|
Voluntary
Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program
Fuel
Emission Coefficients
| Table 1: |
Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Stationary Combustion |
| Table 2: |
Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for
Transportation Fuels |
| Table 3: |
Generic Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factors for Stationary Fuel Combustion |
| Table 4: |
Specific Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factors for Biogenic Fuel Sources |
| Table 5: |
Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions Factors
for Highway Vehicles |
| Table 6: |
Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors
for Alternative Fuel Vehicles |
| Table 7: |
Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factors for Non-Highway Mobile Combustion |
|
| 1. Carbon Dioxide Emission
Factors for Stationary Combustion1 |
| Fuel |
Emission Factor |
Units |
Coal by Rank2 |
Anthracite
|
103.69 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Bituminous
|
93.28 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Sub-bituminous
|
97.17 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Lignite
|
97.72 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| Coal by Sector2 |
Electric Power Sector
|
95.52 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Industrial Coking
|
93.71 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Other Industrial
|
93.98 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Residential/Commercial
|
95.35 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| Natural Gas3 |
Pipeline Natural Gas
|
HHV of 975 - 1000 Btu/scf
|
54.01 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.401 |
kg CO2 / therm |
HHV of 1000 - 1025 Btu/scf
|
52.91 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.291 |
kg CO2 / therm |
HHV of 1025 - 1050 Btu/scf
|
53.06 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.306 |
kg CO2 / therm |
HHV of 1050 - 1075 Btu/scf
|
53.46 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.346 |
kg CO2 / therm |
HHV of 1075 - 1100 Btu/scf
|
53.72 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.372 |
kg CO2 / therm |
Weighted National Average (1029Â Btu/scf)
|
53.06 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.306 |
kg CO2 / therm |
Flared Natural Gas
|
54.71 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.471 |
kg CO2 / therm |
| Petroleum Fuels3 |
Middle Distillate Fuels (No. 1, No. 2,
No. 4 fuel oil, diesel, home heating oil)
|
73.15 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 10.15 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Jet Fuel ( Jet A, JP-8)
|
70.88 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 9.57 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Kerosene
|
72.31 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 9.76 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Heavy Fuel Oil (No. 5, 6 fuel oil), bunker fuel
|
78.80 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 11.80 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Ethane
|
59.59 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 4.14 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Propane
|
63.07 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 5.74 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Isobutane
|
65.07 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 6.45 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
n-Butane
|
64.95 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 6.69 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Unspecified LPG
|
62.28 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| - |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Refinery (Still) Gas
|
64.20 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 9.17 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Crude Oil
|
74.54 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 10.29 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Petroleum Coke
|
102.12 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
| 14.65 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
| Other Fuels |
Tires/Tire Derived Fuel
4
|
85.97 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Waste Oil5,6
|
9.98 |
kg CO2 / gallon |
Waste Oil Blended with Residual Fuel Oil5
|
66.53 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Waste Oil Blended with Distillate Fuel Oil5
|
71.28 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu |
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)7,8
|
417.04 |
kg CO2 / short ton MSW |
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)7,8
|
41.70 |
kg CO2 / MMBtu MSW |
Plastics Portion of MSW7
|
2,539.80 |
kg CO2 / short ton plastics |
1All factors assume 100 percent combustion
except those for MSW, which assume 98 percent combustion.
2U. S. Energy Information Administration, Documentation for
Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2008,
DOE/EIA-0638 (2006), October 2008, Table 6-2, p. 183.
3Energy Information Administration, Documentation for Emissions
of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005, DOE/EIA-0638
(2005), October 2007, Tables 6-1, 6-2, 6-4, and 6-5.
4U.S.
Department of Energy, Technical Guidelines Voluntary Reporting
of Greenhouse Gases (1605(b)) Program, Chapter 1, Part C,
Stationary Source Combustion, January 2007.
5U.S.
EPA, AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s11.pdf.
6To convert to an energy basis (kg/MMBtu), divide by the
heating value of the oil in units of MMBtu/gal, if known. If
the heating value is not known, use the default values below
depending on whether the waste oil is blended with residual or
distillate fuel oil.
7Emissions factors for components of
MSW calculated from 2006 data in U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2006, Public Review Draft, February 22, 2008, Section 3.9
and Annex 3.6. Weighted emission factor based on MSW
composition for 2006 reported in U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 2006 MSW Characterization Data Tables,
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/pubs/06data.pdf.
8Emissions from other components of municipal solid waste are
excluded because they are considered to be
biogenic. |
| 2. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for
Transportation Fuels1 |
| Transportation
Fuel |
Emission
Factors |
Kilograms
CO2 Per
Unit of Volume |
Kilograms
CO2 Per
Million Btu |
| Aviation Gasoline |
8.32 |
per gallon |
69.19 |
| Biodiesel |
-B100
|
0.00 |
per gallon |
0.00 |
-B20
|
8.12 |
per gallon |
59.44 |
-B10
|
9.13 |
per gallon |
66.35 |
-B5
|
9.64 |
per gallon |
69.76 |
-B2
|
9.94 |
per gallon |
71.80 |
| Diesel Fuel (No. 1 and No. 2) |
10.15 |
per gallon |
73.15 |
| Ethanol/Ethanol Blends |
-E100
|
0.00 |
per gallon |
0.00 |
-E85
|
1.34 |
per gallon |
14.79 |
-E10 (Gasohol)
|
8.02 |
per gallon |
66.30 |
| Methanol/Methanol Blends |
-M100
|
4.11 |
per gallon |
63.62 |
-M85
|
4.83 |
per gallon |
65.56 |
| Motor Gasoline |
8.91 |
per gallon |
71.26 |
| Jet Fuel, Kerosene |
9.57 |
per gallon |
70.88 |
| Natural Gas |
54.60 |
per Mcf |
53.06 |
| Propane |
5.74 |
per gallon |
63.07 |
| Residual Fuel (No. 5 and No. 6 Fuel Oil) |
11.79 |
per gallon |
78.80 |
| 1Emissions factors calculated from
data in: (1) Energy Information Administration, Documentation
for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2005,
DOE/EIA-0638 (2005), October 2007, Tables 6-1, 6-4, and
6-5. (Non-biogenic carbon content and gross heat of
combustion for motor gasoline and diesel (distillate fuel)).
(2) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles
Data Center, Fuel Properties web page
(http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html).
(Biodiesel gross heat of combustion). (3) Energy Information
Administration, Annual Energy Review 2006, DOE/EIA-0384(2006),
June 2007, Table A3, p. 361. (Gross heat of combustion for
ethanol). (4) Stacy C. Davis and Susan W. Diegel,
Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 26, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, ORNL-6978, 2007, Table B.7 TablesÂ
6.7 and B.4. (Density and gross heat of combustion of
methanol.) |
| 3. Generic Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factors for Stationary Fuel Combustion |
| Source |
Methane |
Nitrous
Oxide |
| (g /MMBtu) |
(g/MMBtu) |
| Coal |
Residential
|
301 |
1.5 |
Commercial
|
10 |
1.5 |
Industry
|
10 |
1.5 |
Electricity Generation
|
1 |
1.5 |
| Petroleum |
Residential
|
10 |
0.6 |
Commercial
|
10 |
0.6 |
Industry
|
3 |
0.6 |
Electricity Generation
|
3 |
0.6 |
| Natural Gas |
Residential
|
5 |
0.1 |
Commercial
|
5 |
0.1 |
Industry
|
1 |
0.1 |
Electricity Generation
|
1 |
0.1 |
| Wood |
Residential
|
253 |
3.2 |
Commercial
|
253 |
3.2 |
Industry
|
25 |
3.2 |
Electricity Generation
|
25 |
3.2 |
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories, pp. 2.16 - 2.23, Tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 and
2.5Â (Revised April 2007).
Note: Energy units are in
higher heating value (HHV). Lower heating value (LHV) assumed
to be 5 percent lower than HHV for coal and petroleum, 10
percent lower for natural gas, and 20 percent lower for
wood. |
| 4. Specific Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factors for Biogenic Fuel Sources |
| Source |
Methane |
Nitrous Oxide |
| Wood residue (industrial)1 |
0.0953 kg / MMBtu residue |
0.0059 kg / MMBtu |
| Conventional wood stove (non-catalytic)1 |
15 kg / metric ton wood |
NA |
| Wood stove (non-catalytic)1 |
8 kg / metric ton wood |
NA |
| Wood stove (catalytic)1 |
5.8 kg / metric ton wood |
NA |
| Residential fireplace1 |
NA |
0.15 kg / metric ton |
| Charcoal manufacture1 |
55 kg / metric ton charcoal |
NA |
| Municipal solid waste (MSW)2 |
NA |
0.044 kg / metric ton |
Sources:
1Environmental
Protection Agency, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (AP-42), Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and
Area Sources.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2006, EPA 430-R-08-005, April 15, 2008, Section
3.9.NA=not available. |
| 5. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions Factors
for Highway Vehicles |
| Vehicle Type/
Control Technology |
Model Year |
N2O |
CH4 |
N2O |
CH4 |
| (g/mi) |
(g/mi) |
(g/km) |
(g/km) |
| Gasoline Passenger Cars |
EPA Tier 2
|
2004 and Later |
0.0036 |
0.0173 |
0.0022 |
0.0108 |
Low Emission Vehicles
|
2000-2003 |
0.0150 |
0.0105 |
0.0093 |
0.0065 |
EPA Tier 1
|
1995-1999 |
0.0429 |
0.0271 |
0.0267 |
0.0168 |
EPA Tier 0
|
1981-1994 |
0.0647 |
0.0704 |
0.0402 |
0.0437 |
Oxidation Catalyst
|
1975-1980 |
0.0504 |
0.1355 |
0.0313 |
0.0842 |
Non-Catalyst
|
1973-1974 |
0.0197 |
0.1696 |
0.0122 |
0.1054 |
Uncontrolled
|
1972 and Earlier |
0.0197 |
0.1780 |
0.0122 |
0.1106 |
| Gasoline Light-Duty Trucks |
EPA Tier 2
|
2005 and Later |
0.0066 |
0.0163 |
0.0041 |
0.0101 |
Low Emission Vehicles
|
2001-2004 |
0.0157 |
0.0148 |
0.0098 |
0.0092 |
EPA Tier 1
|
1995-2000 |
0.0871 |
0.0452 |
0.0541 |
0.0281 |
EPA Tier 0
|
1986-1994 |
0.1056 |
0.0776 |
0.0656 |
0.0482 |
Oxidation Catalyst
|
1975-1985 |
0.0639 |
0.1516 |
0.0397 |
0.0942 |
Non-Catalyst
|
1973-1974 |
0.0218 |
0.1908 |
0.0135 |
0.1186 |
Uncontrolled
|
1972 and Earlier |
0.0220 |
0.2024 |
0.0137 |
0.1258 |
| Gasoline Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
|
|
|
|
|
EPA Tier 2
|
2004 and Later |
0.0134 |
0.0333 |
0.0083 |
0.0207 |
Low Emission Vehicles
|
1998-2003 |
0.0320 |
0.0303 |
0.0199 |
0.0188 |
EPA Tier 1
|
1996-2003 |
0.1750 |
0.0655 |
0.1087 |
0.0407 |
EPA Tier 0
|
1996 and Later |
0.2135 |
0.2630 |
0.1327 |
0.1634 |
Oxidation Catalyst
|
1996 and Later |
0.1317 |
0.2356 |
0.0818 |
0.1464 |
Non-Catalyst Control
|
1985-1995 |
0.0473 |
0.4181 |
0.0294 |
0.2598 |
Uncontrolled
|
1984 and Earlier |
0.0497 |
0.4604 |
0.0309 |
0.2861 |
| Diesel Passenger Cars |
Advanced
|
1996 and Later |
0.0010 |
0.0005 |
0.0006 |
0.0003 |
Moderate
|
1983-1995 |
0.0010 |
0.0005 |
0.0006 |
0.0003 |
Uncontrolled
|
1982 and Earlier |
0.0012 |
0.0006 |
0.0008 |
0.0004 |
| Diesel Light-Duty Trucks |
Advanced
|
1996 and Later |
0.0015 |
0.0010 |
0.0009 |
0.0006 |
Moderate
|
1983-1995 |
0.0014 |
0.0009 |
0.0009 |
0.0006 |
Uncontrolled
|
1982 and Earlier |
0.0017 |
0.0011 |
0.0011 |
0.0007 |
| Diesel Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
Advanced
|
1996 and Later |
0.048 |
0.0051 |
0.030 |
0.0032 |
Moderate
|
1983-1995 |
0.048 |
0.0051 |
0.030 |
0.0032 |
Uncontrolled
|
1982 and Earlier |
0.048 |
0.0051 |
0.030 |
0.0032 |
| Motorcycles |
Non-Catalyst Control
|
1996 and Later |
0.0069 |
0.0672 |
0.0043 |
0.0418 |
Uncontrolled
|
1995 and Earlier |
0.0087 |
0.0899 |
0.0054 |
0.0559 |
| Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2005, EPA 430-R-07-002, Annex 3.2, (April 2007), web
site:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html. |
| 6. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors
for Alternative Fuel Vehicles |
| Vehicle Type/Control Technology |
N2O (g/mi) |
CH4 (g/mi) |
N2O (g/km) |
CH4 (g/km) |
| Light Duty Vehicles |
Methanol
|
0.067 |
0.018 |
0.0416 |
0.0112 |
CNG
|
0.050 |
0.737 |
0.0311 |
0.4580 |
LPG
|
0.067 |
0.037 |
0.0416 |
0.0230 |
Ethanol
|
0.067 |
0.055 |
0.0416 |
0.0342 |
| Heavy Duty Vehicles |
Methanol
|
0.175 |
0.066 |
0.1087 |
0.0410 |
CNG
|
0.175 |
1.966 |
0.1087 |
1.2216 |
LNG
|
0.175 |
1.966 |
0.1087 |
1.2216 |
LPG
|
0.175 |
0.066 |
0.1087 |
0.0410 |
Ethanol
|
0.175 |
0.197 |
0.1087 |
0.1224 |
| Buses |
Methanol
|
0.175 |
0.066 |
0.1087 |
0.0410 |
CNG
|
0.175 |
1.966 |
0.1087 |
1.2216 |
Ethanol
|
0.175 |
0.197 |
0.1087 |
0.1224 |
| Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2005, EPA 430-R-07-002, Annex 3.2, (April 2007), web
site:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html. |
| 7. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factors for Non-Highway Mobile Combustion |
| Vehicle
Type/Fuel Type |
N2O |
CH4 |
N2O |
CH4 |
| (g/kg
fuel) |
(g/kg
fuel) |
(g/gal
fuel) |
(g/gal
fuel) |
| Ships and Boats |
Residual
|
0.08 |
0.23 |
0.30 |
0.86 |
Distillate
|
0.08 |
0.23 |
0.26 |
0.74 |
Gasoline
|
0.08 |
0.23 |
0.22 |
0.65 |
Locomotives
|
|
|
|
|
Diesel
|
0.08 |
0.25 |
0.26 |
0.80 |
| Agricultural Equipment |
Gas
|
0.08 |
0.45 |
0.22 |
1.26 |
Diesel
|
0.08 |
0.45 |
0.26 |
1.44 |
Construction
|
|
|
|
|
Gas
|
0.08 |
0.18 |
0.22 |
0.51 |
Diesel
|
0.08 |
0.18 |
0.26 |
0.58 |
| Other Non-Highway |
All "Other" Categories1 |
0.08 |
0.18 |
0.22 |
0.51 |
| Aircraft |
Jet Fuel
|
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.31 |
0.27 |
Aviation Gasoline
|
0.04 |
2.64 |
0.11 |
7.05 |
1"Other" includes snowmobiles and
other recreational equipment, logging equipment, lawn and
garden equipment, railroad equipment, airport equipment,
commercial equipment, and industrial equipment. (Assumes
gasoline fuel.)
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2005, EPA 430-R-07-002, Annex 3.2, (April 2007), web
site:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html. |
Last updated January 31, 2011
|
