Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXI, Africa
Index
- Abbas, Ferhat, 21, 47
- Abdiyyah (Libya), 154
- Abdirascid, Ali Shermarche, 431, 446-454, 457, 461
- Abdullah, Moulay, 37 n
- Abrams, Eugene, 402 n, 404, 406 n
- Abscir, Gen., 441 n
- Acheson, Dean, 559
- Achilles, Theodore C., 110-111
- Acly, Robert A., 512 n
- Adams, Theo C., 41 n, 244 n
- Addis Ababa Conference of African Chiefs of State, 569
- Aden, 482
- Adomakah (Ghana), 381
- Adoula, Cyrille, 552, 569
- Africa, North. See North Africa; individual countries.
- Africa region (see also individual countries), 281-283, 347
- Addis Ababa Conference of African Chiefs of State, 569
- African alliances, 329
- African radicalism, 320-322
- African unity, 410-411
- Algeria independence conflict position, 49arms control policy, 285-287, 297-298, 305atomic-free zone issue, 174, 286-287, 333
- Belgian colonies, 293
- British colonies, 284-285, 333
- British position, 288, 291-294, 307
- Casablanca Conference, 345-346
- Decade of Development, 304-305decolonization, 333
- Department of Defense position, 546
- Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 295
- Economic Council for Africa (ECA), 503-504
- Ellender remark, 325
- European minorities, 328
- French position, 290-294, 307
- Galvao hijacking, 339
- Guinea position, 410-411
- Joint Chiefs of Staff position, 498-500
- Africa, North—Continued
- Kennedy civil rights message to Africa, 337-338leaders, U.S. appraisal of, 333-334
- Military Air Transport Service routes, 300-302, 334-337
- Monrovia conference, 287-288
- National Intelligence Estimates, 284-285, 299-300, 320-322
- Organization of African Unity, 332-334, 499
- Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa, 329
- Pan-Africanism, 299-300
- Peace Corps program, 325-326
- Portuguese colonies, see Portuguese colonial Africa
- Portuguese position, 583-584
- Portuguese relations, 654racism (see also apartheid and racial policies under South Africa), 333regional alliances, 299-300, 312
- South Africa issue, 339
- South African boycott, 334
- Soviet bloc military assistance, 305
- Soviet civil aviation routes, 314-318, 322-323, 335
- Soviet military assistance, 542
- Soviet position, 642
- Spanish colonies, 285
- Summit Conference of Independent African States, 332-333
- Tananarive Conference, 346
- UN and, 292-293, 324, 499
- U.S. assistance to African nationalists, 543-545, 547, 552 n, 559, 560-562, 567-568
- U.S. civil aviation policy, 316-318
- U.S. economic assistance, 294-296, 303-305, 325-326, 329-330, 400
- U.S. Ghana policy, position on, 361
- U.S. military assistance, 283-284, 288, 311-313, 327-328
- U.S. military operations policy, 307-308, 319-320
- U.S. position, 331-332, 367, 510, 542, 563
- U.S. relations, 287-288, 302-303, 325-326, 328-329, 604
- Africa, North—Continued
- Western aid, 324
- Williams' Africa for Africans statement, 347 n
- Agence France Presse (AFP), 422-423
- Agency for International Development (AID), 406-409
- Aklilou Habtewold, 443
- Alcoa Aluminum, 341
- Alexander, Gen., 352-353, 358 n
- Algeria (see also Morocco-Algeria border conflict), 2, 560
- armed forces, 83, 116, 133
- Bizerte crisis, 62-63
- China, People's Republic of, relations, 30, 128
- Cuban military assistance, 24, 26, 29 n, 32-33, 35 n, 132-133
- Cuban relations, 11, 104, 105-107, 108, 110 n, 112, 123, 124 n, 125, 127, 128 n, 130, 132economic situation, 10, 108-109, 111-112, 123, 126-127, 134
- European minority, 108-109foreign policy, 110, 112, 123, 134-135
- French economic assistance, 72, 85, 111-112, 117, 120, 123, 124-125, 127, 129, 134
- French military assistance, 82, 83 n, 100 n, 101
- French relations, 97, 102-103, 110-112, 114, 121, 131 n, 134
- independence conflict, 1-2, 51
- African states position, 49
- Algiers military officers' revolt, 59 n
- Asian states position, 49cease-fire, 88, 90 n, 91
- European minority, 70-72, 87 n, 89
- French-Algerian negotiations, 44-45, 56, 56 n, 57, 62-64, 66, 70-73, 76
- French army loyalty, 46, 59
- French blockade, 60
- French position, 46, 47, 50, 55-56, 59-60, 62-66, 70-71, 77, 79 n, 80, 91
- French relations, 125
- Iraqi role, 73
- Joint Chiefs of Staff appraisal, 69
- Lebanese role, 73
- Moroccan position, 1, 72-73, 92
- NATO role, 61
- November demonstrations, 71
- Organization Armee Secrete, 94-95
- Algeria—Continuedindependence conflict—Continuedpartition, 70-72, 76, 82
- Sahara sovereignty issue, 62-65, 77
- Senegalese role, 73
- Swiss role, 62-65territory borders issue, 62-64
- Tunisia, rebel bases, 60
- Tunisian position, 1, 249
- U.N. role, 45, 48, 61, 77-78
- U.S.-Algerian relations, 74-75, 78-80, 84-90
- U.S. position, 5, 6, 47-53, 56-57, 66-67, 70-73, 84-87
- Joint Chiefs of Staff appraisal, 69, 81 n
- Kabylie rebellion, 128, 134
- Libyan military stocks, 42
- Moroccan relations, 98
- Mouvement Nationaliste Algerienne, 57 nnationalization, 126, 134 nuclear testing in the Sahara, 123, 134
- Organization Armee Secrete, 44, 94-94
- Peace Corps program, 120-122political situation, 6, 34, 44-48, 57 n, 66, 94-95, 97-99, 102 n, 104, 109, 111-112, 126, 133-134
- Portuguese position, 582
- Soviet bloc relations, 6, 10, 72, 110, 115
- Soviet economic assistance, 127, 128
- Soviet military assistance, 17, 30, 100 n, 101, 128, 132-133, 206
- Soviet relations, 45, 128-129, 134
- UN relief aid, 96
- United Arab Republic economic assistance, 115
- United Arab Republic military assistance, 17, 24, 26, 30, 32-33, 115, 132-133
- United Arab Republic relations, 9, 123, 135
- U.S. economic assistance, 72, 74-76, 85-86, 95-96, 99-100, 102-108, 111-115, 117-122, 125, 127, 129, 131 n, 330
- U.S. military assistance, 81-83, 86-87, 100-101, 114, 120
- U.S. relations, 11, 18-21, 24, 28-29, 35 n, 36-37, 40, 50-53, 56, 58 n, 67-68, 84-90, 93-94, 97-99, 110, 124-133
- U.S. trade relations, 119
- Ali Sabri, 30
- Allen, Arthur B., 40 n, 428 n, 429 n
- Alphand, Herve, 12, 44-45, 54-55, 60-61, 80, 91, 403
- Aluminum Ltd., 341
- Amer, Abdel Hakim, 123
- Amory, Robert, 272 n
- Angola, 106, 285,
293-294, 329, 491-492
- Acheson memorandum, 559
- Angolan Nationalist Movement (MPLA), 551-552, 561
- Azores base issue, 493, 497-498, 545-546, 548-549, 556, 558-559, 570, 573, 576, 579
- Bakong tribe, 584
- British position, 541 n
- Congo relations, 551-552, 553, 569
- French position, 541 n
- Government of the Republic of Angola in Exile, 580
- insurgency movement, 579-580
- North Atlantic Council, 542-543
- Organization of African Unity position, 580political situation, 543, 551-552, 553, 561, 579-580
- Portuguese position, 548-549, 550, 583
- Roberto insurgency, 553-554
- Union des Populations d'Angola (UPA), 543-544
- United Nations, 550, 564-567, 570-572
- U.S. assistance to nationalists, 543-545, 547, 552 n, 559, 567-568
- U.S. economic assistance, 558
- U.S. financial support of Holden Roberto, 543-545, 547, 552 n, 561
- U.S. policy in the UN, 541, 555-556, 564-567
- U.S. weapons, Portuguese use of, 548-549, 551, 557, 573, 576
- Angolan Nationalist Movement (MPLA), 551-552, 561
- Apartheid and racial policies, South Africa, 501, 587-588, 591 n, 593, 599-600, 606, 609 n, 614-616, 620-623, 631-635, 640-642, 655, 659 n
- Armstrong, Oscar V., 539 n
- Ascension Island, 319-320
- Ashanti tribe, 354
- Atomic-free zone issue, 174, 286-287, 333
- Attwood, William H., 392 n, 394 n, 397, 398, 407, 411, 419, 420 n
- Australia, 540
- Azikiwe, 339
- Badeau, John S., 25 n, 30
- Bakong tribe, 584
- Balafrej, Ahmed, 12, 26, 38, 193, 195-196, 199 n, 205-206, 208-209, 227, 228 n, 230
- Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa, 288, 299, 334, 569
- Ball, George W., 3 n, 27-29, 65 n, 69, 73 n, 77, 92, 93 n, 107-108, 123 n, 214 n, 215-216, 248 n, 260 n, 263 n, 264 n, 348, 351, 355-356, 358, 362, 392, 394 n, 520 n, 521 n, 555 n, 560 n, 565-567, 577-579, 582, 629, 637-638, 645 n
- Banda, Hastings K., 508-509, 516, 525-526, 538
- Bangoura, Karim, 419
- Bantustans policy, 620-621, 623, 631-632, 641-642, 647-648
- Basutoland, 303
- Batista, Fulgencio, 125
- Battle, Lucius D., 173 n, 178 n, 184 n, 305 n, 373 n, 431 n, 516-518, 555 n, 559-560, 612-613
- Baxter, William O., 201
- Bechuanaland, 623
- Beigel, Edgar J., 542 n
- Belgium, 293-294, 345
- Belk, Samuel H., 302-303, 359 n, 418-420, 545-546, 550-551, 553-554, 590 n
- Belkhair, Yunis Abdel Nabi, 140-142
- Bell, David E., 162 n, 173 n, 219 n, 221-222, 318 n, 343 n, 394 n
- Bell, Jack, 290
- Ben Bella, Ahmed, 6, 11, 16-17, 18 n, 23-24, 26, 28-29, 32, 34, 92, 97-99, 102-107, 109, 112, 114-115, 121-123, 126, 129, 131-134, 235 n, 334, 339, 569, 582
- Ben Geleil, 160
- Bengelloun, Ali, 15, 37-38, 92
- Ben Khedda, Benyoussef, 85, 88-89, 93, 97, 99 n
- Ben Salah, 273
- Berard, Armand, 255
- Bergesen, Alf, 442 n, 445 n, 513 n
- Bernades, Carlos Alfredo, 535
- Bingham, Jonathan B., 515, 626
- Bizerte crisis, 62-63, 250-252, 254-272
- Black, Eugene, 348-350
- Blake, J.J., 331 n
- Bohlen, Charles E., 173 n, 175 n
- Boke Bauxite Mine, 341-342, 395-396, 400
- Bonsal, Phillip W., 72-73, 92, 99 n, 175, 178 n, 182, 184-186, 188-189, 193, 194 n, 199 n, 201-202, 203 n, 205-206, 208-210
- Botha, Pieter Willem, 618, 627
- Botsio, Kojo, 375
- Boumedienne, Col. Houari, 36, 104, 109, 128
- Bourguiba, Habib, 6, 23, 26, 54-55, 56 n, 243, 245-249, 257-258, 260-261, 268-270, 271 n, 273-274, 291
- Bourguiba, Habib, Jr., 77, 251 n, 263
- Boussouf (Algeria), 66
- Bowles, Chester B., 3 n, 170, 189 n, 289-290, 297, 303-305, 341-342, 351, 357, 358 n, 435-437, 438 n, 446, 546, 588-589, 591-592, 596-598, 603-605, 607 n, 608 n, 629
- Brazil, 535, 571
- Breitweiser, Maj. Gen. Robert A., 284 n
- British Guinea, 577
- Bronez (DOD), 175 n, 598 n, 617 n
- Brown, Harold, 588
- Brown, L. Dean, 57 n, 65 n, 67 n, 73 n, 136 n, 175 n, 245 n, 248 n, 264 n, 279 n, 501 n, 542 n, 551 n, 647 n
- Brown, Theodore E., 326 n
- Brubeck, William H., 389-390, 424, 458-460, 474 n, 480-481, 505-507, 525-526, 527 n, 536 n, 551 n, 573 n, 576, 577 n, 578 n, 605 n, 608 n, 644-645, 646 n, 653-660
- Bruce, David K.E., 361, 524 n
- Buckle, John F., 432 n, 435 n, 438 n
- Buffum, William B., 37 n, 65 n, 519 n, 533 n, 534 n, 564 n, 649 n
- Bui River dam project, 357, 381
- Bulgaria, 115
- Bundy, McGeorge, 11 n, 16, 17 n, 19 n, 23-24, 27 n, 28 n, 33-34, 36-37, 56-57, 70 n, 73 n, 92, 95-97, 99-100, 102 n, 115 n, 128-129, 149 n, 151-153, 178 n, 179 n, 182 n, 197 n, 198 n, 199-200, 216 n, 218 n, 219 n, 239, 290-292, 301 n, 302 n, 305 n, 310 n, 317 n, 318 n, 319-320, 325, 337, 354 n, 365-368, 369 n, 373 n, 390 n, 431 n, 458-460, 469 n, 474 n, 480-481, 491 n, 503-507, 516-518, 525-526, 527 n, 543-546, 548-549, 574 n, 576, 595-596, 603-605, 607-608, 612-613, 636-638, 643, 646 n, 649, 654-656, 658-660
- Bundy, William P., 69, 81 n, 185 n, 224, 491 n, 578, 608 n
- Burdett, William C., Jr., 287 n, 501 n, 509 n, 521 n, 522 n, 523 n, 534 n, 568 n, 574 n
- Burke, Adm. Arleigh A., 455 n
- Burris, Col. Howard L., 372-373
- Burundi, 330
- Butler, R.A., 524 n, 527, 529
- Cahn, Jean Beverly, 661 n
- Calhoun, Chad, 357-358, 381, 384-386
- Camerouns, 325, 330
- Campbell, Waldemar, 624-625, 639 n
- Canada, 311, 349, 376, 477, 540
- Canton, Col., 27, 235 n
- Carr, Harry L., 144 n, 149 n
- Casablanca Conference, 345-346
- Castro, Fidel, 11, 26, 104, 106, 130
- Central African Federation. See Rhodesia-Nyasaland Federation.
- Central African Republic, 330
- Central Intelligence Agency, 17, 98-99
- Ceuta and Melilla, 33
- Ceylon, 254
- Chad, 314-315, 317, 330
- Challe, Gen., 59-61
- Chanderli, Abelkader, 67, 77, 90
- Chapin, William A., 524 n
- Chase, Robert W., 4 n, 52 n, 57 n, 243 n, 244 n, 245 n, 246 n, 248 n
- Chayes, Abram, 351, 355, 357 n, 362, 370, 394 n, 574 n
- China, People's Republic of, 30, 46, 128
- Chisimaio Port, 434, 440, 447, 454
- Cleveland, Harlan, 251, 253 n, 255 n, 343 n, 501 n, 519 n, 534 n, 541 n, 564 n, 568 n, 570, 571, 574 n, 577-578, 640
- Clifton, Maj. Gen. Chester V., 14
- Cline, Ray S., 491 n
- Coffin, Frank M., 348 n, 452, 453
- Cole, Temple G., 443 n
- Collopy, Walter F.X., 1 n, 60 n, 245 n, 542 n
- Congo, 129, 137, 293, 303, 325, 328-329
- Congress, U.S., Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 273 n
- Connett, William B., 30 n
- Conroy, E. Dennis, 525 n
- Conseil de l'Entente countries, 312-313
- Conte, Seydou, 394 n, 395, 405-406, 415-418
- Convention Peoples' Party (CPP), 363, 366, 379
- Cook, Philip R., 613 n
- Coote, Wendell B., 538 n
- Counihan, Capt. John L., 182-183
- Couve de Murville, Maurice, 67 n, 79 n, 80, 96 n, 253 n, 254, 257-259
- Cox, Capt., 204
- Crowe, Philip K., 586
- Cuba, 130, 323, 366, 380, 382, 414, 421
- Cummings, Cmdr. H.A., 331 n
- Czechoslovakia, 106, 314, 323, 381, 431
- Daddah, Moktar Ould, 167
- Dahlab, Saad, 67 n, 68 n, 97
- Dahomey, 330, 374, 553
- Damao, 553
- Davies, Rodger P., 4 n, 22 n, 88 n
- Davis, William B., 13 n, 385 n, 388 n
- De Gaulle, Charles, 45, 48, 50, 55, 56 n, 59 n, 61 n, 63-66, 70-71, 91, 97, 136, 254, 259-260, 266 n, 290-294, 403, 423
- De Mattos, Norton, 542 n
- Dean, John Gunther, 420 n
- Decade of Development, 304-305
- Decker, Gen. George R., 69 n
- Deming, Olcott H., 87 n, 512 n, 513 n, 514 n, 515 n, 607 n, 610 n, 617 n
- Department of Defense position on Africa region, 546
- Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 295
- Diakite, Moussa, 402-404
- Diefenbaker, John G., 349
- Dillon, C. Douglas, 282 n, 369
- Diu, 553
- Donahue, Richard, 466
- Dorman, John, 268-269
- Dorros, Leon G., 40 n, 383 n
- Dorticos, Osvaldo, 106
- Duggan, William R., 491 n
- Duke, Angier Biddle, 343 n
- Dulles, Allen W., 59-60, 392
- Dumont, Donald, 357 n, 397 n, 401 n, 402 n, 541 n
- Dungan, Ralph, 95 n, 99 n, 167-169, 173 n, 272 n, 329-330, 550 n, 553-554
- Dunham, Chester G., 511 n, 513 n, 515 n, 523 n, 525 n
- Dunn (South Africa), 630
- DuPont, John M., 538 n
- DuPont (Southern Rhodesia), 526-527
- Durnan, James J., 610 n, 617 n
- Dutton, Frederick G., 184 n
- Easum, Donald B., 242 n
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 503-504
- Economic Council for Africa (ECA), 503-504
- Edusel, Krobo, 375
- Egypt. See United Arab Republic.
- Eisenberg, Robert, 341 n
- Eisenhower, Dwight D., 180, 243, 293, 477
- Elbrick, C. Burke, 541 n, 542 n, 549 n, 552 n
- Elizabeth II, Queen, 365
- Ellender, Allen J., 325
- Ellis, Harry H., 274 n
- Entente countries, 312-313
- Eritrea, 445-446, 448
- Ethiopia, 325, 340, 421, 460
- British economic assistance, 433
- Congo, 443
- Eritrea, 445-446, 448
- Haile Selassie I University, 435
- Kagnew military facilities, 443, 447, 474, 487
- Ogaden region issue, 469-473
- Peace Corps program, 468
- political situation, 425-429, 488-489
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 469
- Portuguese relations, 469, 569
- Somalia border dispute, 39, 443, 445 n, 447, 458-460, 468-469, 473, 477
- South Africa, 469
- UN and, 472
- U.S. economic assistance, 330, 433, 436, 475-477
- U.S. military assistance, 433, 435-437, 439-440, 442-445, 474-475, 477
- U.S. military assistance to Somalia and, 443-445, 448, 456, 463-465, 479-480, 483
- U.S. military facilities, 428-429, 499
- U.S. policy paper, 486-489
- U.S. relations, 427, 460, 463-464, 467-469, 476-480, 478-480, 486-488
- European minorities (see also apartheid and racial policies under South Africa), 70-72, 87 n, 89, 108-109, 328
- Ewe tribe, 354
- Export-Import Bank, 348, 380
- Farmer, James L., 326 n
- Fay, Paul B., Jr., 182-183
- Faysal, Prince, 25, 34
- Fekni, Mohieddine, 138 n, 154-157, 159-160
- Ferguson, C. Vaughan, 287 n, 310, 341 n, 357 n, 360 n, 401 n, 511 n, 551 n
- Ferguson, John H., 17 n, 27, 28 n, 34, 35 n, 37 n, 212 n, 214 n, 218 n, 223-224, 229 n, 240
- Field, Winston J., 526-528, 530 n, 540
- Finletter, Thomas, 543
- FitzGerald, Dennis A., 322 n, 394 n
- Fluker, J. Robert, 394 n
- Force Publique, 345
- Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 273 n
- Fort Ajuda, 553
- Foulon, Robert C., 360 n, 495 n
- Fourie, Bernardus Gerhardus, 627
- Fowler, Henry, 491 n
- France, 45
- Africa colonial policy, 64
- Africa region, 290-294, 307
- Algeria (see also independence conflict under Algeria)
- Angola, 541 n
- Bizerte crisis, 4, 6, 250-252, 254-272
- Congo, 293
- Egyptian relations, 45
- French Somaliland, 433
- Guinea, 293, 342
- Guinean relations, 403, 417-418, 423
- Konkoure River dam project, 342
- Mali, economic assistance to, 321
- Morocco:
- North Africa, 1-2, 5, 9, 45, 74political situation, 59 n
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 571
- Sahara sovereignty issue, 62-66
- Senegal, 293
- Tunisia:
- United Nations, 293
- U.S. economic assistance, 290-294
- U.S. relations, 1-2, 44-45, 53, 60-61, 61 n, 64-65, 67 n, 80, 91, 95, 423
- Franco, Generalissimo Francisco, 571
- Fredericks, J. Wayne, 3-4, 30 n, 33, 65 n, 73 n, 88 n, 123 n, 229 n, 236 n, 245 n, 255 n, 263 n, 264 n, 388 n, 467 n, 509 n, 513 n, 525 n, 542 n, 564 n, 594 n, 598 n, 605 n, 607 n, 608 n, 610 n, 617 n, 623-624
- French Somaliland, 433
- Freund, Richard B., 360 n
- Friedman, Richard, 519 n, 533 n, 649 n
- Furnas, Howard E., 522 n, 523 n
- Gabon, 330
- Galanto, Fred J., 462 n, 473 n, 482 n, 484, 490 n
- Galvao, Henrique, 339
- Galvao hijacking, 339
- Gardner, Richard N., 533 n
- Gathright, Wreathram E., 608 n
- Gavin, James M., 58 n, 64-65, 67 n, 75 n, 79 n, 80, 91, 259, 266 n, 271 n, 272 n
- Gbedemah, Komla Agbeli, 343-344, 350, 352 n, 358 n, 363 n, 366, 375
- Gebelt, Stephen G., 386 n, 388 n
- Geren, Paul, 523 n
- Germany, Federal Republic of:
- Getsinger, Norman, 27 n, 28 n
- Ghana, 168, 196, 293, 325, 535
- African radicalism, 320-322
- aluminum projects, 341-342armed forces, 358 n
- Ashanti tribe, 354
- British gold mines subsidy, 347
- British military assistance, 311, 376
- British position, 353, 366
- British relations, 365, 375
- Bui River dam project, 357, 381
- Canadian military assistance, 311, 376
- Communist influence, suppression of, 308-314
- Congo, 345-347, 375-376
- Convention Peoples' Party (CPP), 363, 366, 379
- Cuba, 380 n
- economic situation, 347, 364, 372-373, 376-377, 381, 391
- Ewe tribe, 354
- Export-Import Bank and, 348, 380foreign policy, 348 n, 373-374, 376, 391
- German economic assistance, 361, 366
- Ghana Trade Unions Congress, 376
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and, 348-350
- medical school project, 380
- nuclear tests, position, 366, 386 n
- Nyasaland position, 509
- Nydell case, 385, 386 n, 387
- Pakistani military assistance, 311, 376
- Ghana—Continued
- Peace Corps program, 309
- political situation, 348 n, 352, 354, 358 n, 359-360, 363-364, 366-367, 375-376, 378-379, 381-384, 390-391
- Rhodesia, Southern, 533-534
- South African economic relations, 655
- Soviet bloc relations, 364, 367, 381, 382-383
- Soviet economic assistance, 357, 377
- Soviet military assistance, 348 n, 352-353
- Soviet relations, 308-309, 347, 348 n, 352, 361, 365-366, 375, 381
- United Nations, 345-346, 366, 383, 390
- U.S. economic assistance, 330, 341-342, 355-356, 358 n, 380, 382
- U.S. military assistance, 312-313, 376
- U.S. relations, 343-347, 349, 371-372, 375, 382, 385-391
- Volta River Hydroelectric (VALCO) project, 311, 341-342, 343 n, 348-351, 355, 357-362, 364-374, 376, 380-382, 385, 388-391
- Ghana Trade Unions Congress, 376
- Gilpatric, Roswell L., 69, 178-180, 214-216, 226, 228 n, 238, 262, 289-290, 297, 318 n, 588-589, 591-592, 595-598, 601-602, 605, 607 n, 608, 629
- Gizenga, Antoine, 294, 346, 423, 508
- Glenn, Edmund S., 224 n, 292 n
- Goa, 553
- Godley, G. McMurtrie, II, 443 n
- Goldstein, Gerald, 524 n
- Gonzalez, Raymond E., 110 n
- Goodpaster, Brig. Gen. Andrew J., 53 n
- Gookin, Richard J., 144 n
- Gordon, Kermit, 231 n
- Gordon, Marcus, 433-434
- Gore, Albert, 365, 368
- Greene, Fred, 331 n
- Greenhill, Denis A., 251, 535
- Gromyko, Andrei, 345
- Guedira, Agzic, 208, 240-241
- Guellal, Cherif, 11 n, 19-21, 123-128, 129 n
- Guevara, Ernesto (Che), 123, 125
- Gullion, Edmund A., 552 n
- Guinea, 168, 196, 293
- Africa region, 410-411
- African radicalism, 320-322
- Guinea—Continuedaluminum projects, 341-342
- Boke Bauxite Mine, 341-342, 395-396, 400
- Communist influence, suppression of, 308-314
- Congo, 423
- economic situation, 403, 412-413, 416-417education, 414
- French relations, 403, 417-418, 423
- gold reserves, 403
- health and sanitation, 414
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and, 393, 395
- International Monetary Fund and, 402-403
- Kinkon dam project, 395, 397-398
- Konkoure River dam project, 342, 392-395, 398-400, 413
- Nyasaland, 509
- Peace Corps program, 393, 394 n, 398, 414
- political situation, 309, 311, 401
- Portuguese colonial Africa, position on, 581soap and oil products, 412-414
- Souapti dam project, 395, 397-398
- Soviet bloc relations, 321, 405, 416-417, 419, 448
- Soviet civil aviation routes, 315, 323
- Soviet economic assistance, 393-394, 416-417
- Soviet relations, 308-309, 311, 401, 413, 419, 422-423
- U.S. agricultural commodities assistance, 396, 406-409, 412, 420
- U.S. economic assistance, 309-310, 330, 341-342, 392-400, 402-409, 412-415, 417-418, 420 n, 424
- U.S. military assistance, 312-313
- U.S. relations, 340, 394-396, 402-405, 409-423
- Guiringaud (France), 272
- Habib, Philip C., 394 n, 399 n
- Hackler, Windsor G., 445 n
- Hadj, Messali, 57 n
- Hadsel, Fred L., 41 n
- Haile, Menassie, 479
- Haile Selassie, Emperor, 13, 15, 18 n, 23, 25-26, 28 n, 30-32, 36, 38-39, 333, 340, 426-428, 437 n, 443, 445 n, 447-448, 465 n, 476-480, 571
- Haile-Selassie, Ras Imru, 427, 429
- Halaby, Najeeb E., 317, 318 n
- Hall, Pierson M., 401 n, 630 n, 647 n
- Halm, W., 349 n, 381
- Hamilton, Fowler, 440 n
- Hammarskjold, Dag, 345
- Handley, William J., 31
- Hansen, Kenneth, 466
- Hare, Raymond A., 4 n, 51 n, 52 n, 162 n, 586
- Harriman, W. Averell, 56 n, 160, 633-635
- Harrison (AID), 443 n, 445 n
- Hartley, Virginia F., 167 n
- Hartman, Arthur A., 303 n, 565 n
- Hassan II, King, 4, 6, 11, 16-17, 23-24, 26-28, 30-34, 37 n, 40-43, 92, 98-99, 133, 165-166, 175, 182-183, 193, 195, 198 n, 201-203, 205-206, 208-210, 223-227, 228 n, 235 n, 240-241, 361
- Hassan-Ferhat agreement of 1961, 21
- Haynes, Ulrich, 21 n, 660-661
- Heffner, Frank K., 21 n, 22 n, 41 n, 279 n, 482 n, 485 n
- Height, Dorothy, 326 n
- Heintges, Maj. Gen. John A., 149
- Helms, Richard, 491 n
- Hennes, Richard V., 533 n, 534 n, 598 n, 608 n
- Herter, Christian A., 44 n
- Herz, Martin F., 73 n, 287 n, 360 n, 590 n
- High, George B., 567 n, 622 n
- Hilliker, Grant G., 18 n, 236 n, 279 n, 647 n
- Hilsman, Roger, Jr., 314-315, 354, 358 n, 431, 543-544, 547
- Hinman, Carroll S., 149 n, 236 n
- Home, Lord, 251, 520-522, 577, 651
- Hooper, Peter, Jr., 12 n, 13 n, 15 n, 26 n, 30 n, 34 n, 80 n, 84-87, 89 n, 93 n, 105 n, 131 n, 661 n
- Horn of Africa region (see also individual countries), 291, 340, 428, 432-433
- Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 288, 299, 334, 370, 569, 585
- Hourani (Tunisia), 244, 263, 273 n
- Hughes, Thomas L., 32, 579-580, 646-647
- Hunt, Thomas J., 440 n, 617 n
- Hussein, King, 34
- Hutchinson, Edmond C., 149 n, 218 n, 273, 402 n, 404, 406 n, 435 n, 438 n, 484
- Ibrahim, Sid Moulay Abdullah, 176
- Idris I, King, 139, 142
- Imhof, Johannes V., 22 n, 44 n, 73 n, 88 n, 93 n, 270 n, 271 n
- India, 34, 383
- Indonesia, 168
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 348-350, 393, 395, 454
- International Monetary Fund (IMF), 402-403, 604, 606, 615
- Iraq, 73, 619
- Israel, 145
- Issa, Abdullah, 473 n, 490
- Italy:
- Ivory Coast, 291, 330, 370, 569, 585
- Jackson, Robert, 365
- Jacobssen, Per, 402
- Johnson, Lyndon B., 144, 154, 339, 372-373, 659
- Johnson, U. Alexis, 3 n, 73 n, 78-79, 173 n, 221, 239, 263 n, 307-309, 319-320, 327-328, 394 n, 491 n, 496-497, 544-547, 551 n, 633 n
- Joint Chiefs of Staff, 46, 69, 81-83, 115-117, 143-144, 146-149, 180-181, 186, 211-212, 262, 285-287, 300-302, 308-314, 319, 334-337, 498-500, 640
- Jones, John Wesley, 37 n, 136 n, 144, 145 n, 152
- Jones, William B., 467 n
- Jooste, G.P., 609 n, 618, 625-627, 632, 652-653
- Jordan, 34
- Joxe, Louis, 44, 57, 64, 71
- Judd, Thomas M., 463 n, 473 n, 534 n, 536 n, 651 n
- Junkermann, Col. Howard C., 100 n, 101, 137 n, 144 n, 145 n, 159 n, 172 n, 297 n, 327 n, 331 n, 442 n, 445 n, 455 n
- Kabylie rebellion, 128, 134
- Kagnew military facilities, 443, 447, 474, 487
- Kaiser, Edgar, 357, 358, 384-386, 389
- Kaiser Aluminum, 341, 350 n
- Kaldor, 350
- Kamitatu, Cleophas, 346
- Kasavubu, Joseph, 294, 508
- Kashmir dispute, 34
- Kassa, Assrate, 467-469, 478
- Kaunda, Kenneth, 511, 513, 517, 526, 527
- Kaysen, Carl, 18-20, 214 n, 272-274, 326, 337, 379-386, 491 n, 555 n, 628 n
- Keita, Modibo, 28 n, 30-32, 36, 321, 334
- Kellermann, Henry J., 512 n
- Kennedy, Edward M., 20, 343
- Kennedy, John F., 165-166, 612-613
- Africa region, 132, 171, 281-283, 291-294, 302, 310, 325, 329-330, 337-340, 346-347, 387, 409-410, 423, 469, 537, 563
- Algeria, 11, 19, 20, 36-37, 40, 88-89, 93-94, 96 n, 97, 102-107, 113-115, 118-127, 129 n, 130-133, 237, 560
- Algerian independence conflict, 53-54, 59-61, 68 n, 70-73, 88-89, 91
- Angola, 106, 548-549, 555-556, 559
- Azores base issue, 559, 576
- balance of payments, 404, 414civil rights message to Africa, 337-338
- colonialism, 106
- Congo, 106, 346, 410
- Cuba, 105-107, 127, 132, 414, 421
- Cuban-Algerian relations, 125
- defense budget, 180disarmament, 171
- Ethiopia, 451, 454, 467-469, 476-480
- foreign aid, 415
- France, 60-61, 91, 414-415
- Ghana, 343-349, 351-356, 358-360, 362, 365-374, 379-386, 388-391
- Guinea, 394, 397-405, 409-424
- Horn of Africa region, 425, 460-461
- Kashmir dispute, 451
- Latin America, 410
- Libya, 138 n, 139-140, 142-145, 157-160
- Mauritania, 193
- Kennedy, John F.—Continued
- Morocco, 92, 161-162, 170-171, 177-178, 182-183, 187-189, 193, 195, 197-198, 202-205, 212-214, 218 n, 222-237
- Morocco-Algeria border conflict, 10-11, 16-17, 23-31, 340 nuclear testing, 576
- Nyasaland, 508-509, 538
- Pax Americana, 634
- Portugal, 421, 423, 562-563
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 493, 546 n, 547 n, 550-551, 562-563, 568-573, 577-579, 581-585
- racial discrimination, 422
- raw materials prices, 410
- Rhodesia, Northern, 512
- Rhodesia, Southern, 469, 520, 530, 536-538
- Rhodesia-Nyasaland Federation, 511, 516 n
- Somalia, 439-440, 446-454, 457, 465-466, 480, 483-484
- South Africa, 421-422, 579, 593, 627-628, 636-638, 643-645, 651-654, 656-659
- South African region, 492-493, 496
- Soviet Union, 414
- Tanganyika, 356
- Tunisia, 243 n, 247-248, 258, 259 n, 260 n, 263-264, 275
- United Arab Republic, 237
- United Nations, 290-293
- Western hemisphere, 105
- Kennedy, Robert F., 496-497
- Kenney, George R., 341 n, 350 n
- Kent, Jack H., 456 n
- Kent, Robert F., 149 n, 386 n
- Kenya, 285, 330, 339-340, 432-433
- Kenyatta, Jomo, 339
- Kerr, Peyton, 341 n, 350 n
- Khemisti, Mohammed, 104 n, 124
- Kilduff, Malcolm, 137 n
- King, Martin Luther, Jr., 326 n
- Kinkon dam project, 395, 397-398
- Kitchen, Jeffrey, 218 n, 308 n, 337, 435 n, 438 n, 568 n, 608 n
- Knox, M. Gordon, 523 n
- Kohler, Foy D., 51 n, 52 n, 54 n, 55, 60-61, 343 n, 541 n, 542 n, 546
- Komer, Robert W., 10-11, 14, 16-17, 19-21, 23-26, 29-30, 33-34, 36, 56-57, 70-73, 76, 92, 95-97, 102-104, 114-115, 121, 123, 124 n, 127-131, 131 n, 142-144, 157-158, 159 n, 187-189, 197-200, 203 n, 204-205, 212-214, 218, 223 n, 228-229, 235-236, 446-449, 452-453, 460-461
- Konkoure River dam project, 342, 392-395, 398, 399-400, 413
- Korn, David, 65 n, 511 n
- Korry, Edward M., 465 n, 476, 478 n, 479, 569
- Kraft, Joseph, 110-111
- Krim, Belkasem, 66, 67 n, 68 n
- Kuhangua, Jacob, 623-624
- Kyle, Monte E., 455 n, 462 n, 465 n
- Labouret (France), 85
- Ladgham, Bahi, 255-256, 263, 273 n
- Laghzaoui, Mohamed, 98-99
- Lang, William E., 178 n, 185 n, 194 n, 219 n, 586
- Latin America, 410
- Lebanon, 73
- Lebel, Claude, 67-68, 91, 251 n
- LeMay, Gen. Curtis E., 115 n, 117
- Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L., 83, 178-180, 214-215, 308-310
- Lennon, J.H., 525 n
- Liban, Mohammed Awale, 466-467
- Liberia, 254, 312, 315, 325, 330, 361, 541, 569
- Libya, 51
- air force, 141, 145-149
- British military assistance, 141, 152
- British position, 147
- foreign policy, 156
- French attack from Algeria, 136
- Israel, U.S. military assistance to, 145
- Italian relations, 9oil, 139, 143, 155, 157, 158 n, 159-160
- political situation, 143
- Soviet relations, 314-315
- United Arab Republic relations, 5, 142
- United Nations, 145
- U.S. economic assistance, 138, 144-145, 149-150, 155-159, 330
- U.S. military assistance, 140-149, 151-153
- U.S. military facilities, 137-138, 143, 146, 154-160, 224, 499
- Libya—Continued
- U.S. relations, 115-116, 139-140, 142-144, 154-155, 159-160
- Lightner, E. Allan, 155 n
- Linder, Harold, 348 n, 355
- Lindquist, Robert S., 167 n
- Lister, Ernest A., 322 n
- Little, Edward S., 105 n, 453 n, 521 n, 560 n
- Loeb, James I., Jr., 424
- Logan, Alan, 399 n, 405 n
- Looram, Matthew J., 538 n
- Louw, Eric, 598-602, 605-606, 609-611, 620-622, 625-627, 630, 639, 642
- Lumumba, Patrice, 294, 375
- Luthuli, Albert John, 612-613
- Lyon, Cecil, 52 n, 53 n, 85, 253 n
- MacDonald, John W., Jr., 65 n
- MacKnight, Jesse, 137 n, 519 n, 524 n, 525 n, 630 n, 647 n
- Macleod, Iain, 508, 509 n, 528
- Macmillan, Harold, 196 n, 293, 365, 368
- Madagascar, 621
- Maga, Hubert, 374
- Maghreb. See North Africa.
- Mahoney, William P., Jr., 382, 384 n, 385 n, 386 n, 387, 389-391
- Malagasy Republic, 303, 323, 330
- Mali, 168, 196, 291, 366
- Manfull, Melvin L., 88 n, 196 n, 248 n, 264 n, 610 n
- Manning, Robert J., 617 n
- Mansfield, Michael, 125
- Martin, Edwin M., 348-349, 394 n, 605 n
- Marvin, William G., Jr., 15 n
- Mathews, Elbert G., 338 n, 495 n, 521 n, 522 n, 560 n, 623
- Mathieson, Olin, 341
- Mau, Frank A., 54 n
- Maud (UK), 494
- Mauritania, 12, 33, 167-169, 330
- Mauritania-Morocco dispute, 33, 167-169, 193
- McBride, Robert H., 1 n, 52 n, 54 n, 57 n, 242 n, 287 n
- McClanahan, Grant V., 149 n, 154 n, 155 n, 159 n
- McClintic, Stephen H., 11 n, 15 n, 37 n, 38 n, 167 n, 172 n, 175 n, 196 n, 200 n, 202 n, 206 n, 249 n, 250 n, 255 n
- McCone, John A., 318 n, 369-370, 567
- McGhee, George C., 80 n, 87 n, 88 n, 89-90, 92, 110 n, 170 n, 282 n, 294 n, 318 n, 322 n, 386 n, 491 n, 522 n, 523 n, 560 n, 562 n
- McKesson, John A., III, 37 n, 159 n, 538 n, 574 n
- McMillan, Brockway, 608
- McNamara, Robert S., 81-83, 115-117, 140-143, 146-149, 151-153, 178 n, 180-181, 185-186, 211-212, 284 n, 285-287, 300-302, 310 n, 334-337, 370, 573
- McQuade (DOD), 297 n
- Meade, Frazier, 22 n
- Meeker, Leonard C., 501 n, 568 n
- Mekasha, Getachew, 456 n
- Melilla and Ceuta, 33
- Meloy, Francis E., Jr., 581 n
- Merchant, Livingston T., 46
- Mikoyan, Anastas, 311
- Military Air Transport Service routes, 300-302, 334-337
- Miller, Frederick H., 69 n
- Mobutu, Col. Joseph, 552
- Moffett, James D., 429 n
- Mohammed V, King, 161, 162 n, 165-166, 168, 175, 177, 179 n, 180
- Mokkadem, Sadok, 67 n, 266-267
- Monrovia conference, 287-288
- Monsma, George N., 534 n
- Morocco (see also Morocco-Algeria border conflict), 51, 361, 535n
- African denuclearization, 174
- Algeria independence conflict position, 1, 72-73, 92
- Algerian arms buildup, 133
- Algerian relations, 98
- Ceuta and Melilla, 33
- foreign policy, 235 n
- French economic assistance, 2, 228
- French military assistance, 20, 26, 30, 33, 43 n, 204, 226-227
- French relations, 9, 45, 237
- Hassan-Ferhat agreement of 1961, 21
- Mauritania dispute, 33, 167-169, 193
- North African territorial claims, 33
- Morocco—Continuedpolitical situation, 6, 34, 176, 202, 205, 235-236
- Sahara sovereignty issue, 65
- Soviet bloc relations, 6
- Soviet military assistance, 33, 42-43, 161-163, 165-166, 172, 185, 187, 196, 199-202, 205-206, 212
- Soviet relations, 209 n
- Spanish enclaves dispute, 33, 188
- Spanish military assistance, 20, 43 n
- Spanish relations, 4, 33, 188, 237
- Spanish Saharan colonies, 285
- Tangier shipyard proposal, 213territorial claims, 33, 285
- U.S. economic assistance, 1-2, 28 n, 29 n, 30, 32, 42-43, 130, 165, 172, 191, 213, 219, 222, 228, 233-235, 238, 330
- U.S. military assistance, 17, 21-22, 25-26, 28 n, 29 n, 30, 32-34, 40, 42-43, 163-164, 166, 172-173, 177, 184-189, 191-192, 196-199, 204-210, 212-214, 219, 222-224, 228, 230-233
- U.S. military facilities, 2, 6, 19, 166, 170-171, 173-186, 190-193, 201-202, 211-212, 214-221, 223-227, 229-231, 238-241, 499
- U.S. naval bases, 171, 182-183, 194-195, 203-204, 210 n, 212-213, 220-221, 224-228, 230
- U.S. relations, 4, 26-28, 30-31, 35 n, 37 n, 92, 115-116, 184-185, 195-196, 202-203, 208-210, 218, 223, 231
- Voice of America facilities, 217, 231
- Morocco-Algeria border conflict:
- Algerian position, 11, 13, 18 n, 19-21, 23, 130-131, 133
- Arab League role, 23
- cease-fire, 31, 32, 35, 37
- China, People's Republic of, position, 16
- Cuban role, 42
- Ethiopian position, 39
- Ethiopian role, 13, 15, 36, 38
- French position, 12-13, 20, 26, 43 n
- Mali role, 36, 38
- Moroccan position, 12, 15, 19, 21, 23-24, 37-38, 40-43
- Organization of African Unity role, 13-15, 18-19, 23, 25, 30-32, 38-42, 45, 135
- Morocco-Algeria border conflict—Continued
- Soviet position, 16
- Soviet role, 42
- Spanish position, 17, 20
- Swiss role, 13
- UN role, 13, 15, 20, 23, 25, 38
- United Arab Republic intervention, 36, 37-38
- United Arab Republic position, 16, 25-26
- U.S. involvement, allegations of, 14, 16 n, 20
- U.S. position, 10-24, 27-31, 135, 340
- Yugoslav role, 18
- Mossler, John R., 145 n, 149 n
- Mouvement Nationaliste Algerienne, 57 n
- Mozambique, 285, 315, 329, 491, 538, 545 n, 553, 563
- Mulcahy, Edward W., 524 n, 530 n
- Muller, Willard C., 462 n
- Munoz Grandes, Agustin, 43 n
- Murrow, Edward R., 325
- Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 4-5, 23-24, 26, 30, 34, 38, 106, 115, 135, 227, 235 n, 334
- National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 550
- National Intelligence Estimates (see also Special National Intelligence Estimates):
- National Security Action Memoranda:
- National Security Council, 369-371, 375-377
- Naude, Willem C., 587-588, 619-621, 640-642, 647-648, 652
- Neo-Destour party, 276-277
- Neto, Agostinho, 561
- Newman, George, 137 n, 175 n, 206 n, 219 n, 591 n
- Newsom, David D., 4 n, 11 n, 18 n, 19 n, 21 n, 22 n, 26 n, 27 n, 28 n, 29 n, 30 n, 34 n, 38 n, 40 n, 41 n, 107 n, 144 n, 145 n, 159 n, 219 n, 229 n, 236 n, 442 n, 453 n, 462 n, 469-473, 473 n, 478 n, 490 n
- Nicosia conference, 3
- Niger, 314-315, 317, 330, 361
- Nigeria, 291, 312-313, 315, 329-330, 339, 540, 569
- Nitze, Paul H., 140 n, 173 n, 178 n, 239 n, 310, 327-328, 343 n, 428-429, 491 n, 586 n
- Nkomo, Joshua, 517, 528
- Nkrumah, Kwame, 288, 309, 325, 333-334, 343-347, 349, 351, 358 n, 363-364, 366-367, 371-376, 378-382, 384-387, 385 n, 389-391, 509
- Nkumbula, Harry, 527
- Nogueira, Franco, 549, 562-563, 565-567, 575, 578 n, 579, 581-585
- North Africa (see also individual countries), 2, 7-9
- economic situation, 1-2, 7, 9
- European relations, 5, 9, 10
- French relations, 1-2, 5, 9, 45, 74
- Joint Chiefs of Staff position, 499-500
- Moroccan territorial claims, 33
- nationalism, influence of, 3
- Nicosia conference, 3
- political situation, 9
- Sino-Soviet involvement, 46
- UN role, 4
- U.S. economic assistance, 3-4, 6-7
- U.S. military assistance, 4, 6
- U.S. military bases, 3-4
- U.S. policy, 5-10
- North Atlantic Council (NAC), 542-543
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 61, 498
- Northern Rhodesia. See Rhodesia, Northern.
- Norway, 535, 638, 656
- Nujoma, Samuel, 622-624
- Nyasaland (see also Rhodesia-Nyasaland Federation), 303, 329, 516-517, 525-526
- Nydell, Carl C., 385, 386
- Nydell case, 385, 386 n, 387
- Nyerere, Julius, 334, 422, 553, 569
- Oakley, Robert B., 568 n
- Obote, A. Milton, 334
- O'Donnell, Kenneth, 182 n
- Ogaden region. See Ethiopian border dispute under Somalia.
- Oil, 139, 143, 155, 157, 158 n, 159-160
- Olympio, Sylvanus, 374
- O'Mahoney, Joseph E., 463 n, 482 n, 485 n
- O'Neill, Paul W., Jr., 473 n
- Organization Armee Secrete, 44, 94-95
- Organization of African Unity (OAU), 13-15, 332-334, 488, 499, 580
- Ormsby Gore, David, 519, 536, 540
- Ortiz, Frank V., Jr., 22 n, 41 n
- O'Sheel, Patrick, 401 n
- Osman, Aden Abdullah, 431
- Oufkir, Gen., 17
- Oulashin, Eric E., 462 n
- Overseas Companies of Portugal lobby, 550, 554
- Owen, Henry, 491 n
- Packard, Robert F., 598 n, 617 n
- Padberg, Eugene L., 350 n, 357 n
- Pakistan, 34, 311, 376
- Palmer, Joseph, II, 81 n
- Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa, 329
- Pan-Africanism, 299-300
- Parker, Maj. Gen. T.W., 491 n, 519 n, 649 n
- Peace Corps program, 120-122, 309, 325-326, 393, 394 n, 398, 414, 458, 468, 481, 525-526
- Pelcovits, Nathan, 253 n
- Penfield, James K., 51 n, 52 n, 136 n, 161 n, 162 n, 167 n, 287 n, 301 n, 341-343, 344 n, 428-429, 587
- Pereira, Pedro, 550
- Perkins, Raymond L., 343 n
- Pezzullo, Lawrence A., 93 n
- Phili, Peter, 618
- Philippines, 535 n
- Picard, Frederick P., III, 509 n
- Pletcher, Charles H., 514
- Plimpton, Francis T.P., 505-507
- Polansky, Sol, 463 n
- Polk, William, 100-101
- Poole, Peter A., 420 n
- Porson, Sophia, 409 n, 411 n, 415 n
- Porter, William J., 16 n, 18 n, 29 n, 35 n, 37, 43 n, 97, 99 n, 104 n, 111-112, 114, 118, 121, 123, 126-127
- Portugal (see also Angola; Mozambique; Portuguese colonial Africa; Portuguese Guinea), 106, 293, 339
- Africa region, 284-285, 293, 583-584, 654
- Algeria, 582
- Angola, 548-549, 550, 583
- Angola, use of U.S. weapons, 548-549, 551, 557, 573, 576
- Azores base issue, 493, 497-498, 500, 545-546, 548-549, 556, 558-559, 570, 573, 576, 579
- Ethiopian relations, 469, 569
- National Broadcasting Company film, 550
- Overseas Companies of Portugal lobby, 550, 554
- UN Economic and Social Council expulsion, 503-504
- UN position, 563, 566
- United Arab Republic relations, 569
- U.S. economic assistance, 558
- U.S. military assistance, 548, 551, 557, 576
- U.S. relations, 421, 541 n, 550-551, 554, 557, 562-563, 565-567, 568, 570, 576, 578-579, 581-585
- Portuguese colonial Africa (see also individual countries), 284-285, 293, 328-329, 333,
421, 423, 469, 491, 493-497, 501-502,
538, 545
n,
557
- African nations position, 569-571, 582
- Azores base issue, 493, 497-498, 500, 545-546, 548-549, 556, 558-559, 570, 573, 576, 579
- Brazilian position, 571
- British position, 494-495, 571, 577
- Department of State Policy Directive, 556-559
- Ethiopian position, 469
- French position, 571
- Guinean position, 581
- Joint Chiefs of Staff position, 498-500
- Portuguese position, 542, 562-563, 565-567, 579-585
- Spanish position, 571
- Portuguese colonial Africa—Continued
- United Nations and, 505-506, 578 n, 584-585
- U.S. economic assistance, 506
- U.S. position, 546, 551, 553-554, 556-559, 568-572, 573
- U.S. policy in the UN, 502, 568-576, 585
- Portuguese Guinea, 285, 545 n, 553
- Post, Richard St. F., 137 n, 139 n, 144 n, 145 n, 456 n, 463 n, 465 n
- Potolichev (USSR), 30
- Protitch, Dragoslav, 627
- Rahuma, Maj. Tahir, 160
- Ramsey, Henry C., 322 n
- Randall, Clarence B., 362, 365, 371-372, 374
- Randolph, A. Phillip, 326 n
- Read, Benjamin H., 11 n, 36-37, 128 n, 390 n, 474 n, 503-504
- Reis, Herbert, 512 n
- Reynolds Metals, 341, 350 n
- Rhodesia, Northern, 329, 494, 507, 511-516
- Rhodesia, Southern, 285, 303,
328-329, 333, 469, 492
- British position, 494, 513, 520 n, 528-529, 531, 532 n, 536, 539-540
- Congo, 537
- economic situation, 527
- foreign policy, 526-527
- Ghanaian position, 533-534
- independence, 528-529, 530 n, 537, 539-540political situation, 517, 519, 521 n, 522, 526, 528, 539
- South Africa relations, 537
- UN position, 528, 530-533, 535, 540 n
- U.S. economic assistance, 330
- U.S. policy in the UN, 512-515, 519, 520 n, 532-533
- U.S. position, 495 n, 517, 524, 527-540
- Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU), 517, 519, 521 n, 523 n
- Rhodesia-Nyasaland Federation, 491, 508-509, 527-529
- Ribeiro, Amb. (Ghana), 388
- Richards, Arthur H., 437 n, 445 n, 448
- al-Rida al-Sinusi, Hassan, 139-140, 142-144
- Rives, Lloyd M., 279 n
- Roberto, Holden, 543-544, 547, 551-552, 553-554, 561, 580
- Robinson, Lt. Col. C.C., 331 n, 482 n, 617 n
- Root, John F., 1 n, 3 n, 53 n, 57 n, 136 n, 161 n, 162 n, 167 n, 170 n, 175 n, 206 n, 243 n, 246 n
- Ross, Claude G., 383 n
- Rostow, Walt W., 8, 100, 290-292, 305 n, 352-354, 359-360, 495 n, 550 n, 590 n, 633 n
- Rowan, Carl T., 88 n
- Rowe, David, 229 n
- Rowen, Henry S., 283-284
- Ruanda-Urundi, 285
- Rumbold, Algernon, 613-615
- Rusk, Dean:
- Africa region, 282-283, 294 n, 314-315, 328-329, 337, 338-340
- Algeria, 47-52, 97, 110 n, 118-120
- Algerian independence conflict, 44-45, 52 n, 55, 61, 78-80
- Angola, 542, 542 n, 544-545, 547 n, 549, 560-562, 579-581
- Azores base issue, 559 n
- Ethiopia, 486 n
- France, 95 n
- Ghana, 343-344, 352 n, 354, 369-371
- Guinea, 399-401, 405-406
- Horn of Africa region, 425
- Libya, 139-140, 145, 156-157
- Morocco, 161-162, 165-166, 182 n, 195-196, 224 n, 228 n, 229 n, 232-235
- Morocco-Algeria border conflict, 12, 15, 23, 30 n, 32, 33
- North Africa, 3-4
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 493, 549, 560-562, 568-572, 573, 574 n, 577-579
- Rhodesia, Southern, 521-523, 532-533, 536, 539-540
- Somalia, 431, 452, 454
- South Africa, 501, 587-588, 590, 594, 602, 606, 607 n, 609-611, 620-622, 627-628, 633-635, 637, 639-643, 646-649, 652-653, 656-657
- South African region, 496-497
- Southwest Africa mandate, 619-621, 648
- Tunisia, 243-244, 250-251, 255-261, 263-264, 266-267, 275, 278
- Russell, Francis H., 274 n, 275 n, 322 n, 351, 352 n, 357 n, 358 n, 363 n, 371
- Ruwanda, 330
- Sackey-Quaison, Alex, 381-382
- Sahara, nuclear testing, 123, 134
- Sahara sovereignty issue, 62-66, 77
- Al-Said, Othman, 136 n, 138, 145
- Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 550, 571, 578, 579, 582, 583
- Salinger, Pierre, 91, 123, 325
- Saltonstall, Everett, 224
- Sandys, Duncan, 361, 461, 539-540
- Sanger, Richard H., 495 n, 519 n, 619 n, 620 n
- Satterthwaite, Joseph C., 47-52, 51 n, 429, 593, 595, 598 n, 601 n, 604, 609 n, 610, 616, 617 n, 618-619, 625 n, 631-633, 660 n, 661 n
- Saudi Arabia, 25, 34
- Saunders, Harold H., 70-73, 76, 99-100, 198 n, 272-274
- Schlesinger, Arthur, 70 n, 73 n, 260-261, 263 n, 496-497, 560
- Schwebel, Stephen M., 501 n
- Scott, Joseph W., 547 n
- Segni, Antonio, 482
- Seip, Peter A., 53 n
- Senegal, 73, 293, 312-314, 330, 403
- Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 73
- Shepard, Capt. Tazewell, 302 n
- Shooshan, Harry, 362
- Shriver, Sargent, 393, 394 n, 397, 416, 418-419, 477
- Sierra Leone, 312, 313, 325, 330, 361
- Simms, John W., 512 n
- Simonstown British military facility, 614
- Sisco, Joseph J., 13 n, 22 n, 445 n, 492 n, 501 n, 522 n, 534 n, 541 n, 564 n, 568 n, 574 n
- Sithole, Ndabaningi, 530-532
- Slaoui (Morocco), 231
- Slater, Warren E., 144 n
- Slim, Mongi, 53-54, 255, 263, 278-280, 502, 575, 638
- Slimane, Maj., 104
- Sloan, Frank K., 100-101, 216 n, 238, 327 n, 484
- Smith, Gen., 309
- Smith, Bromley K., 88 n, 105 n, 196 n, 264 n, 318 n, 373 n, 453 n, 645 n
- Smith, James, 317
- Smuts, Jan, 619, 661
- Snowden, Henry T., 440 n
- Sole (South Africa), 660 n
- Somalia, 39, 340
- British economic assistance, 458
- British military assistance, 431, 433-435, 455
- British relations, 459, 461
- Chisimaio Port, 434, 440, 447, 454
- Czechoslovakian military assistance, 431
- Ethiopian border dispute, 431, 438-439, 447, 450-452, 469-473
- German military assistance, 464, 483 n, 485-486
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) relations, 454
- Italian military assistance, 431, 433-434, 440, 455, 464, 483 n, 485-486
- Italian relations, 459
- Kenya border dispute, 451, 458-459, 461, 469-470
- Ogaden region dispute, seeEthiopian border dispute above
- Peace Corps program, 458, 481
- political situation, 458, 480
- Soviet bloc economic and military assistance, 441 n, 473-474, 483
- Soviet civil aviation routes, 314, 317
- Soviet economic assistance, 323, 440
- Soviet military assistance, 431, 444, 447, 452-453, 454, 480, 483, 490
- Soviet relations, 461
- United Arab Republic military assistance, 444, 452
- United Arab Republic relations, 447
- United Nations and, 438, 472
- U.S. economic assistance, 330, 433-434, 447-448, 449, 451, 454, 481, 484
- U.S. military assistance, 429-430, 441 n, 444, 446, 447, 452-453, 454-455, 456-457, 459, 461, 462, 463-466, 480-481, 484, 485-486
- U.S. military assistance to Ethiopia and, 438, 440, 451-454, 481
- U.S. relations, 439-440, 442, 444, 446-455, 473
- Western military assistance, 473-474, 482-483
- Sosa Rodriguez, Carlos, 535
- Souapti dam project, 395, 397-398
- South Africa (see also Southwest Africa mandate), 328, 492
- African nations position, 339
- apartheid and racial policies, 501, 587-588, 591 n, 593, 599-600, 606, 609 n, 614-616, 620-623, 631-635, 640-642, 655, 659 n
- Bantustans policy, 620-621, 623, 631-632, 641-642, 647-648
- British position, 494, 613-616, 624-625, 651-652
- British policy in the UN, 615
- British relations, 614-615economic situation, 590, 640, 656
- Ethiopian position, 469
- foreign policy, 621
- Ghanaian economic relations, 655gold production, 616, 640, 646-647
- Haynes visa issue, 660-661
- International Monetary Fund loan, 604, 606, 615
- Joint Chiefs of Staff position, 640
- Luthuli Nobel Peace Prize, 612-613political situation, 614, 621, 655
- Simonstown British military facility, 614
- Southern Rhodesia relations, 537
- Soviet bloc economic relations, 655
- Transkei, 641-642, 647
- Tunisian position, 502
- UN and, 501-502, 505-506, 621 n, 630 n, 639, 645, 651-653, 658-659
- UN Economic and Social Council, expulsion from, 503-504
- U.S. aircraft sales, 597-598, 602-604, 606-607, 615, 649
- U.S. arms embargo, 579, 633-640, 644-645, 652, 656, 659
- U.S. economic assistance, 506, 507, 604
- U.S. economic relations, 590, 646-647, 655
- U.S. military assistance, 507
- U.S. military sales, 579
- U.S. missile and satellite tracking station, 586, 588-589, 591-592, 594, 597-598, 601-605, 607-609, 615, 617-619, 629, 636
- U.S. missile sales, 617, 644 n
- U.S. multi-racial diplomatic reception, 631-633
- U.S. naval and maritime interests, 595-597
- South Africa—Continued
- U.S. relations, 587-588, 593, 598-601, 605-606, 609 n, 615-616, 620-622, 631-633, 639-643, 660-661
- U.S. submarine sales, 579, 627-628, 649, 657-658
- U.S. policy in the UN, 501-502, 604, 610, 616, 621-622, 637-639, 643-646, 653-655, 656-657, 658-659
- South African region (see also Portuguese colonial Africa; South West Africa mandate; individual countries), 491-492, 495-497
- Southern Rhodesia. See Rhodesia, Southern.
- Southwest Africa mandate, 495, 591 n, 622-624, 648
- British position, 494, 624-625
- Southwest Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), 622-623
- UN and, 622-624, 625-627
- U.S. policy in the UN, 594-595, 623-627, 649-651
- Southwest Africa Peoples Organization (SWAPO), 622-623
- Soviet bloc:
- Africa region military assistance, 305
- Algeria relations, 6, 10, 72, 110, 115
- Ghanaian relations, 364, 367, 381, 382-383
- Guinean relations, 321, 405, 416-417, 419, 448
- Horn of Africa region influence, 458
- Malian relations, 321
- North Africa and, 46
- North African relations, 2-4, 6, 9-10
- Somalia, economic and military assistance to, 441 n, 473-474, 483
- South African economic relations, 655
- Tunisian relations, 6
- Soviet Union (see also Soviet bloc):
- Africa region, 314-318, 585, 642
- Soviet Union—Continued
- Algeria:
- Bizerte crisis, 258
- Cuba, military assistance, 106
- Egypt military assistance, 227
- Ghana:
- Guinea:
- Libya civil aviation routes, 314-315
- Mali, 308-309, 315, 323
- Morocco, military assistance to, 33, 42-43, 161-163, 165-166, 172, 185, 187, 196, 199-202, 205-206, 212
- Morocco-Mauritania dispute, 167-168
- Somalia:
- Tunisia, economic assistance to, 246
- UN position, 345
- Spain, 285
- African colonies, 285
- Morocco:
- enclaves dispute, 33, 188
- military assistance, 20, 43 n
- relations, 4, 33, 43 n, 188, 237
- Morocco-Algeria border conflict, 16
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 571
- Saharan colonies, 285
- U.S. military assistance, 188
- U.S. military facilities, 546
- U.S. relations, 43 n, 185-186, 188
- Spanish Saharan colonies, 285
- Special National Intelligence Estimates (see also National Intelligence Estimates), 62, 83
- Spiers, Ronald I., 287 n
- Springsteen, George S. Jr., 107, 348-349, 357 n, 394 n
- Stackhouse, Heywood H., 5-7, 22 n, 40 n, 270 n, 271 n, 274 n, 278 n, 279 n
- Starrs, Francis R., Jr., 567 n
- Steele, Gen., 144 n
- Stephenson, Hugh, 632
- Stevens, Roger, 432-435, 528, 616
- Stevenson, Adlai E., 73, 77, 90, 161, 254, 256, 260-261, 264 n, 324, 344, 421-422, 459, 496-497, 521 n, 528, 556, 559-560, 571, 573, 576, 578, 594, 638, 644 n, 659 n
- Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 52 n, 167-169
- Stoffel, Albert W., 322 n
- Stoltzfus, William A., 36 n
- Stone, Galen L., 445 n, 564 n
- Stookey, Robert W., 156 n
- Stout, Charles W., 442 n, 455 n, 485 n
- Streeter, Richard E., 649 n
- Strong, Curtis C., 533 n, 649 n
- Sudan, 315-316, 330
- Summit Conference of Independent African States, 332-333
- Suwayl, Ali Abu, 160
- Swank, Emory C., 242 n, 521 n, 610 n
- Sweeney, Joseph, 511 n, 512 n
- Switzerland, 62-65
- Symmes, Harrison M., 41 n
- Syria, 24
- Takla, Philippe, 73
- Tananarive Conference, 346
- Tanassy, Lt. Col. E.G., 331 n
- Tanganyika, 329-330, 356, 422, 526, 540, 553, 569
- Tangier shipyard proposal, 213
- Tank, Martin M., 443 n, 456 n
- Tasca, Henry J., 13 n, 18 n, 21 n, 26 n, 27 n, 28 n, 34 n, 36 n, 37 n, 38 n, 40 n, 54 n, 56, 73 n, 90 n, 93 n, 105 n, 131 n, 154 n, 206 n, 219 n, 243, 244 n, 250-251, 383 n, 402 n, 406 n, 420, 435 n, 438 n, 439 n, 442 n, 445 n, 453 n, 462 n, 482 n, 484, 485 n, 501 n, 514 n, 522 n, 616, 623
- Telli, Diallo, 420-423
- Templeton, Payne, 175 n
- Tettegah, John K., 366, 376
- Thacher, Nicholas G., 93 n
- Thant, U, 15, 23, 25, 145, 461, 477, 528
- Thiam, Doudou, 38
- Togo, 330, 361, 374, 376, 403
- Tombalbaye, Francois, 288
- Toner, Joseph S., 303 n
- Toomey, William D., 343 n
- Torbert, Horace G., Jr., 457, 462 n, 473 n, 484
- Toumayan, Alec, 420 n
- Toure, Ismail, 394 n, 398
- Toure, Sekou, 293, 309-311, 313, 321, 347, 382, 392, 394, 396-398, 401, 405-406, 409-415, 419, 421-422, 509, 569
- Transkei, 641-642, 647
- Trimble, William C., 405 n, 406 n, 409 n, 411 n, 415 n, 419
- Tron, Rene, 99 n
- Troxel, Oliver L., Jr., 303 n, 440 n
- Tshombe, Moise, 508
- Tubman, William V.S., 288
- Tunisia, 51, 291, 361
- Algeria independence conflict, 1, 249
- Algerian military bases, 60
- Bizerte crisis, 4, 6, 250-252, 254-272
- Bizerte port military facilities, 262
- Congo troops, airlift, 253
- economic situation, 269, 277
- European economic assistance, 6
- foreign policy, 246-247, 291
- French economic and military assistance, 2, 242, 277
- French nationals, 1
- French relations, 1, 45, 247, 278
- Morocco-Mauritania dispute, position, 168
- Neo-Destour party, 276-277political situation, 246, 268, 276-277
- Sahara sovereignty issue, 65
- South Africa, 502
- Soviet bloc relations, 6
- Soviet economic assistance, 246
- U.S. economic assistance, 1-2, 6, 243-244, 246, 249, 272-275, 279-280, 330
- U.S. military assistance, 242, 245, 247-248, 280
- U.S. relations, 4, 67-68, 115-116, 248-249, 263
- Turkey, 254
- Tweedy, Bronson, 567
- Tyler, William R., 65 n, 67 n, 73 n, 78 n, 88 n, 91 n, 93 n, 255 n, 263 n, 264 n, 520 n, 562 n, 633 n
- Udall, Morris, 477
- Uganda, 330
- Union des Populations d'Angola (UPA), 543-544
- United Arab Republic, 254, 380n
- Algeria, military assistance to, 17, 24, 26, 30, 32-33, 115, 132-133
- Algerian relations, 9, 123, 135
- Cuba, 42
- Czech military assistance, 106
- Libya, 5, 142
- North Africa, influence in, 4-5
- Portuguese relations, 569
- Somalia, military assistance to, 444, 452
- Somalian relations, 447
- Soviet civil aviation routes, 323
- Soviet military assistance, 227
- U.S. position, 4-5, 25, 237
- United Kingdom:
- Africa region, 284-285, 288, 307, 333
- Angola, 541 n
- Azores base issue, 570
- Bizerte crisis, 251-252
- Ethiopia, economic assistance to, 433
- Ghana, 311, 353, 365-366, 375-376
- Ghana gold mines subsidy, 347
- Horn of Africa region, position, 432-435
- Libya, 141, 147, 152
- Nyasaland, 494, 525
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 494-495, 571, 577
- Rhodesia-Nyasaland Federation, 516-522, 524-525, 527, 534-536
- Rhodesia, Southern, 494, 513, 520 n, 528-529, 531, 532 n, 536, 539-540
- Somalia, 458, 459, 461
- Somalia, military assistance to, 431, 433-435, 455
- Somalia-Kenya border dispute, 461
- South Africa, 339, 494, 613-616, 624-625, 651-652
- Southwest Africa mandate, 494, 624-625
- U.S. relations, 493-495, 520
- Yemen, 34
- United Nations:
- Africa region, 292-293, 324, 499
- Algeria independence conflict, 45, 48, 61, 77-78
- Algeria relief aid, 96
- Angola, 550, 564-567, 570-572
- Angola, U.S. policy, 541, 555-556, 564-567
- United Nations—Continued
- Bizerte crisis, 250-252, 254-259, 260 n, 261, 264-267
- Congo, 343, 345-346, 410, 509
- Cuba, 380
- Eritrea, 448
- Ethiopia, 472
- French position, 293
- Ghana, 345-346, 366, 383, 390
- Horn of Africa region, 459-461, 472
- Libya, 145
- Mauritania membership, 168
- North Africa, 4
- Portuguese colonial Africa, 502, 505-506, 568-576, 578 n, 584-585
- Resolutions:
- Rhodesia, Southern, 512-515, 519, 520 n, 528, 530-533, 535, 540 n
- Somalia, 438, 472
- South Africa:
- Southwest Africa mandate, 594-595, 622-627, 649-651
- Tunisian troops for the Congo, airlift, 253
- Upper Volta, 330, 361
- Uys, Johann Kunz, 661
- Valdes, Philip H., 1 n, 52 n, 54 n, 57 n, 60 n, 246 n, 249 n
- Valliere, Raymond A., 206 n
- Vance, Sheldon B., 551 n
- Veliotes, Nicholas A., 162 n, 263 n
- Venezuela, 535
- Verwoerd, Hendrik F., 537, 590, 593, 631-632
- Villard, Henry S., 169
- Voice of America, 217, 231
- Volta River Hydroelectric (VALCO) project, 311, 341-342, 343 n, 348-351, 355, 357-362, 364-374, 376, 380-382, 385, 388-391
- Wade, Gen., 184 n, 209, 216, 217
- Walker, A.C., 155 n, 159 n
- Wallner, Woodruff, 65 n, 263 n, 264 n, 512 n, 521 n, 524 n, 649 n
- Walmsley, Walter N., 58 n, 88, 263, 264 n, 269 n, 270 n, 272 n, 273
- Warren, Earl, 159 n, 221 n, 463 n, 477, 485 n
- Water desalinization, 2
- Wellborn, Alfred T., 551 n
- Welensky, Roy, 513, 530 n, 536-538
- Wellons, Alfred E., 514 n
- Wheelus Air Base, 137-138, 143
- White, Lee, 326
- White, Reta E., 564 n
- Whitehead, Edgar, 494, 517, 520, 521 n, 523, 524 n
- Whitfield, Col. Joe, 101, 200 n, 206 n, 274 n, 435 n, 438 n, 443 n, 453 n, 462 n, 463 n
- Wiesner, Jerome, 604-605, 607-609
- Wight, William L., Jr., 511 n, 551 n, 594-595, 598 n, 605 n, 608 n
- Wilkins, Roy, 326 n
- Williams, G. Mennen, 3, 4 n, 12 n, 19 n, 29 n, 41 n, 49 n, 53 n, 67-68, 77-80, 81 n, 89-90, 97, 107-108, 110-111, 127-128, 138 n, 156-157, 159 n, 160, 170 n, 173 n, 175 n, 222-223, 243-244, 246 n, 270 n, 283-284, 297, 303-310, 326, 327 n, 328-329, 338-340, 347, 348 n, 351, 355, 379, 394 n, 406, 416, 419, 428, 429 n, 433, 435 n, 438 n, 443 n, 469-473, 490, 496, 509 n, 510 n, 511 n, 523 n, 530-533, 534 n, 544 n, 545 n, 546, 560-562, 568 n, 574 n, 586, 594-596, 599-602, 612 n, 613-616, 630, 633, 635 n, 661 n
- Williams, Haydn, 297-299
- Wilson, Harold, 529
- Winfree, Robert M., 598 n
- Witman, William II, 1 n, 57 n, 65 n, 67 n, 73 n, 76, 80 n, 88 n, 110-111, 137 n, 154 n, 155 n, 172 n, 194 n, 196 n, 200 n, 206 n, 216, 217, 218 n, 219 n, 229 n, 242 n, 244 n, 245 n, 248 n, 255 n, 263 n, 270 n, 271 n, 274 n, 287 n, 383 n, 429 n, 433, 440 n, 443 n, 445 n, 450 n, 453 n, 455 n, 456 n, 463 n, 465 n
- Wolf, Joseph J., 145 n
- Wolfe, Glenn G., 206 n, 322 n, 435 n, 438 n, 485 n
- Yates, Sidney, 530, 531, 566, 586
- Yazid, Muhammad, 18-21, 23, 36-37, 40, 57, 67, 68 n, 79, 95, 130-133
- Yemen, 25, 26, 29, 34
- Yifru (Ethiopia), 31
- Yost, Charles W., 78, 161-162, 165, 166, 169, 172, 177, 184 n, 252, 254-255, 512 n, 573, 574 n, 645 n
- Youlou, Fulbert, 299
- Young, Whitney M., 326 n
- Yount, Col., 69 n
- Yugoslavia, 18
- Zanzibar, 330
- Zentar (Morocco), 13
- Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU), 517, 519, 521 n, 523 n
- Zuckert, Eugene M., 185-186, 226