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X  'dxd,cAZ"Arial Regular WPC____ o0T#4\;c-C~%L0R,S-]:^;iHjItVuWdersÏď˝˝ҫӬں-Q.T0V2[4_6f8i:m@zDFG-O%,M)0P.5^:6g0BdDTxQrtvw9XF>\KC_QǿZql->.?1A/]jlfDjJDjJiYNDjg/ ]jlfi`VgNjjVRjlJTYd-/`jjGGjVVjgdj]RjjTi)/.5ljGT`djd]jdiVljlVi-/./././(6YJVd]VgjVVjigRjjlV6'./+/)/'+/)$= fDd]NJjjVTjdJjjDg=$'-/,%%,/.)$+/.)$$)-/'$%" djVTjNjDjJJjG`Djf "&$%)++*'$'*+(%$%(+)%$(+'$ / djVVjgVjdJjJJjJdljJT/  6$=  / jTVjdVjdJjGJjJfljg / @%$ / jJiVjVVJjdTjjRfdV`/ 5$9 /lj`VjjVi]VTN` / @&$ /NjJJNVYiVjjVYjD/ 7$%? //fddfVjj VfRJTJjVVDj //5$6/ #/iJjV`jJVjjVTjJj / / $5 / /  Tjl`VjGDjgVjjVdljdJj//1$:/#/  DlfVji]jYVjjTiVjRdlj"// #/1$:/#/ jJYldjVVjJjJiGjjTJjJ//2$A// jGVjYVjJj Jdjl]fNjJf /#/30$09/ #/ Gj]iljdJjGJj JdigYVV`//;$0A/ #/ `jjGTTDjGJjJTjiRjGi"//#/C<0$0Ah/ ##//YjGgDjJVjNjjGVTDjR/! / <0$2\KC_QǿZql->.?1A/]jlfDjJDjJiYNDjg/ ]jlfi`VgNjjVRjlJTYd-/`jjGGjVVjgdj]RjjTi)/.5ljGT`djd]jdiVljlVi-/./././(6YJVd]VgjVVjigRjjlV6'./+/)/'+/)$= fDd]NJjjVTjdJjjDg=$'-/,%%,/.)$+/.)$$)-/'$%" djVTjNjDjJJjG`Djf "&$%)++*'$'*+(%$%(+)%$(+'$ / djVVjgVjdJjJJjJdljJT/  6$=  / jTVjdVjdJjGJjJfljg / @%$ / jJiVjVVJjdTjjRfdV`/ 5$9 /lj`VjjVi]VTN` / @&$ /NjJJNVYiVjjVYjD/ 7$%? //fddfVjj VfRJTJjVVDj //5$6/ #/iJjV`jJVjjVTjJj / / $5 / /  Tjl`VjGDjgVjjVdljdJj//1$:/#/  DlfVji]jYVjjTiVjRdlj"// #/1$:/#/ jJYldjVVjJjJiGjjTJjJ//2$A// jGVjYVjJj Jdjl]fNjJf /#/30$09/ #/ Gj]iljdJjGJj JdigYVV`//;$0A/ #/ `jjGTTDjGJjJTjiRjGi"//#/C<0$0Ah/ ##//YjGgDjJVjNjjGVTDjR/! / <0$21.0maerodynamicdiameter(Sun,1994). & y CostInformation:  H 'yThefollowingprovidescostinformation(expressedinfourthquarter1993dollars)forretrofittinganexistingscrubbersystemwithacondensationscrubberundertypicaloperatingconditions,adaptedfromEPAcostestimatingspreadsheets(EPA,1996)andreferencedtothevolumetricflowrateofthewastestreamtreated.Forpurposesofcalculatingtheexamplecosteffectiveness,thepollutantisPMataloadingofapproximately7gramsperstandardcubicmeter(g/sm3)or3grainsperstandardcubicfoot(gr/scf).Thecostsdonotinclude  7  costsforposttreatmentordisposalofusedsolventorwaste(Sun,1994).*)4)***  a.0 ` CapitalCost: $13,000persm3/sec,($6.00perscfm)] ` (#` (#   b.0 ` O&MCost: $5,300persm3/sec($2.50perscfm),annuallyV ` (#` (#   c.0 ` AnnualizedCost: $7,000persm3/sec($3.40perscfm),annually ` (#` (#   d.0 ` CostEffectiveness: $65permetricton($59pershortton),annualizedcostpertonper X yearofpollutantcontrolled ` (#` (#  & y TheoryofOperation:  # &  &Condensationscrubbing'y0Ԁisarelativelyrecentdevelopmentinwetscrubbertechnology.MostconventionalscrubbersrelyonthemechanismsofimpactionanddiffusiontoachievecontactbetweenthePMandliquiddroplets.Inacondensationscrubber,thePMactascondensationnucleifortheformationofdroplets.Generally,condensationscrubbingdependsonfirstestablishingsaturationconditionsinthegasstream.Oncesaturationisachieved,steamisinjectedintothegasstream.ThesteamcreatesaconditionofsupersaturationandleadstocondensationofwateronthefinePMinthegasstream.Thelargecondenseddropletsarethenremovedbyoneofseveralconventionaldevices,suchasahighefficiencymisteliminator(EPA,1998).&n& Advantages:  ,! Advantagesofcondensationscrubbersinclude(Cooper,1994):b Q(eh83Ib J3     J3v2eh  1  .3  0 `   Canhandleflammableandexplosivedustswithlittlerisk;J3v݌'#w%` (#` (# Ќ   J3     J32eh  2  .3  0 `   CanhandlefinePM;J3݌E$'` (#` (# Ќ   J3     J3i 2eh  3  .3  0 `   Collectionefficiencycanbevaried;andJ3i ݌c% )` (#` (# Ќ   J3     J3d!2eh  4  .3  0 `   Corrosivegasesanddustscanbeneutralized.'J3d!!݌&!+` (#` (# Ќ  '(' J3   '('  '('J3 2eh  5  .3  0    '(d Disadvantages:  ( $/ Disadvantagesofcondensationscrubbersinclude(Perry,1984,Cooper,1994):b "(Uh88Qb J3   0  J3@$2Uh  1  .3  0` (#(#  Effluentliquidcancreatewaterpollutionproblems;J3@$$݌,X'3` (#` (# Ќ   J3   0  J3c%2Uh  2  .3  0` (#(#  Wasteproductcollectedwet;J3c%%݌C-(5` (#` (# Ќ   J3   0  J3Z&2Uh  3  .3  0` (#(#  Highpotentialforcorrosionproblems;J3Z&&݌~.)7` (#` (# Ќ   J3   0  J3['2Uh  4  .3  0` (#(#  Protectionagainstfreezingrequired;J3[''݌` (#` (# Ќ   J3   0  J3[(2Uh  5  .3  0` (#(#  Offgasmayrequirereheatingtoavoidvisibleplume;J3[((݌;` (#` (# Ќ   J3   0  J3k)2Uh  6  .3  0` (#(#  Collectedparticulatemaybecontaminated,andmaynotberecyclable;andJ3k))݌&v` (#` (# Ќ   J3   0  J3*2Uh  7  .3  0` (#(#  Disposalofwastesludgemaybeveryexpensive. k$J3**݌a` (#` (# Ќ  b G( 88"b &  OtherConsiderations: ' 8,  U   ForPMapplications,wetscrubbersgeneratewasteintheformofaslurry.Thiscreatestheneedforbothwastewatertreatmentandsolidwastedisposal.Initially,theslurryistreatedtoseparatethesolidwastefromthewater.Thetreatedwatercanthenbereusedordischarged.Oncethewaterisremoved,theremainingwastewillbeintheformofasolidorsludge.Ifthesolidwasteisinertandnontoxic,itcangenerallybelandfilled.Hazardouswasteswillhavemorestringentproceduresfordisposal.Insomecases,thesolidwastemayhavevalueandcanbesoldorrecycled(EPA,1998)., References:  j  Cooper,1994.DavidCooperandF.Alley,AirPollutionControl:ADesignApproach,2ndEdition, a WavelandPress,ProspectHeights,IL,1994.EPA,1996.U.S.EPA,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, OAQPSControlCostManual,FifthEdition,EPA453/B96001,ResearchTrianglePark,NCFebruary.EPA,1998.U.S.EPA,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, StationarySourceControlTechniquesDocumentforFineParticulateMatter,EPA452/R97001,ResearchTrianglePark,NC,October.McMurry,1999.PeterMcMurry,UniversityofMinnesota,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,(612)6242817,personalcommunicationwithEricAlbright,May25,1999.Perry,1984. PerrysChemicalEngineersHandbook,editedbyRobertPerryandDonGreen,6thEdition,    McGrawHill,NewYork,NY,1984.Sun,1994.JinjunSun,BenjaminLiu,PeterMcMurry,andStephenGreenwood, AMethodtoIncreaseControlEfficienciesofWetScrubbersforSubmicronParticlesandParticulateMetals,J.Air&WasteManagementAssociation,44:2,February1994.