Yemen

For other uses, see Yemen (disambiguation).

Republic of Yemen الجُمهورية اليَمَنية al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah
Flag Emblem
Motto:  الله، الوَطَن، الثَورة، الوَحدة (Arabic) "Allāh, al-Waṭan, aṯ-Ṯawrah, al-Waḥdah" "God, Country, Revolution, Unity"
Anthem:  نشيد اليمن الوطني (Arabic) Nashīd al-Yaman al-waṭanī United Republic
Capital		Sana'a
Official languages		Arabic
Demonym		Yemeni
Government		Unitary presidential republic
-	President	Abd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi
-	Prime Minister	Mohammed Basindawa
Legislature		House of Representatives
Establishment
-	North Yemen independencea	1 November 1918
-	South Yemen independenceb	30 November 1967
-	Unification	22 May 1990
Area
-	Total	527,829 km2 (50th) 203,796 sq mi
-	Water (%)	negligible
Population
-	2011 estimate	25,130,000 (96th)
-	April 2011 census	25,130,000
-	Density	44.7/km2 (160th) 115.7/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$57.966 billion
-	Per capita	$2,306
GDP (nominal)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$33.675 billion
-	Per capita	$1,340
HDI (2011)		0.462 (low / 154th)
Currency		Yemeni rial (YER)
Time zone		(UTC+3)
Drives on the		right
Calling code		+967
ISO 3166 code		YE
Internet TLD		.ye
a.	From the Ottoman Empire.
b.	From the United Kingdom.

The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah), commonly known as Yemen ⁱ/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن‎ al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea to the south, and Oman to the east.

Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 354 km (220 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Yemen was the first country in the Arabian peninsula to grant women the right to vote. Yemeni unification took place on 22 May 1990, when North Yemen was united with South Yemen, forming the Republic of Yemen.

The majority of Yemen's population is divided into tribal groups, especially in the northern areas of the country where 85% of local residents belong to various tribes There are also small groups of peoples of Turkish/Ottoman origin in urban areas. Roughly 53% of the population are Sunni Muslims following the Shafi'i school while 45% adhere to the Zaydi Shia branch of Islam with small minorities of Jews and Ismali Muslims.

Etymology

One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia. Yemen was mentioned in Old South Arabian script as Yamnat particularly after the unification of the four dynasties of ancient Yemen by the Himyarite kings and it literally means "the south-land".

History

Main article: History of Yemen

Dhamar Ali Yahbur II, King of Sheba, Dhu Raydan, Hadramout and Yamnat (Himyrite Kindom)

Ancient Sabaean inscription in 8th century BCE

Ancient Kingdoms

Main article: Ancient history of Yemen

Yemen has long existed at the crossroads of cultures. It linked some of the oldest centres of civilization in the Near East by virtue of its location in South Arabia.

Between the 12th century BCE and the 6th century CE, the Minaean, Sabaean (biblical Sheba), Hadhramaut, Qataban, and Himyarite kingdoms controlled the lucrative spice and incense trade.

The Sabaens built the 1894 feet high and 3000 feet long Marib Dam in the 8th century BC. Led by the priest-king Karib'il Watar I (Karib - El and translated as the closest to the god El) the Sabaeans unified most of Southern Arabia in the 7th century BCE and established a confederacy with the Hadramites and Qatabanis. Lack of water in the Arabian peninsula prevented the Sabaeans from unifying the entire peninsula instead, they established various colonies to control the trade routes similar colonies were found in northern Ethiopia as well descriptions of Sabaean presence in the extended boarder of Palestine is found in the Hebrew bible including an attack on Job Ancient Yemenis developed a writing system by the 10th century BCE called Musnad which used to be the main writing form for the entire Arabian peninsula until the 6th century CE

Around 1st century BCE, leaders of the Banu Hamdan confederation (Hashid and Bakil) overthrew the Sabaean royal family and subjugated them to slavery The Hamdanis formed an alliance with Hadramout and burned the Qatabani capital of Timna. The Himyarites, as a Qatabani sub-tribe, ignited the long but sporadic civil war to avenge their "cousins" as the mid-1st century BCE Hamdani inscription read The civil war was over with a decisive Himyarite victory around 275 CE They established a centralized rule with Zafar as the capital instead of Marib. The Himyarites secured the trade routes through the Kingdom of Kindah who launched several successful campaigns against the Lakhmids in Southern Iraq

In the 6th century, sectarian violence between Jews and Christians weakened the central government, Jews and pagans led by Joseph Dhu Nuwas inflicted heavy casualties on Christian tribes particularly in Najran Dhu Nuwas was deposed around 525 - 527 CE after Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I sent a fleet to aid Christians in Yemen South Western coasts of the Arabian peninsula became a puppet state until the occupiers were driven out by Himyarite Jewish elites

Islam, Ottoman Turks and British

In the 7th century, the Yemeni tribes converted to Islam and played a major role in the Muslim conquest of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain. From about 1547, the Ottoman Turks absorbed Sana'a and Tihama, into their empire until they were expelled in 1630. In 1839, Aden came under British rule. When the Suez Canal opened in 1869, Aden served as a major refuelling port. The Ottoman Turks tried to regain control of Yemen in 1849 but failed. They returned in 1872 and took over the northern half of the country. However, the Ottomans were constantly harassed by the Zaidi tribes led by Imam Yahya Hamid ed-Din. His son and successor, Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din (or Imam Yahya), continued the resistance against the Turks until the turks recognized him as Imam of Yemen in 1911.

Two States

Main articles: North Yemen and South Yemen

In 1918, the Ottoman Empire was dissolved and northern Yemen gained full independence under Imam Yahya. Between 1918 and 1962, Yemen was ruled by the Hamidaddin family. Imam Yahya was assassinated during the revolution of 1947–48. However, his son Imam Ahmad bin Yahya, beat off the opponents of feudal rule and succeeded his father. Imam Ahmad died in 1962. He was succeeded by his son, but army officers attempted to seize power, sparking the North Yemen Civil War. The Hamidaddin royalists were supported by Saudi Arabia, Britain, and Jordan, whilst the republicans were backed by Egypt. After six years of civil war, the republicans were victorious (February 1968) and formed the Yemen Arab Republic.

The revolution in the north coincided with the Aden Emergency, which hastened the end of British rule in the south. On 30 November 1967, the state of South Yemen was formed, comprising Aden and the former Protectorate of South Arabia. This socialist state was later officially known as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and a programme of nationalisation was begun.

Relations between the two Yemeni states remained relatively friendly, although sometimes strained. In 1972, a small border conflict was resolved with a ceasefire and negotiations brokered by the Arab League, where it was declared that unification would eventually occur. In 1978, Ali Abdallah Saleh was named as president of the Yemen Arab Republic. Fresh fighting between the two states resumed in 1979 and there were renewed efforts to bring about unification. Thousands were killed in the South Yemen Civil War of 1986. President Ali Nasser Muhammad fled to the north and a new government was formed.

Unification

Main article: Yemeni unification

In 1990, the two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were merged on 22 May 1990 to form the Republic of Yemen with Saleh as President. The President of South Yemen, Ali Salim al-Beidh, became Vice-President. In 1991, Yemen opposed the US-led action against Iraq in the First Gulf War.

Following food riots in major towns in 1992, a new coalition government was formed in 1993. It was made up of the ruling parties from both the former Yemeni states. However, Vice-President al-Beidh soon returned to Aden, complaining that the power-sharing agreement was not working and the South was being marginalised by Saleh. Southern Yemenis also complained that the oil reserves and wealth of the South was being illegally appropriated as part of a conspiracy by Saleh. As relations deteriorated in 1994, the armies of the former states, which had failed to integrate, gathered on the former frontier. Amidst sporadic fighting, Saleh declared a state of emergency and said that al-Beidh and other southern government members were dismissed. In response, al-Beidh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Yemen. Saleh rejected the secession as illegal. Northern forces captured Aden in July 1994, and the secessionist leadership was forced to flee abroad. Saleh had them sentenced to death in absentia.

Arab Spring

Main articles: Arab Spring and 2011 Yemeni revolution

Poverty, corruption, and President Saleh's determination to cling on to power made his regime increasingly unpopular with the people of Yemen. There were growing signs of unrest before 2011: in 2001, there was violence surrounding a referendum which apparently supported extending Saleh's rule and powers; in 2005, at least 36 people were killed in clashes across the country between police and protestors over rising fuel prices; and in 2008, an opposition rally in Sana'a demanding electoral reform was met with police gunfire.

The 2011 Yemeni revolution followed the initial stages of the Tunisian revolution and occurred simultaneously with the 2011–2012 Egyptian revolution and other mass protests in the Arab world in early 2011. The uprising was initially against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption, as well as against the government's proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen so that Saleh's son could inherit the presidency. Despite President Saleh's pledge not to extend his presidency in 2013 or to hand it over to his son, the protestors called for him to resign.

In March 2011, police snipers opened fire on the pro-democracy camp in Sana'a, killing more than 50 people. Senior military figures, including key general Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, declared their backing for the protest movement. Several ministers and other senior regime figures also defected to the protesters. President Saleh warned that unrest risked plunging the country into civil war and imposed a state of emergency. In April 2011, he vowed to remain in office. In May, dozens were killed in clashes between troops and tribal fighters in Sana'a; the airport closed and thousands fled the city. Saleh was injured in a rocket attack on his presidential compound and spent the summer in Saudi Arabia.

By this point, Saleh began to lose international support. In October 2011, Yemeni human rights activist Tawakul Karman won the Nobel Peace Prize and the UN Security Council condemned the violence and called for a transfer of power. On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh, in neighbouring Saudi Arabia, to sign the Gulf Co-operation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi. Hadi took office for a two-year term upon winning the uncontested presidential elections in February 2012. A unity government - including a prime minister from the opposition - was formed. Al-Hadi will oversee the drafting of a new constitution, followed by parliamentary and presidential elections in 2014. Saleh left Yemen for the USA and then Ethiopia. However, he returned in February 2012. Saleh, his family and supporters still have considerable influence and power in Yemen, which has a de-stabilising effect on the country. In the face of objections from thousands of street protesters, parliament granted him full immunity from prosecution. Saleh's son, General Ahmed Ali Abdullah Saleh continues to exercise a strong hold on sections of the military and security forces. Only in December 2012, after his elite Republican Guards were disbanded, did Ahmed Saleh agree to give up his missiles.

Yemen continues to face serious problems: crippling economic troubles, internal divisions, separatist movements, and the challenge from Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which is based in Yemen and many of its members Saudi nationals released from Guantanamo Bay. In May 2012, international donors pledged more than $4bn in aid to Yemen to help improve its infrastructure and security. The government is thought to have asked for some $10bn. Aid agencies warned that Yemen was on the brink of food crisis.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Yemen

Map of Yemen

Al Mahwit Mountains

Socotra Island

The town of Jibla where Queen Arwa resided

Yemen is located in Western Asia, in the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and the Red Sea. It lies south of Saudi Arabia and west of Oman, between latitudes 12° and 19° N and longitudes 42° and 55° E.

A number of Red Sea islands, including the Hanish Islands, Kamaran, and Perim, as well as Socotra in the Arabian Sea, belong to Yemen. Many of the islands are volcanic; for example Jabal al-Tair had a volcanic eruption in 2007 and before that in 1883.

At 527,970 km² (203,850 sq mi), Yemen is the world's 50th-largest country. It is comparable in size to Thailand and larger than the U.S. state of California. Yemen is situated at 15°N 48°E.

Until the signing of the Yemen-Saudi Arabia peace treaty in July 2000, Yemen's northern border was undefined; the Arabian Desert prevented any human habitation there.

The country can be divided geographically into four main regions: the coastal plains in the west, the western highlands, the eastern highlands, and the Rub al Khali in the east.

The Tihamah ("hot lands" or "hot earth") form a very arid and flat coastal plain along Yemen's entire Red Sea coastline. Despite the aridity, the presence of many lagoons makes this region very marshy and a suitable breeding ground for malaria mosquitoes. There are extensive crescent-shaped sand dunes. The evaporation in the Tihamah is so great that streams from the highlands never reach the sea, but they do contribute to extensive groundwater reserves. Today, these are heavily exploited for agricultural use. Near the village of Madar about 48 km (30 mi) north of Sana'a, dinosaur footprints were found, indicating that the area was once a muddy flat.

The Tihamah ends abruptly at the escarpment of the western highlands. This area, now heavily terraced to meet the demand for food, receives the highest rainfall in Arabia, rapidly increasing from 100 mm (3.9 in) per year to about 760 mm (29.9 in) in Ta'izz and over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in Ibb.

Agriculture here is very diverse, with such crops as sorghum dominating. Cotton and many fruit trees are also grown, with mangoes being the most valuable. Temperatures are hot in the day but fall dramatically at night. There are perennial streams in the highlands but these never reach the sea because of high evaporation in the Tihamah.

The central highlands are an extensive high plateau over 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) in elevation. This area is drier than the western highlands because of rain-shadow influences but still receives sufficient rain in wet years for extensive cropping. Diurnal temperature ranges are among the highest in the world: ranges from 30 °C (86 °F) in the day to 0 °C (32 °F) at night are normal.^{[citation needed]} Water storage allows for irrigation and the growing of wheat and barley. Sana'a is located in this region. The highest point in Yemen is Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb, at 3,666 metres (12,028 ft).

Yemen's portion of the Rub al Khali desert in the east is much lower, generally below 1,000 metres (3,281 ft), and receives almost no rain. It is populated only by Bedouin herders of camels. The growing scarcity of water is a source of increasing international concern. See Water supply and sanitation in Yemen.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Yemen

Large areas of Yemen are controlled by armed rebel groups rather than the national government.

As a result of the Yemeni revolution, the constitution of Yemen is expected to be rewritten, and then new elections held in 2014. The national government administers the capital and largest cities, but some other regions are outside of its grasp, governed by armed militant groups which expanded their control during the chaos of the 2011–12 uprising. The two major groups are Ansar al-Sharia (a branch or affiliate of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula), which has declared several "Islamic emirates" in the southern provinces of Abyan and Shabwah, and the Houthis, a Shiite rebel group centered in Sa'dah province.

Yemen is a republic with a bicameral legislature. Under the 1991 constitution, an elected President, an elected 301-seat Assembly of Representatives, and an appointed 111-member Shura Council share power. The President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.

The 1991 constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two candidates endorsed by at least fifteen members of the Parliament. The prime minister, in turn, is appointed by the president and must be approved by two thirds of the Parliament. The presidential term of office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six years. Suffrage is universal for people age 18 and older, but only Muslims may hold elected office.

President Ali Abdullah Saleh became the first elected President in reunified Yemen in 1999 (though he had been President of unified Yemen since 1990 and President of North Yemen since 1978). He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an election that international observers judged to be "partly free", though the election was accompanied by violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of fraud. Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and the General People's Congress (GPC) maintained an absolute majority.

The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legal codes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and a Supreme Court based in Sana'a. Sharia is the main source of laws, with many court cases being debated according to the religious basis of law and many judges being religious scholars as well as legal authorities.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Yemen

As of February 2004, Yemen is divided into twenty governorates (muhafazat) and one municipality called "Amanat Al-Asemah" (the latter containing the capital, Sana'a)

Division	Capital City	Population 2004 Census	Population 2006 est.	Key
'Aden	Aden	589,419	634,710	1
'Amran	'Amran	877,786	909,992	2
Abyan	Zinjibar	433,819	454,535	3
Ad-Dali'	Ad Dali'	470,564	504,533	4
Al Bayda'	Al Bayda'	577,369	605,303	5
Al Hudaydah	Al-Hudaydah	2,157,552	2,300,179	6
Al Jawf	Al-Jawf	443,797	465,737	7
Al-Mahrah	Al-Ghaydah	88,594	96,768	8
Al-Mahwit	Al-Mahweet	494,557	523,236	9
Amanat Al-Asemah	Sana'a	1,747,834	1,947,139	10
Dhamar	Dhamar	1,330,108	1,412,142	11
Hadhramaut	Al-Mukalla	1,028,556	1,092,967	12
Hajjah	Hajjah	1,479,568	1,570,872	13
Ibb	Ibb	2,131,861	2,238,537	14
Lahij	Lahij	722,694	761,160	15
Ma'rib	Ma'rib	238,522	251,668	16
Raymah	Kosmah	394,448	418,659	17
Sa'dah	Sa`dah	695,033	746,957	18
Sana'a	Sana'a	919,215	957,798	19
Shabwah	Ataq	470,440	494,638	20
Taiz	Taiz	1,121,000	2,513,003	21

The Governorates are subdivided into 333 districts (muderiah), which are subdivided into 2,210 sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001).

Houthi Rebellion

The rebellion began in 2004. The Yemeni government alleged that the Zaidi Shia fighters of northern Yemen were seeking to overthrow it and to implement Shī‘a religious law. The Houthis, led by the cleric Hussein al-Houthi countered that they were "defending their community against discrimination" and Saleh's government aggression. In the summer of 2004, estimates of the dead ranged from 80 to more than 600 and the cleric Hussein al-Houthi, was killed. Sheikh Abdul-Malik al-Houthi became leader. In 2005, more than 200 people were killed in a resurgence of fighting between government forces and Houthi fighters. Some 600 Houthi fighters were released under an amnesty in 2006. Scores were killed or wounded in renewed clashes early in 2007 and Abdul-Malik accepted a ceasefire which lasted until January 2008.

The Yemeni army launched a fresh offensive in 2009. They were assisted by Saudi forces who claimed that the Houthis had made incursions into Saudi territory. Tens of thousands of people were displaced by the fighting. A new ceasefire was agreed upon in February 2010. However, by the end of the year, Yemen claimed that 3,000 soldiers had been killed in renewed fighting.

Al-Qaeada Insurgency

In October 2000, the US naval vessel USS Cole was damaged in a suicide attack in Aden which was subsequently blamed on al-Qaeda. Seventeen US personnel were killed. A bomb also exploded at the British embassy. Four Yemenis who were jailed said they carried out the attacks in solidarity with the Palestinians. After the 9/11 attacks on the USA, President Saleh assured President George W. Bush that Yemen was a partner in his War on Terror. He then expelled more than 100 foreign Islamic scholars, including British and French nationals, in a crackdown on suspected al-Qaeda members. In October 2002, one man was killed when the supertanker Limburg was attacked off Yemeni coast.

After a lull, terrorist attacks continued. A suicide bomber killed eight Spanish tourists and two Yemenis in the province of Marib in July 2007. There was a series of bomb attacks on police, official, diplomatic, foreign business and tourism targets in 2008. Car bombings outside the US embassy in Sana'a killed 18 people, including six of the assailants in September 2008.

In January 2009, the Saudi and Yemeni al-Qaeda branches merged to form Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). Saleh released 176 al-Qaeda suspects on condition of good behaviour, but terrorist activities continued. Nine foreigners were abducted in the remote Saada region. The bodies of three were later found, but the fate of the remaining six hostages remains unclear. In December 2009, AQAP claimed it was behind the failed 'underwear bomber' attack on a US airliner. whilst Saleh called on the West for more support to help him combat the al-Qaeda threat, he also said his government was open to talks with militants, provided they renounced violence.

In October 2010, there was a global terror alert after packages containing explosives originating in Yemen were intercepted on cargo planes bound for the USA. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Yemen to express "urgent concern" at al-Qaeda activities there. Saleh permitted the USA to increase attacks by its special forces and drones on suspected AQAP bases in southern Yemen. The US-born al-Qaeda leader Anwar al-Awlaki was killed in a targeted US air raid in September 2011.

AQAP claimed responsibility for the February 2012 suicide attack on the presidential palace which killed 26 Republican Guards on the day that President Hadi was sworn in. AQAP was also behind the suicide boming which killed 96 soldiers in Sanaa three months later.

In May 2012, an al-Qaeda leader Fahd al-Quso, who was wanted for the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole, was killed in a US drone strike. After month-long offensive, the Yemen army recaptured three al-Qaeda strongholds in the south - Shuqra, Zinjibar and Jaʿār. In September 2012, a car bomb attack in Sanaa killed 11 people, a day after a local al-Qaeda leader Said al-Shihri was reported killed in the south.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Yemen

The geography and ruling Imams of North Yemen kept the country isolated from foreign influence before 1962. The country's relations with Saudi Arabia were defined by the Taif Agreement of 1934, which delineated the northernmost part of the border between the two kingdoms and set the framework for commercial and other intercourse. The Taif Agreement has been renewed periodically in 20-year increments, and its validity was reaffirmed in 1995. Relations with the British colonial authorities in Aden and the south were usually tense.

The Soviet and Chinese Aid Missions established in 1958 and 1959 were the first important non-Muslim presence in North Yemen. Following the September 1962 revolution, the Yemen Arab Republic became closely allied with and heavily dependent upon Egypt. Saudi Arabia aided the royalists in their attempt to defeat the Republicans and did not recognize the Yemen Arab Republic until 1970. At the same time, Saudi Arabia maintained direct contact with Yemeni tribes, which sometimes strained its official relations with the Yemeni Government. Saudi Arabia remained hostile to any form of political and social reform in Yemen and continued to provide financial support for tribal elites.

In February 1989, North Yemen joined Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt in forming the Arab Cooperation Council (ACC), an organization created partly in response to the founding of the Gulf Cooperation Council and intended to foster closer economic cooperation and integration among its members. After unification, the Republic of Yemen was accepted as a member of the ACC in place of its YAR predecessor. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis, the ACC has remained inactive. Yemen is not a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council mainly for its republican government.

Yemen is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and also participates in the nonaligned movement. The Republic of Yemen accepted responsibility for all treaties and debts of its predecessors, the YAR and the PDRY. Yemen has acceded to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty.

The invasion of Kuwait crisis in 1990 dramatically affected Yemen's foreign relations. Yemen's President, Ali Abdullah Saleh opposed military intervention from non-Arab states. As a member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for 1990 and 1991, Yemen continued to abstain on a number of UNSC resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait and voted against the "use of force resolution.". The vote outraged the U.S.

Saleh at the Pentagon, 8 June 2004

Subsequent to the liberation of Kuwait, former president Saleh continued to maintain high-level contacts with Iraq. This hampered its efforts to rejoin the Arab mainstream and to mend fences with its immediate neighbors. Saudi Arabia actively aided the south during the 1994 civil war. Since the end of that conflict, tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in restoring normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. In the summer of 2000, Yemen and Saudi Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50 year old dispute over the location of the border between the two countries. Yemen settled its dispute with Eritrea over the Hanish Islands in 1998.

Since 2004, a civil war has been fought in Northern Yemen between Yemeni forces and Zaydi Houthi rebels. In 2009, the war spilled over into the neighboring border region of Saudi Arabia after accusations by the Shiite rebels of providing support to salafi groups to suppress Zaydism in Yemen. Saleh's government used Al-Qaeda in its wars against Hothis, and UNDP Yemen report a growing problem of civilians fleeing from the region.

Some news reports have suggested that, on orders from United States President Barack Obama, US warplanes fired cruise missiles at what officials in Washington claimed were Al Qaeda training camps in the provinces of Sana’a and Abyan on 17 December 2009. Instead of hitting Al-Qaeda operatives, it hit a village killing 55 civilians. Officials in Yemen said that the attacks claimed the lives of more than 60 civilians, 28 of them children. Another airstrike was carried out on 24 December.

Embassy of Yemen in Washington, D.C.

On 3 January 2010, the U.S. and British embassies in Yemen closed for security reasons after the failed plot to bomb a plane in Detroit and after reports of eight individuals planning an attack on the embassy itself. One was arrested with a suicide vest, while three others were killed. Four remained at large as of 4 January 2010.

Despite these tensions between the US and Yemen, as well as increasing worries about terrorism in Yemen, President Obama has stated that he has no plans to introduce US military forces into the country, a sentiment that was echoed by US General David Petraeus the US government increased military aid to $140 million in 2010. By 2012, however, under the Obama administration, there has been an increase in drone strikes against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) in Yemen, as well as a "small contingent of U.S. special-operations troops" in addition to CIA and "unofficially acknowledged" U.S. military presence in response to increasing terror attacks by AQAP on Yemeni citizens. The Americans found that former president Saleh had been draining them. By 2006, when the U.S. decided that Yemen was no longer a threat to national security and cut foreign aid for Saleh's corruption and lack of reform, the former Yemeni leader was not pleased. A week after the U.S's decision, 23 al Qaeda suspects tunneled out of a maximum-security prison. The U.S. knew that the prisoners had inside help. Nevertheless, al Qaeda was once again a substantial threat and over the coming months the United States was forced to redirect its attention and aid dollars to Yemen. Many analysts have pointed out the former Yemeni government role in cultivating terrorist activity in the country. in 2012 Abyan offensive, The new president Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi and the Yemeni military was able to recapture the governorate. Yet, former president Saleh continue to hinder the new government effort as his sons are still running security sectors in the country

The geopolitical significance of Yemen (primarily its straits and oil fields) keeps this country in the sphere of U.S. strategic interests. Control over the Aden port – the "gate to Asia" – brings huge benefits to the USA and opens infinite possibilities for maneuvering in front of them. However, America is not the only nation to be interested in Yemen. China is trying hard to expand its influence in the Indian Ocean by associating with countries across the region including Yemen.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Yemen

Anti-government protest in Sana'a, 3 February 2011

Protesters in Sana'a, 4 April 2011

Yemen's human rights record is seriously marred by substantial inconsistencies between its obligations under International human rights instruments (ratified by Yemen) and legal practice under the tribal law/habits.

Yemen's national human rights record was presented – for the first time – in the Human Rights Council in Geneva under the so-called Universal Periodic Review (UPR) between May and September 2009. Yemen accepted over one hundred recommendations by Council Members. While it promised to achieve progress on the establishment of a national Human Rights Commission and on legislation setting a minimum age for marriages (still highly controversial within the Yemeni tribal society), it squarely rejected the abolition of the death penalty.

The government and its security forces, often considered to suffer from rampant corruption, have been responsible for torture, inhumane treatment, and extrajudicial executions. There are arbitrary arrests of citizens, especially in the south, as well as arbitrary searches of homes. Prolonged pretrial detention is a serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference undermine due process. Freedom of speech, the press, and religion are all restricted.

Human Rights Watch reported on discrimination and violence against women as well as on the abolition of the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women. The onset of puberty (interpreted by some to be as low as the age of nine) was set as a requirement for marriage instead. Publicity about the case of ten-year old Yemeni divorcee Nujood Ali brought the child marriage issue to the fore not only in Yemen but worldwide.

Forms of hostile prejudice directed towards disabled people and religious minorities have also been reported. Censorship is actively practiced, and in 2005 legislation was passed requiring journalists to reveal their sources under certain circumstances. The government has raised the start-up costs for newspapers and websites significantly. In violation of the Yemeni constitution, the security forces often monitor telephone, postal, and Internet communications. Journalists who tend to be critical of the government are often harassed and threatened by the police.

Since the start of the Sa'dah insurgency many people accused of supporting Al-Houthi have been arrested and held without charge or trial. According to the U.S. State Department International Religious Freedom Report 2007, "Some Zaydis reported harassment and discrimination by the Government because they were suspected of sympathizing with the al-Houthis. However, it appears the Government's actions against the group were probably politically, not religiously, motivated".

The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee and asylum seekers' rights in the organization's 2008 World Refugee Survey. Yemeni authorities reportedly deported numerous foreigners without giving them access to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, despite the UN’s repeated requests. Refugees further reported violence directed against them by Yemeni authorities while living in refugee camps. Yemeni officials reportedly raped and beat camp-based refugees with impunity in 2007.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Yemen

Further information: Telecommunications in Yemen, Transportation in Yemen, and Internet usage in Yemen

Yemen is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the Arab World, with a formal 35% employment rate, dwindling natural resources, a young population and increasing population growth. Yemen's economy is weak compared to most countries in the Middle-East, mainly because Yemen has very small oil reserves. Yemen's economy depends heavily on the oil it produces, and its government receives the vast majority of its revenue from oil taxes. But Yemen's oil reserves are expected to be depleted by 2017, possibly bringing on economic collapse. Yemen does have large proven reserves of natural gas. Yemen's first liquified natural gas (LNG) plant began production in October 2009.

Rampant corruption is a prime obstacle to development in the country, limiting local reinvestments and driving away regional and international capital. Foreign investments remain largely concentrated around the nation's hydrocarbon industry.

Beginning in the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union and China provided large-scale assistance. For example, China and the United States are involved with the expansion of the Sana'a International Airport. In the south, pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of Aden. The seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with the closure of the Suez Canal and Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.

Since unification in 1990, the government has worked to integrate two relatively disparate economic systems. However, severe shocks, including the return in 1990 of approximately 850,000 Yemenis from the Persian Gulf states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and internal political disputes culminating in the 1994 civil war hampered economic growth.

In the late 20th century Sana'a’s population grew rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in 1978 to more than 1 million in the early 21st century. Sana'a may be the first capital city in the world to run out of water.

Since the conclusion of the war, the government made an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to implement a structural adjustment program. Phase one of the program included major financial and monetary reforms, including floating the currency, reducing the budget deficit, and cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issues such as civil service reform.

In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial, and administrative reform program (EFARP) with the support of the World Bank and the IMF, as well as international donors. The First Five-Year Plan (FFYP) for the years 1996 to 2000 was introduced in 1996. The World Bank has focused on public sector management, including civil service reform, budget reform, and privatization. Additional priorities for the programs have become attracting diversified private investment, water management, and poverty-oriented social sector improvements. These programs had a positive impact on Yemen’s economy and led to the reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) during the period 1995–1999 and the correction of macro-financial imbalances.

Graphical depiction of Yemen's product exports in 28 color coded categories.

In 1997, IMF and the Yemeni government began medium-term economic reform programs under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This program aimed to reduce dependence on the oil sector and to establish a market environment for real non-oil GDP growth and investment in the non-oil sector. Increasing the growth rate in the non-oil sector was one of the government's most important objectives. Programs also focused on reducing unemployment, strengthening the social safety net, and increasing financial stability. To achieve these reforms, the government and IMF implemented containment of government wages, improvements in revenue collection with the introduction of reforms in tax administration, and a sharp reduction in subsidies bills through increased prices on subsidized goods. As a result, the fiscal cash deficit was reduced from 16% of GDP in 1994 to 0.9% in 1997. This was supported by aid from oil-exporting countries, despite the wide-ranging fluctuations in world oil prices. The real growth rate in the non-oil sector rose by 5.6% from 1995 to 1997.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Yemen

Yemeni Children in Jibla

The population of Yemen was about 24 million according to June 2011 estimates, with 46% of the population being under 15 years old and 2.7% above 65 years. In 1950, it was 4.3 million. By 2050, the population is estimated to increase to about 60 million.

Yemen has a high total fertility rate, at 4.45 children per woman, it is the 30th highest in the world. Although this is lower than the rate in Somalia to the south, it is roughly twice as high as that of Saudi Arabia and nearly three times as high as those in the more modernized Persian Gulf states. Yemen's population is increasing by 700,000 every year.^{[citation needed]}

Yemenis are mainly of Arab origin. Arabic is the official language, although English is increasingly understood by citizens in major cities. In the Mahra area (the extreme east) and the island Soqotra, several ancient south-Arabic Semitic languages are spoken. When the former states of north and south Yemen were established, most resident minority groups departed. Yemen is still a largely tribal society. In the northern mountainous parts of the country live some 400 Zaydi tribes. There are also hereditary caste groups in urban areas such as Al-Akhdam

Yemen officially abolished slavery in 1962. Turks arrived in the region during the Ottoman colonization process; today, there is between 10,000–30,000 people of Turkish origin still living in the country. In addition, Yemenite Jews once formed a sizable Jewish minority in Yemen with a distinct culture from other Jewish communities in the world They also occupied key industries including silversmiths, and their influence on Yemeni culture is still discussed within the souks. However, most of them emigrated to Israel in the mid-20th century, following the Jewish exodus from Arab lands and Operation Magic Carpet. In the early 20th century, they had numbered about 50,000; they currently number only a few hundred individuals and reside largely in Sana'a. The original Jewish village, popularly called Bait-baws, has since been left abandoned.

Arab traders have long operated in Southeast Asia, trading in spices, timber, and textiles. Most of the prominent Indonesians, Malaysians, and Singaporeans of Arab descent are Hadhrami people with origins in southern Yemen in the Hadramawt coastal region. As many as 4 million Indonesians are of Hadrami descent.^{[citation needed]} and today there are almost 10,000 Hadramis in Singapore. The Hadramis emigrated not only to Southeast Asia but also to East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Maqil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes of Yemeni origin who migrated westwards via Egypt. Several groups of Yemeni Arabs turned south to Mauritania, and by the end of the 17th century, they dominated the entire country. They can also be found throughout Morocco and in Algeria as well as in other North African Countries.

According to the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Yemen hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 124,600 in 2007. Refugees and asylum seekers living in Yemen were predominantly from Somalia (110,600), Iraq (11,000), and Ethiopia (2,000). There are also about 70,000 Iraqis presently living in Yemen. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that in 2008 more than 50,000 Somalis reached Yemen. Yemen's civil war has forced at least 175,000 Yemenis to flee their homes.

The Yemeni diaspora is largely concentrated in the United Kingdom, where between 70,000 and 80,000 Yemenis reside; just over 15,000 to 20,000 Yemenis reside in the United States, and 2,000 live in France. Saudi Arabia expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 to punish Yemen for its opposition to the Gulf War against Iraq.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Yemen

Minaret in Jibla

Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two principal Islamic religious groups; 53% of the Muslim population is Sunni and 45% is Shiite according to the UNHCR. Sunnis are primarily Shafi'i but also include significant groups of Malikis and Hanbalis. Shi'is are primarily Zaidis and also have significant minorities of Twelver Shias and Musta'ali Western Isma'ili Shias (see Shia Population of the Middle East).

The Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast. The Zaidis are predominantly in the north and northwest whilst the Ismailis are in the main centers such as Sana'a and Ma'rib. There are mixed communities in the larger cities. About 1 percent of Yemenis are non-Muslim, adhering to Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, or atheism.

In the Yemenite city of Aden, there is still a significant population of Hindus.^{[citation needed]}

Health

Main article: Health in Yemen

According to 2009 estimates, life expectancy in Yemen is 63.27 years. Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. Total expenditures on health care in 2004 constituted 5% of gross domestic product. In that same year, the per capita expenditure for health care was very low compared with other Middle Eastern countries—US$34 per capita according to the World Health Organization. According to the World Bank, the number of doctors in Yemen rose by an average of more than 7% between 1995 and 2000, but as of 2004 there were still only three doctors per 10,000 people. In 2005 Yemen had only 6.1 hospital beds available per 10,000 persons. Health care services are particularly scarce in rural areas; only 25% of rural areas are covered by health services, compared with 80% of urban areas. Most childhood deaths are caused by illnesses for which vaccines exist or that are otherwise preventable.

Languages

The official language is Modern Standard Arabic. Yemeni Arabic is spoken in several regional dialects.

Yemen is one of the main homelands of the South Semitic family of languages, which includes the non-Arabic language of the ancient Hemiari. Its modern Yemeni descendants speak modern standard Arabic like many other Arab countries.

Foreign language in public schools is taught from grade seven onwards, though the quality of public school instruction is low. Private schools using a British or American system teach English and produce proficient speakers, but Arabic is the dominant language of communication. The number of English speakers in Yemen is small compared to other Arab countries such as Egypt, Lebanon, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia.

There is a significant number of Russian speakers, originating from Yemeni-Russian cross-marriages occurring mainly in the 1970s and 1980s. A small Vietnamese-speaking community is found in the capital city of Sana'a, originating from Yemeni immigrants expatriated from Vietnam after the Vietnam War in the 1970s.

A small yet rising number of ethnic Chinese in Sana'a brought the Chinese language to the country, a byproduct of historic Chinese immigration. Also there are South Asian Languages spoken by the small but present South Asian community, most notably Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam and Marathi languages.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Yemen

The National Museum in Sana'a

Yemen is a culturally rich country with influence from many civilizations, such as the early civilization of Sheba.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Yemen

The Yemeni film industry is in its early stages; only two Yemeni films have been released as of 2008. In 2005, A New Day in Old Sana'a deals with a young man struggling between whether to go ahead with a traditional marriage or go with the woman he loves.

Dance in Sa'dah, northwestern Yemen.

In August 2008, Yemen’s Interior Minister Mutahar al-Masri supported the launch of a new feature film to educate the public about the consequences of Islamist extremism. The Losing Bet was produced by Fadl al-Olfi. The plot follows two Yemeni jihadis, who return from years living abroad.

Education

Main article: Education in Yemen

In the strategic vision for the next 25 years since 2000, the government has committed to bring significant changes in the education system, thereby reducing illiteracy to less than 10% by 2025. Although Yemen’s government provides for universal, compulsory, free education for children ages six through 15, the U.S. Department of State reports that compulsory attendance is not enforced. The government developed the National Basic Education Development Strategy in 2003 that aimed at providing education to 95% of Yemeni children between the ages of six and 14 years and also at decreasing the gap between males and females in urban and rural areas.

New Sana'a University in Sana

A seven year project to improve gender equity and the quality and efficiency of secondary education, focusing on girls in rural areas, was approved by the World Bank in March 2008. Following this, Yemen has increased its education spending from 4.5% of GDP in 1995 to 9.6% in 2005.

Sport

The Yemen national football team logo

Football is the most popular sport in Yemen. The Yemen national football team competes in the FIFA and the AFC leagues. The country also hosts many football clubs that compete in the national or international leagues.

Yemen's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as biking, rock climbing, hill climbing, skiing, hiking, mountain jumping, and more challenging mountain climbing. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Sarawat Mountains and the Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb, including the 5,000 m peaks in the region, are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies.

The coast of Yemen and Socotra island also provide many opportunities for water sports, such as surfing, bodyboarding, sailing, swimming, and scuba diving. Socotra island is home to one of the best surfing destinations in the world.

Camel jumping is popular among the Zaraniq tribe on the west coast of Yemen on the desert plain by the Red Sea. Camels are rounded up and placed side to side. Athletes jump from a running start to achieve height and length in the air. The jumpers train year round for competitions. Tribesmen tuck their robes around their waists to reduce impediment while running and leaping.

Yemen's biggest sports event was hosting the 2010 Gulf Cup of Nations in Aden and Abyan in the southern part of the country on 22 November 2010. Yemen was thought to be the strongest competitor, but was defeated in the first three matches of the tournament.

The Yemeni national team has never won a championship, though it includes many renowned Arab players.

World Heritage sites

A footbridge in Shaharah District, Yemen.

Among Yemen’s natural and cultural attractions are four World Heritage sites.

The Old Walled City of Shibam in Wadi Hadhramaut, inscribed by UNESCO in 1982, two years after Yemen joined the World Heritage Committee, is nicknamed "Manhattan of the Desert" because of its "skyscrapers." Surrounded by a fortified wall made of mud and straw, the 16th-century city is one of the oldest examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction.

The ancient Old City of Sana’a, at an altitude of more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m), has been inhabited for over two and a half millennia and was inscribed in 1986. Sana’a became a major Islamic centre in the 7th century, and the 103 mosques, 14 hammams (traditional bath houses), and more than 6,000 houses that survive all date from before the 11th century.

Close to the Red Sea Coast, the Historic Town of Zabid, inscribed in 1993, was Yemen’s capital from the 13th to the 15th century, and is an archaeological and historical site. It played an important role for many centuries because of its university, which was a center of learning for the whole Arab and Islamic world. Algebra is said to have been invented there in the early 9th century by the little-known scholar Al-Jazari.

The latest addition to Yemen’s list of World Heritage Sites is the Socotra Archipelago. Mentioned by Marco Polo in the 13th century, this remote and isolated archipelago consists of four islands and two rocky islets delineating the southern limit of the Gulf of Aden. The site has a rich biodiversity. Nowhere else in the world do 37% of Socotra’s 825 plants, 90% of its reptiles and 95% of its snails occur. It is home to 192 bird species, 253 species of coral, 730 species of coastal fish, and 300 species of crab and lobster, as well as a range of Aloes and the Dragon’s Blood Tree (Dracaena cinnabari). The cultural heritage of Socotra includes the unique Soqotri language.

See also

• Outline of Yemen
• List of Yemen-related topics
• Arab diaspora
• Arab Singaporean
• Jambiya, the Yemeni dagger
• List of newspapers in Yemen
• List of Yemenis
• Military of Yemen
• Wars involving Yemen
• Water crisis
• Yemen Observer
• Yemen Times
• Yemen Post
• List of cities in Yemen

External links

• Yemen Government official portal
• Yemen entry at The World Factbook
• Yemen web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries
• Yemen at the Open Directory Project
• Yemen profile from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Yemen
• Yemen travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Conflict in Yemen: Simple People, Complicated Circumstances

Preceded by North Yemen concurrent with South Yemen

Government of Yemen 1990 to date

Succeeded by current