Astronaut Photography of Earth - Display Record
ISS020-E-6563
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| File Name | File Size (bytes) | Width | Height | Annotated | Cropped | Purpose | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| View | ISS020-E-6563.JPG | 61063 | 640 | 438 | No | No | ||
| View | ISS020-E-6563.JPG | 224694 | 540 | 359 | Yes | Yes | NASA's Earth Observatory web site | |
| View | ISS020-E-6563.JPG | 658876 | 1000 | 665 | No | Yes | NASA's Earth Observatory web site | |
| View | ISS020-E-6563.JPG | 918540 | 4256 | 2913 | No | No |
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Electronic Image Data
Camera Files >> No sound file available.Identification
Mission: ISS020 Roll: E Frame: 6563 Mission ID on the Film or image: ISS020Country or Geographic Name: INDONESIA
Features: MOUNT TAMBORA, SUMBAWA ISLAND, CALDERA
Center Point Latitude: -8.3 Center Point Longitude: 118.0 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude)
Stereo: (Yes indicates there is an adjacent picture of the same area)
ONC Map ID: JNC Map ID:
Camera
Camera Tilt: 27Camera Focal Length: 800mm
Camera: N3: Nikon D3
Film: 4256E : 4256 x 2832 pixel CMOS sensor, 36.0mm x 23.9mm, total pixels: 12.87 million, Nikon FX format.
Quality
Film Exposure:Percentage of Cloud Cover: 10 (0-10)
Nadir
Date: 20090603 (YYYYMMDD)GMT Time: 000806 (HHMMSS)Nadir Point Latitude: -8.2, Longitude: 119.6 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude)
Nadir to Photo Center Direction: West
Sun Azimuth: 60 (Clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun measured at the nadir point)
Spacecraft Altitude: 189 nautical miles (350 km)
Sun Elevation Angle: 26 (Angle in degrees between the horizon and the sun, measured at the nadir point)
Orbit Number: 371
Captions
Mount Tambora Volcano, Sumbawa Island, IndonesiaOn April 10, 1815, the Tambora Volcano produced the largest eruption in history. An estimated 150 cubic kilometers of tephra—exploded rock and ash—resulted, with ash from the eruption recognized at least 1,300 kilometers away to the northwest. While the April 10 eruption was catastrophic, historical records and geological analysis of eruption deposits indicate that the volcano had been active between 1812 and 1815. Enough ash was put into the atmosphere from the April 10 eruption to reduce incident sunlight on the Earth’s surface and cause global cooling, resulting in the 1816 “year without a summer.”
This detailed astronaut photograph depicts the summit caldera of the volcano. The huge caldera—6 kilometers in diameter and 1,100 meters deep—formed when Tambora’s estimated 4,000-meter-high peak was removed, and the magma chamber below emptied during the April 10 eruption. Today the crater floor is occupied by an ephemeral freshwater lake, recent sedimentary deposits, and minor lava flows and domes emplaced during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Layered tephra deposits are visible along the northwestern crater rim. Active fumaroles, or steam vents, still exist in the caldera.
In 2004, scientists discovered the remains of a village, and two adults buried under approximately 3 meters of ash in a gully on Tambora’s flank—remnants of the former Kingdom of Tambora preserved by the 1815 eruption that destroyed it. The similarity of the Tambora remains to those associated with the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius has led to the Tambora site’s description as “the Pompeii of the East.”
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