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A Country Study: South Africa
Library of Congress Call Number
DT1719 .S67 1997
South Africa
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Preface
Table A. Selected Acronyms and Contractions
Table B. Chronology of Important Events
Country Profile
Country
Geography
Society
Economy
Transportation and Telecommunications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
(William H. Worger)
Southern African Societies to ca. 1600
The Earliest South Africans
The Arrival of Bantu-Speaking Africans
Early European Settlement
Origins of Settlement
Establishing a Slave Economy
Emergence of a Settler Society
The Rise of African States
Background to the Mfecane
Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State
Swazi, Sotho, and Ndebele States
The Expansion of European Settlement
British Colonialism
The Great Trek
The Voortrekker Republics and British Policies
Industrialization and Imperialism, 1870-1910
The Mineral Revolution
Africans and Industrialization
African Enterprise
Extending European Control
African Initiatives
British Imperialism and the Afrikaners
Minerals and the Growth of Boer-British Antipathy
The South African War
Milner's Peace
Formation of the Union of South Africa, 1910
Segregation, 1910-48
Building the Legal Structure of Racial Discrimination
Formation of the African National Congress, 1912
World War I and Afrikaner Nationalism
Conflict in the 1920s
The Great Depression and the 1930s
The Impact of World War II
The 1948 Election
Apartheid, 1948-76
The Legislative Implementation of Apartheid
Separating Black from White
Separate and Unequal
Security Legislation
White Politics
Black Resistance in the 1950s
The Congress Youth League and the Programme of Action
The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter
The Pan-Africanist Congress and Sharpeville
Consolidating Apartheid in the 1960s
The ANC and the PAC Turn to Violence
Consolidating Apartheid
The Rise of Black Consciousness
Steve Biko and the South African Students' Organisation
Soweto, 1976
Government in Crisis, 1978-89
The Contradictions of Apartheid
Divisions in the White Community
Limited Reforms
Dismantling Apartheid, 1990-94
The Quest for Peace
"Irreversible Progress" Toward Democracy
Preparing for Elections
Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
(Robert Thornton and Rita M. Byrnes)
Physical Setting
Geographic Regions
Lakes and Rivers
Climate and Rainfall
Environmental Trends
Population
Size and Growth
Distribution
Ethnic Groups and Language
Language Groups
Nguni
Zulu
Swazi
Xhosa
Ndebele
Sotho
Northern Sotho
Southern Sotho
Tswana
Tsonga and Venda
Tsonga
Venda
Afrikaans Speakers
Afrikaners
"Coloureds"
English Speakers
"Europeans"
Asians
Khoisan
Religion
Historical Background
African Religions
The Arrival of Christianity
Religion and Apartheid
Dutch Reformed Churches
Other Religious Organizations
Zion Christian Church
Islam
Education
Early Development
Education under Apartheid
The Bantu Education Act
Soweto and Its Aftermath
The School System in the 1990s
Higher Education
Health and Welfare
Incidence of Disease
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Health Care Services
Social Welfare
Disabilities and the Aged
Refugees
Narcotics
Women in Society
Women and Apartheid
Women in the 1990s
Chapter 3 - The Economy
(Nancy L. Clark)
Historical Development
Postapartheid Reconstruction
Structure of the Economy
Gross Domestic Product
External Debt
Inflation
Economic Distortions and Apartheid
Role of the Government
Legal Restrictions
Parastatals
Budgets
Foreign Trade and Investment
Foreign Trade
Investment
Balance of Payments
Employment and Labor
Labor Force
Labor and Politics
Education and Employment
Extractive Industries
Gold
Diamonds and Platinum
Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals
Energy Minerals and Petroleum
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Crops
Livestock
Forestry
Fishing
Manufacturing
Electric Power
Heavy Industry
Chemicals Industry
Consumer Goods
Transportation and Telecommunications
Railroads
Ports and Shipping
Road System and Transport
Civil Aviation
Pipelines
Telecommunications and Postal Service
Environmental Protection and Tourism
Environmental Protection
Tourism
Banking and Currency
Banking
Currency
Growth Trends and Potential
Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
(Joshua Sinai)
System of Government
Historical Background
Constitutional Change
The Interim Constitution
Executive and Legislative Authority
The President
The Cabinet
Parliament
Volkstaat Council
Provincial and Local Government
Drafting a Final Constitution
The Legal System
The Apartheid-Era Legal System
The New Legal System
Political Participation
The 1994 Elections
Political Parties
African National Congress
South African Communist Party
National Party
Inkatha Freedom Party
Freedom Front
Other Political Parties
Interest Groups
Afrikaner Broederbond
United Democratic Front
Mass Democratic Movement
Trade Unions
Political Elites
Communications Media
Radio and Television
Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals
Foreign Relations
Relations with African States
Botswana
Lesotho
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Mozambique
Zambia
Angola
Kenya
Nigeria
Relations with Non-African States
United States
European Union
Russian Federation
Iran
Israel
Relations with Other Countries
International Organizations
Chapter 5 - National Security
(Joseph P. Smaldone)
Historical Background
Precolonial Warfare
Early Development of the South African Military
Ground Forces
Air and Naval Forces
Rise of the Security Establishment
National Security Management System
Specialized Forces
Homeland Militaries
Women in the Military
Global and Regional Issues
Arms Trade and the Defense Industry
Growth of the Defense Industry
Defying International Embargoes
Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Weapons
Regional Issues
Constitutional and Legal Framework
Military Organization
Army
Integrating Armies in the 1990s
The New Face of the Army
Air Force
Navy
Medical Service
Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
Military Intelligence and Intelligence Coordination
Defense Budget
Internal Security
Police
Early Development
The Police in the 1990s
Crime and Violence
Community Response
Government Response
Prison System
Penal Code
Human Rights and National Reconciliation
Appendix. Tables
Bibliography
Glossary
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