The SBE investigates the role of sex steroids in the process of affective adaptation by examining the pathophysiology of reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders (i.e., premenstrual-, perinatal-, and perimenopausal-related depressions) as well as the physiologic effects of sex steroids on systems relevant to affective modulation.  Alterations of gonadal steroids and adrenal androgens are implicated in the observed sex differences in the prevalence, course and treatment response characteristics of affective disorders.  Sex steroids influence the response to stress (both short and long term) as well as several cognitive processes (e.g., working memory) relevant to affective adaptation.  Our clinical pathophysiologic studies focus on mechanisms of the hormonal triggers and the substrates of susceptibility for developing reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders.

The original objective of the Section on Behavioral Endocrinology was to identify the occurrence and characterize the neurobiology of reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders.  Concomitant with this emphasis, the subject of study expanded beyond menstrual cycle related mood disorders to include several examples of mood disturbances consequent to changes in levels of gonadal steroids.  We believe that several different reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders must be studied if we are to successfully elucidate the roles of reproductive hormones in affective dysregulation.  Multiple disorders are studied because it is clear that the link between affect and alterations in reproductive hormones changes as a function of context.  For example, estradiol can trigger symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria (PMD) in some women but not all; whereas, estradiol has antidepressant efficacy in depressions during the perimenopause and postpartum.  There are several contextual variables that could dictate the nature of the relationship between reproductive steroids and affective dysregulation including the impact of age, duration of exposure to the presence or absence of ovarian hormones, and whether the hormone levels are stable or vary cyclically.  There is no prototypic hormone-sensitive woman, and individual susceptibility varies from one reproductive endocrine-related mood disorder to another.  We will better understand the processes of ovarian steroid-related triggers of affective dysregulation and susceptibility to reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders by taking advantage of the experiments of nature that these disorders present.

• Schmidt, P.J., Steinberg, E.M., Palladino Negro, P., Haq, N., Gibson, C., and Rubinow, D.R.: Pharmacologically induced hypogonadism and sexual function in healthy young women and men. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34:565-576, 2009.
• Dreher, J-C., Schmidt, P.J., Kohn, P., Furman, D., Rubinow, D., and Berman, K.F.: Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward-related neural function in women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104:2465-2470, 2007.
• Schmidt, P.J.: Mood, depression, and reproductive hormones in the menopause transition. Am. J. Med., 118:54S-58S, 2005.
• Schmidt, P.J., Nieman, L., Danaceau, M.A., Tobin, M.B., Roca, C.A., Murphy, J.H., and Rubinow, D.R.: Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am. J. Obstet. Gyn., 183:414-420, 2000.
• Schmidt, P.J., Nieman, L.K., Danaceau, M.A., Adams, L.F., and Rubinow, D.R.: Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 338:209-216, 1998.
• Berman, K.F., Schmidt, P.J., Rubinow, D.R., Danaceau, M.A., Van Horn, J.D., Esposito, G., Ostrem, J.L., and Weinberger, D.R.: Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: a positron-emission tomography study in women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94:8836-8841, 1997.