms and physical disability relevant to his or her medical condition.
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Key Findings
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An RCT was conducted with a sample of women who had a physician-verified fibromyalgia diagnosis (according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology). Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group, which received 150-minute weekly sessions of MBSR over 8 weeks, or the wait-list control group.
The BDI was administered to both groups at three time points: at baseline; 8 weeks later, after the intervention group completed the sessions of MBSR (posttreatment); and at the 2-month posttreatment follow-up. Results indicated the following:
- At the posttreatment assessment, participants in the intervention group had fewer overall depression symptoms than participants in the control group, as indicated by the BDI total score (p = .001), after controlling for baseline assessments. This group difference was associated with a medium effect size (eta-squared = .12).
- Also at the posttreatment assessment, participants in the intervention group had fewer cognitive/affective symptoms and somatic complaints than participants in the control group, as indicated by the Dysphoric Mood subscale (p = .017) and the Somatic Complaints subscale (p < .001), after controlling for baseline assessments. These group differences were associated with medium effect sizes (eta-squared = .06 and .14, respectively).
- Across all three assessment time points (from baseline to posttreatment and posttreatment to the 2-month follow-up), participants in the intervention group had fewer overall depression symptoms than participants in the control group, as indicated by the BDI total score (p = .002). This group difference was associated with a medium effect size (eta-squared = .11).
- Also across all three assessment time points, participants in the intervention group had fewer cognitive/affective symptoms and somatic complaints than participants in the control group, as indicated by the Dysphoric Mood subscale (p = .013) and the Somatic Complaints subscale (p = .002). These group differences were associated with medium effect sizes (eta-squared = .07 and .11, respectively).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 2
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.1
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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| Outcome 4: Self-esteem |
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Description of Measures
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Self-esteem was measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), a 10-item self-report instrument. Using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree," respondents rate positive and negative statements about themselves. Sample items include "On the whole, I am satisfied with myself" and "At times, I think I am no good at all."
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Key Findings
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An RCT was conducted with adolescents presenting to a hospital-based, outpatient psychiatric clinic for children and adolescents. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group, which received 120-minute weekly sessions of MBSR over 8 weeks as an adjunctive intervention to treatment as usual, or the control group, which received treatment as usual. Treatment as usual consisted of ongoing individual or group psychotherapy and/or psychotropic medication management.
The Rosenberg SES was administered to both groups at three time points: at baseline; 8 weeks later, after the intervention group completed the adjunctive sessions of MBSR (posttreatment); and at the 3-month posttreatment follow-up. Results indicated that from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up, participants in the intervention group had higher self-esteem (p = .0001) than participants in the control group. For participants in the intervention group, the increase in self-esteem from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up was associated with a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.59).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 3
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.2
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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| Outcome 5: General mental health symptoms and functioning |
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Description of Measures
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General mental health symptoms and functioning were measured by two instruments:
- The Hopkins Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a 90-item self-report checklist that measures current psychiatric symptoms across nine subscales. Using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely), respondents rate items describing the symptoms they experienced during the prior 7 days. Responses to items were used to produce scores for six of the subscales: Depression, Anxiety, Obsession-Compulsion, Somatization, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Hostility. Higher scores indicate more symptoms with greater intensity.
- The DSM-IV-TR, Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), an independent therapist-rated measure that assesses general psychological and social functioning. A GAF rating is recorded at regular clinic visits for treatment as usual and extracted from the outpatient medical records for each participant at the study assessment time points.
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Key Findings
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An RCT was conducted with adolescents presenting to a hospital-based, outpatient psychiatric clinic for children and adolescents. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group, which received 120-minute weekly sessions of MBSR over 8 weeks as an adjunctive intervention to treatment as usual, or the control group, which received treatment as usual. Treatment as usual consisted of ongoing individual or group psychotherapy and/or psychotropic medication management.
The SCL-90-R and GAF were used to assess both groups at three time points: at baseline; 8 weeks later, after the intervention group completed the adjunctive sessions of MBSR (posttreatment); and at the 3-month posttreatment follow-up. Results indicated the following:
- From baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up, participants in the intervention group had fewer psychological symptoms with less intensity than participants in the control group, as indicated by the SCL-90-R symptom subscales of Obsession-Compulsion (p = .0006), Somatization (p = .0008), Depression (p = .001), and Interpersonal Sensitivity (p = .03). For participants in the intervention group, the results of fewer psychological symptoms with less intensity from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up were associated with large effect sizes (Cohen's d = 1.11, 0.80, 0.95, and 0.82 for the Obsession-Compulsion, Somatization, Depression, and Interpersonal Sensitivity subscales, respectively).
- Also from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up, participants in the intervention group had higher levels of general psychological and social functioning, as indicated by the GAF (p = .0001). For participants in the intervention group, the higher level of general psychological and social functioning from baseline to the 3-month posttreatment follow-up was associated with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.02).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 3
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.0
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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Study Populations
The following populations were identified in the studies reviewed for Quality of
Research.
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Study
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Age
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Gender
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Race/Ethnicity
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Study 1
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26-55 (Adult)
55+ (Older adult)
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78.9% Female
21.1% Male
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100% Non-U.S. population
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Study 2
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26-55 (Adult)
55+ (Older adult)
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100% Female
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96% White
4% Race/ethnicity unspecified
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Study 3
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13-17 (Adolescent)
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73.5% Female
26.5% Male
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45.1% White
28.4% Hispanic or Latino
23.5% Race/ethnicity unspecified
2.9% Black or African American
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Quality of Research Ratings by Criteria (0.0-4.0 scale)
External reviewers independently evaluate the Quality of Research for an intervention's
reported results using six criteria:
For more information about these criteria and the meaning of the ratings, see Quality of Research.
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Outcome
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Reliability
of Measures
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Validity
of Measures
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Fidelity
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Missing
Data/Attrition
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Confounding
Variables
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Data
Analysis
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Overall
Rating
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1: Stress and anxiety symptoms
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3.8
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3.8
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2.0
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3.3
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2.6
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3.8
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3.2
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2: Mood disturbance
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3.8
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3.8
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2.0
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3.3
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2.5
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3.8
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3.2
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3: Depression symptoms
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3.8
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3.3
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2.0
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3.3
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2.8
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3.8
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3.1
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4: Self-esteem
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3.8
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3.8
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2.0
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3.3
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2.8
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3.8
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3.2
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5: General mental health symptoms and functioning
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3.0
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3.3
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2.0
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3.3
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2.8
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3.8
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3.0
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Study Strengths All three studies used gold standard self-report measures with strong psychometric properties reported in the literature, and one study provided moderate to high sample reliability statistics on internal consistency for each instrument used (Cronbach's alpha values ranged from .74 to .92). The intervention was manual driven in all three studies and delivered by trained, licensed clinical psychologists or master's-level mental health professionals. In one study, periodic meetings and discussions were held concerning session progress and the effectiveness of intervention delivery; in another study, weekly meetings were held to reinforce curriculum fidelity. All three studies compared study completers and noncompleters for differences (attrition rates ranged from 17.4% to 27.5%) and used intent-to-treat approaches in the statistical analyses. All three studies used random assignment to control for many potential confounding variables. All three studies used a variety of appropriate analyses and minimized the type I error rate (i.e., the error rate introduced in the alpha rejection level for statistical significance when multiple outcomes are tested for group differences): one study used a Bonferroni correction, and two studies added calculations of effect sizes for between-group differences. Two studies carried out prospective power analyses to minimize the type II error rate (i.e., the error rate introduced by a sample size that is too small to detect a statistically significant, between-group difference) and addressed possible outcome mediators in the statistical analyses. One study appropriately used more sophisticated data modeling to assess a broader range of mental health outcomes.
Study Weaknesses Although institutional medical records were used to extract the GAF rating, there was no measurement of interrater reliability to control for possible varying levels of training across clinicians using the instrument. None of the three studies measured intervention fidelity or corroborated daily home practice diaries. The absence of an active treatment comparison or an attention control group in all three studies precludes eliminating the potential confounding influences of expectancy, trust in the instructors, and disappointment at being assigned to a wait-list control group on the outcomes. Two of the studies used a convenience sample (one with cancer outpatients and another with women having a diagnosis of fibromyalgia), which may have created a study bias through the inclusion of only highly motivated participants.
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Readiness for Dissemination
Materials Reviewed
The materials below were reviewed for Readiness for Dissemination. The implementation
point of contact can provide information regarding implementation of the intervention
and the availability of additional, updated, or new materials.
Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School. (2009). Stress reduction program: Home practice manual. Worcester, MA: Author.
Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School. (n.d.). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) professional education and training: Background readings. Worcester, MA: Author.
Detailed training schedules:
- MBSR in Mind-Body Medicine: 7 Day Residential Training/Retreat
- Practicum in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction--8 Week
- Practicum in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction--Living Inside Participant-Practitioner Perspectives 9 Day Intensive
- Teacher Development Intensive
Folders containing handouts:
- Interpersonal Mindfulness Training
- Practicum in MBSR: Living Inside Participant-Practitioner Perspectives
- Quality of Mind, Quality of Care: Cultivating Mindful Practice in Health Care Settings
- Teacher Development Intensive (TDI)--An Advanced MBSR Teacher Training/Retreat
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY: Bantam Dell.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (n.d.). Guided meditation, guided yoga [2 CDs]. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (n.d.). Guided sitting meditation, guided yoga [2 CDs]. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Program Web site, http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm
Santorelli, S. (1984). Guided meditation, guided yoga [2 CDs]. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Santorelli, S. (1984). Guided sitting meditation, guided yoga [2 CDs]. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Santorelli, S. (1999). Heal thy self: Lessons on mindfulness in medicine. New York, NY: Bell Tower.
Santorelli, S. F., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (Eds.). (2011). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) professional education and training: MBSR curriculum and supporting materials. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Santorelli, S. F., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (Eds.). (2011). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) professional education and training: Scientific papers from the Stress Reduction Clinic and the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society 2011-1982. Worcester, MA: Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Readiness for Dissemination Ratings by Criteria (0.0-4.0 scale)
External reviewers independently evaluate the intervention's Readiness for Dissemination
using three criteria:
- Availability of implementation materials
- Availability of training and support resources
- Availability of quality assurance procedures
For more information about these criteria and the meaning of the ratings, see Readiness for Dissemination.
Implementation
Materials
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Training and Support
Resources
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Quality Assurance
Procedures
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Overall
Rating
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3.0
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3.5
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3.0
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3.2
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Dissemination Strengths The core principles of the program are explained well in the materials and reflect the versatility of MBSR, which can be implemented in several settings, including schools, prisons, hospitals, and workplaces. The developer provides detailed protocols and tools for screening, assessing, and training new teachers, and the meditation and yoga exercises on CD are straightforward and easy to follow. Teachers receive training through an intensive, residential-style retreat, which includes supervised small- and large-group discussions, providing participants with an opportunity to enhance their skills. The developer offers many types of advanced training to help teachers strengthen and refine their MBSR skills. The required qualifications and certification process for teachers are rigorous and focused on the teacher's competencies, helping to promote fidelity to the model. In advanced training sessions, the developers conduct quality assurance measures to assess the participating implementers' preparedness to teach MBSR.
Dissemination Weaknesses The number of program materials may be overwhelming to potential users, and a succinct overview of the implementation approach and requirements is not available. Some of the manuals are not clearly labeled and use a small font size in the narrative format, reducing their user-friendliness. The information specifically related to MBSR is difficult to ascertain from other initiatives on the developer's Web site. The required residential training retreat is offered only two times per year, which limits its accessibility. There are no fidelity and process monitoring tools or procedures, and quality assurance is generally characterized by the developer as largely organic and unstructured. Limited guidance is provided on how, when, and under what conditions the pre- and postintervention evaluations should be used.
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Costs
The cost information below was provided by the developer. Although this cost information
may have been updated by the developer since the time of review, it may not reflect
the current costs or availability of items (including newly developed or discontinued
items). The implementation point of contact can provide current information and
discuss implementation requirements.
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Item Description
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Cost
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Required by Developer
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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Professional Education and Training: MBSR Curriculum and Supporting Materials
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Included in the cost of the 7-day residential training; $40 per book if purchased separately
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Yes
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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Professional Education and Training: Scientific Papers From the Stress Reduction Clinic and the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society 2011-1982
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Included in the cost of the 7-day residential training; $40 per book if purchased separately
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Yes
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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Professional Education and Training: Background Readings
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Included in the cost of the 7-day residential training; $25 per book if purchased separately
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Yes
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Stress Reduction Program: Home Practice Manual
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Included in the cost of the 7-day residential training; $20 per book if purchased separately
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No
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Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness
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$20 per book
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Yes
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Heal Thy Self: Lessons on Mindfulness in Medicine
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$12.95 per book
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Yes
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Jon Kabat-Zinn MBSR Class (includes 47-minute body scan, 47-minute lying yoga, 44-minute sitting meditation, and 46-minute standing yoga) (set of 4 CDs)
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Included in the cost of the 7-day residential training; $35 per set if purchased separately
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No
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Saki Santorelli MBSR Class (includes 47-minute body scan, 47-minute lying yoga, 44-minute sitting meditation, and 46-minute standing yoga) (set of 4 CDs)
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Included in the cost of the 7-day residential training; $35 per set if purchased separately
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No
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MBSR in Mind-Body Medicine: 7-Day Residential Training
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$1,525 per participant
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Yes
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Practicum in MBSR: Living Inside Participant-Practitioner Perspectives (offered in an 8-week or 9-day intensive format)
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$1,800 per participant
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No
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Teacher Development Intensive (TDI)--An Advanced MBSR Teacher Training/Retreat
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$2,250 per participant
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No
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MBSR implementation supervision
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$125 per hour
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No
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Teacher certification in MBSR
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$700
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No
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Consultation in MBSR
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$150 per hour
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No
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Interpersonal Mindfulness Training
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$950 per participant
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No
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Embodied Experience: Cultivating Wakefulness, Generosity, and Flexibility--A Training Retreat for Teachers of Mindfulness-Based Interventions
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$680 per participant
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No
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Replications
Selected citations are presented below. An asterisk indicates that the document
was reviewed for Quality of Research.
* Biegel, G. M., Brown, K. W., Shapiro, S. L., & Schubert, C. M. (2009). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 855-866.
Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. D. (2007). One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21(8), 1038-1049.
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for stress management in healthy people: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(5), 593-600.
Fang, C. Y., Reibel, D. K., Longacre, M. L., Rosenzweig, S., Campbell, D. E., & Douglas, S. D. (2010). Enhanced psychosocial well-being following participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program is associated with increased natural killer cell activity. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(5), 531-538.
Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Walach, H. (2011). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(2), 102-119.
Gross, C. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Thomas, W., Reilly-Spong, M., Cramer-Bornemann, M., Nyman, J. A., et al. (2010). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for solid organ transplant recipients: A randomized controlled trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 16(5), 30-38.
Nyklícek, I., & Kuijpers, K. F. (2008). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: Is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(3), 331-340.
Rosenzweig, S., Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Brainard, G. C., & Hojat, M. (2003). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction lowers psychological distress in medical students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 15(2), 88-92.
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