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2012
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The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers [and] The Price of Prisons: 40 State Fact Sheets
By Henrichson, Christian; Delaney, Ruth.
Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States. Public Safety Performance Project (Washington, DC).
Vera Institute of Justice. Center on Sentencing and Corrections (New York, NY).
This website provides a look at the direct cost of state prisons to taxpayers. A report is presented from a study in which prison costs are analyzed by state according to: the number of prison costs that are outside the corrections budgets—costs budgeted centrally for administrative purposes, inmate services funded through other agencies, and underfunded contributions for retirement benefits; the total taxpayer cost of prisons; and the total taxpayer cost per inmate. Collateral costs or indirect... Read More
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28 pages
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2012
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Justice Reinvestment in Oklahoma: Analysis and Policy Framework
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
Challenges facing the criminal justice system in Oklahoma and a solution found in the utilization of “a justice reinvestment strategy, which is a data-driven approach to contain corrections spending and reinvest a portion of the savings generated in strategies that will increase public safety” (p. 1). Other states will find some useful strategies from this report that they can implement in their own jurisdictions. Sections comprising this report are: background; summary of challenges; Justice Re... Read More
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23 pages
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2012
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Better Results, Lower Costs: Washington State’s Cutting-Edge Policy Analysis Model
Annie E. Casey Foundation (Baltimore, MD).
Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States (Washington, DC); John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Chicago, IL).
“In the state of Washington, legislators and executive agencies use a cutting-edge research model to help achieve that goal, by identifying evidence-based policies that provide the best return on taxpayers’ investment” (p. 1). This brief describes the process Washington uses to make decisions on whether to invest in a particular criminal justice program. Sections of this publication cover: the Results First Model—analyze, predict, calculate, rank, identify, assess, and work with policy makers; a... Read More
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2011
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How Can We Know If Juvenile Justice Reforms Are Worth the Cost?
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Chicago, IL).
Models for Change (Washington, DC).
“This policy brief summarizes the benefit-cost analysis of a set of reforms intended to make juvenile detention more developmentally productive: residential centers that provide youths with group-based cognitive behavior therapy” (p. 1). It offers great information for other agencies considering juvenile justice reform. Sections of this brief include: introduction; what should count as a benefit; what can be monetized; how costs should be quantified; and the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detent... Read More
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4 pages
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2011
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Justice Reinvestment in Hawaii
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
The initial data collection and analysis leading to “a data-driven justice reinvestment strategy to bring out-of-state prisoners back to Hawaii, reduce spending on corrections, and reinvest savings generated in strategies that would reverse recent crime trends” is reviewed (p. 1). Sections of this report include: overview; criminal justice trends in Hawaii—property crime down with violent crime up, increase in prison population and corrections spending, no sophisticated projection of prison popu... Read More
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3 pages
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2011
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Inmate Medical Cost Containment: 2011 Legislative Report
North Carolina Dept. of Corrections (Raleigh, NC).
This report evaluates the impacts resulting from North Carolina’s Senate Bill 897 on the Department of Correction’s expenditures for inmate medical services provided outside of its facilities. Senate Bill 897 is separated into the following sections: the 70% Mandate; the 5% Mandate; the Medicaid Mandate; other cost containment methods not covered by this bill; and reporting. The Department’s budget was reduced by $20.5 million in anticipation of cost savings resulting from Senate Bill 897. Unfor... Read More
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13 pages
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2011
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Linking Evaluation and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Criminal Justice: A Practical Introduction
By Drake, Elizabeth; Levshin, Valarie.
Vera Institute of Justice. Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice (CBKB) (New York, NY).
This presentation is a great primer on cost-benefit analysis (CBA). This webinar covers the basics of cost-benefit analysis in justice policy, how to understand marginal costs, and how to estimate marginal costs. In particular, participants will learn: the differences between marginal and average costs; why marginal costs are necessary in a credible cost-benefit analysis; and five methods to estimate the marginal costs of criminal justice operations.... Read More
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42 pages
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2011
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The High Cost of Solitary Confinement
By Rodriguez, Sal.
Solitary Watch (Washington, DC).
Wondering what is costs to house an inmate in solitary confinement? Then you want to read this article. Topics discussed include: costs in California at the Pelican Bay State Prison for the Security Housing Unit (SHU) and Administrative Segregation Unit (ASU); costs at Illinois’ Tamms Correctional Center; cost for Colorado; costs in Ohio, Texas, and Maryland; costs for the Federal Bureau of Prisons; construction costs; and reforms that lead to cost savings.... Read More
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2 pages
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2011
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Return on Investment: Improving Results and Saving Money
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (Denver, CO).
Effective implementation of data and cost-benefit analysis in correctional settings is discussed during a 83 minute video. Presentations included in this session are “Improve Outcomes and Save Money” by Steve Aos, and “A Case (Study) for Cost-Benefit Analysis in Justice Policy & Planning” by Tina Chiu. Links are provided to the presenters’ slides.... Read More
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2011
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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Raising the Age of Juvenile Jurisdiction in North Carolina
By Henrichson, Christian; Levshin, Valerie.
Vera Institute of Justice. Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit (New York, NY).
Those looking to increase the age of juvenile jurisdiction to 18 will find this report useful in getting their shareholders on board with the change. The North Carolina Youth Accountability Planning Task Force was tasked with “implementing a plan to transfer 16- and 17-year-olds who commit misdemeanor and low-level, non-violent felony offenses to the juvenile system, while keeping 16- and 17-year-olds who commit serious violent felonies in the adult criminal justice system” (p. iii). These secti... Read More
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47 pages
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2011
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The Impact of Arizona’s Probation Reforms
Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States. Public Safety Performance Project (Washington, DC).
Other states looking to reduce their spending on corrections will find this issue brief valuable. It describes the efforts of Arizona to establish a justice reinvestment approach for evidence-based reforms “to protect safety, hold offenders accountable and control corrections costs” (p.1). Sections of this document include: Arizona probation outcomes for 2008-2010; the Safe Communities Act of 2008, earned time credits, and performance incentive funding; trends in probation outcomes; and declines... Read More
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5 pages
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2011
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Cost-Benefit Analysis and Its Application to Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Research
By Dossetor, Kym.
Australian Institute of Criminology (Canberra, ACT).
Agencies wanting to compare the costs involved in implementing one program versus another will find this explanation of the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) very useful. CBA cannot determine a program’s effectiveness in achieving specific outcomes; this is program evaluation. CBA does show the expected costs and benefits resulting from a program’s utilization. Sections of this report following a set of acronyms include: introduction and overview of cost-benefit analysis—difference between cos... Read More
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57 pages
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2011
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Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice (CBKB)
U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC).
Vera Institute of Justice. Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit (New York, NY).
“The Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice (CBKB) aims to broaden and deepen the understanding and use of cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice... [and to] help practitioners and jurisdictions build their capacity to conduct cost-benefit studies and apply cost-benefit analysis to policymaking.” Access points on this website include: Webinar on Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Justice Policy for State Legislators; a step-by-step guide to CBA; Estimating Marginal Costs webinar; webin... Read More
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2010
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Oregon Drug Court Cost Study: Statewide Costs and Promising Practices: Final Report
By Carey, Shannon M.; Waller, Mark S..
Oregon Criminal Justice Commission (Salem, OR).
NPC Research (Portland, OR).
Those people interested in the effectiveness of drug courts should read this report. Sections following an executive summary are: introduction; evaluation design; methodology; cross-site results for 20 Oregon drug courts according to cost benefits, best practices, and 10 key components; and summary. For every dollar spent on the drug court there is a net benefit of $1.82, with a net savings to the taxpayer of nearly 57$ million over five years.... Read More
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105 pages
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2010
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Of Costs and Consequences: Using Cost-Benefit Analysis in Justice Policymaking
By Chiu, Tina.
Vera Institute of Justice (New York, NY).
The use of cost-benefit analysis to compare “the economic cost with the opportunity cost of using the [criminal justice] resource” is explained (p. 6). Topics discussed during this presentation include: Vera’s Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit (CBAU); what cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is; advantages of CBA; CBA in (roughly) 5 steps; what an educated consumer wants to know; what CBA findings will not do; examples of CBA application; areas with cost-benefit studies; some cost-benefit findings; and what yo... Read More
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25 pages
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2010
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California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation:
Inmates Sentenced Under the Three Strikes Law and a Small Number of Inmates Receiving Specialty Health Care Represent Significant Costs
California State Auditor. Bureau of State Audits (Sacramento, CA).
An audit of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation revealed two areas with significant costs to the state’s budget--expenditures related to individuals sentenced under the three strikes law and inmates receiving specialized health care. This report is comprised of three chapters, each with associated recommendations: longer sentences due to three strikes represent a significant cost; a small portion of the inmate population accounts for most contracted specialty health care ... Read More
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80 pages
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2010
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The Extravagance of Imprisonment Revisited
By Vuong, Linh; Hartney, Christopher; Krisberg, Barry; Marchionna, Susan.
National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) Oakland, CA.
Cost savings associated with utilizing alternatives to incarceration for nonserious offenders are described. Sections following an executive summary are: introduction—incarceration trends, public support for alternatives, and a different approach; method; the alternatives—electronic monitoring, reporting programs (day reporting centers and work release programs, and drug treatment; estimated savings, prisons and jails, 2008—national, California, Florida, New York, and Texas; and summary. Nationw... Read More
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20 p.
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2010
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Economic Impacts of Prison Growth
By Kirchhoff, Suzanne M..
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC).
Anyone involved with prison planning or who has an interest in prison growth and spending needs to read this report. Sections following a summary are: corrections a rising concern; U.S. corrections system; prisoner boom and incarceration trends; prison employment and unions; prison construction, rural prisons, and financing; private sector—private prison companies and the private prison industry; economic impact—prisons as drivers of economic development; and challenges for policymakers. “Though... Read More
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35 p.
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2010
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Justice Reinvestment at the Local Level
Urban Institute. Justice Policy Center (Washington, DC).
“Justice reinvestment employs data and collaborative decisionmaking to help jurisdictions lower crime, criminal justice spending, and control growth in correctional populations” (p.1). This website provides access to publications, press reports, events, resources, and contact information.... Read More
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4 p.
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2010
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The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration
By Schmitt, John; Warner, Kris; Gupta, Sarika.
Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) (Washington, DC).
Anyone interested or involved in reducing correctional expenditures should read this paper. Sections following an executive summary are an introduction; incarceration nation; cost, punishment; the high cost of punishment; and conclusion. Appendixes include: international incarceration rates; historical incarceration rates; working-age men, either in prison or jail; and custody vs. jurisdiction counts of inmates. “We calculate that a reduction by one-half in the incarceration rate of non-violent ... Read More
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17 p.
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2010
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Justice Atlas of Sentencing and Corrections
Justice Mapping Center (Brooklyn, NY).
“The Justice Atlas is a corrections data driven, interactive mapping tool ... [It] is distinct from crime mapping in that it maps the residential patterns of populations who are admitted to prison and who return to their communities from prison each year; as well as those who are on parole or probation on any typical day.” Statistics are provided per state (if given) for admissions rate, count, and expenditure, releases rate, count, and expenditure, parole rate and count, and probation rate and ... Read More
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1 page
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2010
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Murder by Numbers: Monetary Costs Imposed by a Sample of Homicide Offenders
By DeLisi, Matt; Kosloski, Anna; Sween, Molly; Hachmeister, Emily; Moore, Matt; Drury, Alan.
The costs associated with five crimes – murder, rape, armed robbery, aggravated assault, and burglary – are determined. “The average cost per murder exceeded $17.25 million” (p. 501).... Read More
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13 pages
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2010
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Improving Criminal Justice and Reducing Recidivism Through Justice Reinvestment
By Rivers, Jacquelyn L..
U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC).
An overview of the justice reinvestment (JR) process is provided.... Read More
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2 pages
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2010
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The National Summit on Justice Reinvestment and Public Safety: Addressing Recidivism, Crime, and Corrections Spending
Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States. Public Safety Performance Project (Washington, DC); U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC); Public Welfare Foundation (Washington, DC).
Council of States Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
Materials from a national summit regarding “data-driven, fiscally responsible policies and practices that can increase public safety and reduce recidivism and spending on corrections” are available at this website. Points of entry include: overview and Summit report; multimedia; media coverage; and hearing testimony. Individuals tasked with reducing correctional spending should look at this resource.... Read More
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2 pages
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2010
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WSIPP’s Benefit-Cost Tool for States: Examining Policy Options in Sentencing and Corrections
Washington State Institute for Public Policy (Olympia, WA).
The development and implementation of an analytical tool that helps states determine which evidence-based practices are most cost effective in preventing crime and lowering correctional costs. “The project’s overall goal is to use the best information available to identify sentencing and corrections policies that can help states protect public safety and control taxpayer costs. To accomplish this goal, we have constructed a benefit-cost “investment” model that estimates crime and fiscal outcome... Read More
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58 pages
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2010
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Best Steps Forward: A Budget Balancing Path to Reset State Government & Overcome a Decade of Deficits
Oregon. Governor’s Reset Cabinet (Portland, OR).
While the entire report is informative, one appendix is particular to the community corrections field—Strategies for Reducing the Cost of Corrections in Oregon. Sections of this report following an executive summary are: a decade of deeper deficits confronts us now; long-term deficits require long-term solutions; step 1—carry forward interim budget reductions; step 2—keep state employees in step with all working Oregonians; step 3—keep school employees in step with state employees; step 4—modify... Read More
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78 pages
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2010
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Net Benefits of Drug Court
By Downey, P. Mitchell; Roman, John K..
Urban Institute. Justice Policy Center (Washington, DC); Center for Court Innovation (New York, NY); RTI International (Research Triangle Park, NC).
The use of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to determine the effectiveness of a drug court program is explained. Topics discussed include: why do a CBA; what a CBA is all about; what a CBA tells us; what a CBA does not tell us; how to do a CBA; quantities—defining the impacts; impacts considered; fining qualities; prices—valuing the impacts—site-specific process; prices—valuing the impacts—national price estimates; results—processing costs; results—criminal justice outcomes; results—other outcomes;... Read More
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16 pages
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2009
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10 Minutes on Sustainable Cost Reductions: An Approach that Sticks, In Bad Times and Good
PricewaterhouseCoopers (New York, NY).
Strategies for reducing costs that are sustainable, they not only work in the present but also in the future, are explained. This publication covers: why most cost reduction attempts fail; cost reduction strategies and practices that are either value killer or value builders at a glance; challenging times call for thoughtful measures; why cost reduction plans unravel; a strong foundation is critical; and a culture of sustainable cost reduction—where to start.... Read More
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8 pages
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2009
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Cost–Saving and Cost–Containment Strategies for New York State’s Local Governments
New York. Office of the State Comptroller. Division of Local Government and School Accountability (Albany, NY).
“This report provides a number of ideas and explains efforts undertaken by various municipal officials or identified through audits conducted by OSC [Office of the State Comptroller] that are applicable to most local governments, and that address costs that are under local control” (p. 1). Three areas are highlighted: health care, energy, and jails. In particular, jail-related expenditures have been reduced by cook-chill food preparation, telemedicine, and alternative incarceration. The report e... Read More
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22 pages
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2009
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Steps to Control Prison Inmate Health Care Costs Have Begun to Show Savings
Florida. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability (Tallahassee, FL).
Efforts by the Florida Department of Corrections to reduce inmate health care costs are reported. Best practices in contracting for inmate health services are also described. Sections of this publication include: at a glance; scope; background; questions and answers—what factors have contributed to rising costs for inmate health care; the steps have been take to contain these costs; what should be considered if inmate health care is outsourced; practices to be followed when contracting for inmat... Read More
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16 pages
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2009
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Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide
National Institute on Drug Abuse (Rockville, MD).
This guide “is designed to serve as a resource for health care providers, family members, and other stakeholders trying to address the myriad problems faced by patients in need of treatment for drug abuse or addiction” (p.vi). Sections include: principles of effective treatment; frequently asked questions; drug addiction treatment in the U.S.; evidence-based approaches to drug addiction treatment; and additional resources.... Read More
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80 p.
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2009
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Increased Earned Release From Prison: Impacts of a 2003 Law on Recidivism and Crime Costs, Revised
By Drake, E.K.; Barnoski, R.; Aos, S..
Washington State Institute for Public Policy (Olympia, WA).
The effects of increasing earned release time (similar to "good time") from 33% to 50% of an inmate's total sentence are assessed. Sections after a summary include: background -- earned release time and eligibility criteria for 50% level; evaluation design; recidivism findings; incapacitation effects; and cost-benefit analysis. It appears the law increases property crimes, reduces felony recidivism, and results in total savings of $15,359 per early released inmate.... Read More
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16 p.
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2009
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Justice Reinvestment in Michigan: Policy Options to Deter Crime, Lower Recidivism, and Reduce Spending on Corrections
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
Options are provided to Michigan policymakers for reducing the high rates of crime and spending on corrections. Strategies are organized into the following areas: deter criminal activity; lower recidivism; and reduce spending on corrections. This brief also addresses accountability and cost-savings analysis.... Read More
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6 p.
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2009
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Justice Reinvestment in Michigan: Analyses of Crime, Community Corrections, and Sentencing Policies
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
Results are supplied from an analysis of crime, community corrections, and sentencing policies in Michigan which will provide "a data-driven foundation upon which to review and consider policy options to increase public safety and reduce spending on corrections" (p. 1).... Read More
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11 p.
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2009
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The Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender Program: Four-Year Felony Recidivism and Cost Effectiveness
By Mayfield, Jim.
Washington State Institute for Public Policy (Olympia, WA).
Results from an evaluation of Washington State's Dangerously Mentally Ill Offender (DMIO) program are presented. Sections in addition to a summary are: introduction; DMIO referral and services; earlier findings; key methodological issue -- a similar comparison group; criminal recidivism after four years; program costs and recidivism savings; and conclusion. Utilization of the DMIO program results in a reduction of felony recidivism of 42% with an overall return of $1.64 for every dollar spent.... Read More
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4 p.
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2009
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GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Developing and Managing Capital Program Costs
U.S. Government Accountability Office (Washington, DC).
The intent of this publication is “to establish a consistent methodology that is based on best practices and that can be used across the federal government for developing, managing, and evaluating capital program cost estimates” (p. i). Twenty chapters are contained in this guide: the characteristics of credible cost estimates and a reliable process for creating them; why government programs need cost estimates and the challenges in developing them; criteria for cost estimating, EVM (earned valu... Read More
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420 p.
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2009
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Evaluation of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction and Corporation for Supportive Housing's Pilot Program: Interim Report, Oct 2007-Sept 2008
By Fontaine, Jocelyn; Nadeau, Carey Anne; Roman, Caterina; Roman, John.
Urban Institute. Justice Policy Center (Washington, DC).
Results are presented from an assessment of the Returning Home Initiative (RHI) pilot programs for developing permanent supportive housing (PSH) for homeless ex-offenders with co-occurring disorders. Four sections comprise this report: introduction and background; enrollment and recruitment; data analysis for pathways of release to housing, client baseline characteristics, program discharge, and service provider profiles; and evaluation update and next steps.... Read More
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34 p.
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2009
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Justice Reinvestment in Texas: Assessing the Impact of the 2007 Justice Reinvestment Initiative
U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC); Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States. Public Safety Performance Project (Washington, DC).
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
The effect of Texas' implementation of a "justice reinvestment strategy to increase public safety and reduce spending on corrections" is explained (p. 1). Sections of this bulletin include: highlights of findings; Texas's growing prison population in 2007; description of the Justice Reinvestment Initiative enacted in 2007; implementation of the Initiative; implementation status; prison population trends 2007-2009; 2009 prison population projections; actual population at calendar year end compar... Read More
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10 p.
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2009
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Justice Reinvestment in Wisconsin: Analyses & Policy Options to Reduce Spending on Corrections and Increase Public Safety
U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC).
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
A data-driven policy framework is presented that proposes to reduce correctional spending while increasing public safety through reinvestment strategies. This report contains the following sections: background; analyses for crime trends and the prison population, drivers of prison population growth, truth in sentencing in Wisconsin, community supervision, and effective assessment and evaluation; "Policy Framework to Reduce Spending on Corrections & Increase Public Safety"; combined impact of th... Read More
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12 p.
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2009
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Shoveling Up II: The Impact of Substance Abuse on Federal, State and Local Budgets
Columbia University. National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (New York, NY).
The costs of substance abuse on society, including those for criminal justice, and strategies for reducing these costs are discussed. Sections of this report include: introduction and executive summary; uncovering the costs to government of substance abuse and addiction; the burdens to federal programs; the burden to state budgets; the burden to local budgets; government spending on prevention, treatment, and research; government spending on regulation, compliance, and interdiction; and moving ... Read More
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165 p.
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2009
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The Costs of Confinement: Why Good Juvenile Justice Policies Make Good Fiscal Sense
By Petteruti, Amanda; Walsh, Nastassia; Velazquez, Tracy.
Public Welfare Foundation (Washington, DC); Open Society Institute-New York (New York, NY).
Justice Policy Institute (Washington, DC).
“This policy brief details how states can see a net reduction in costs by moving expenditures away from large, congruent care facilities (often called “training schools”) for youth and investing in community-based alternatives” (p.1). Sections of this document include: introduction; juvenile justice definitions; current trend -- more youth are being caught up in the juvenile justice system; locking up youth can be costly for states; shifting the fiscal architecture of state juvenile justice syst... Read More
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24 p.
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2009
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Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Crime and Criminal Justice Costs: Implications in Washington State
By Drake, Elizabeth K.; Aos, Steve; Miller, Marna G..
Following an abstract, this article has sections that cover: meta-analytical procedures; cost-benefit procedures; findings for what reduces crime and what the costs and benefits are; and conclusions. This article describes the methodology behind, and includes some updates to, the 2006 report, "Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Future Prison Construction, Criminal Justice Costs and Crime Rates." Programs evaluated are those operating in the adult and juvenile offender systems, as we... Read More
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27 p.
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2009
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The Net Fiscal Benefit of CSC Programming: Final Report: February 2009 Update
Conference Board of Canada (Ottawa, Ontario); Correctional Service of Canada. Research Branch (Ottawa, Ontario).
Results from a cost-benefit analysis of seven programming categories (i.e., violence prevention, family violence, substance abuse, sex offender, living skills, education, and employment) are presented. Four sections follow an executive summary -- introduction, literature review findings, methodology, and findings from the cost-benefit analysis. Total net benefits from programming are $84,852,457, or a benefit to cost ratio of 3.94 to 1.... Read More
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50 p.
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2009
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California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: It Fails to Track and Use Data That Would Allow It to More Effectively Monitor and Manage Its Operations
California State Auditor. Bureau of State Audits (Sacramento, CA).
The need for information to determine which factors are contributing to an increase in California's corrections expenditures of 32 percent while inmate population has decreased one percent is reviewed. These chapters follow a summary -- results in brief: "A Lack of Accurate Data Complicates Identification of Specific Characteristics That Affect the Average Annual Cost Per Inmate"; "Without a Current Staffing Plan Based on Inmate Needs or Adequate Data, Corrections Cannot Effectively Allocate Re... Read More
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106 p.
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2009
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Bureau of Prisons: Methods for Cost Estimation Largely Reflect Best Practices but Quantifing Risks Would Enhance Decision Making
U.S. Government Accountability Office (Washington, DC).
The Government Accountability Office found that the BOP estimates its Annual Budget using three general steps; BOP’s methods for estimating costs largely reflect best practices; and costs for key operations have exceeded the funding levels requested in the Presidents budget in recent years.... Read More
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66 p.
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2008
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Justice Reinvestment in Michigan: Reducing Crime, Victimization, and Corrections Spending
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
An overview of the process behind “the development of a statewide policy framework that reduces crime and victimization in Michigan, manages the growth in spending on corrections, and reinvests in targeted efforts to increase public safety in high-crime neighborhoods” is provided (p. 1). Sections of this brief include: background; snapshot of crime, recidivism, and corrections spending in Michigan; and the Justice Center’s three phases of assistance -- analyze data, develop policy options, and e... Read More
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4 p.
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2008
|
Megan's Law: Assessing the Practical and Monetary Efficacy
By Zgoba, Kristen; Witt, Philip; Dalessandro, Melissa; Veysey, Bonita.
National Institute of Justice (Washington, DC).
New Jersey Dept. of Corrections. Office of Policy and Planning. Research and Evaluation Unit (Trenton, NJ).
The "various impacts of community notification and registration laws (Megan's Law) in New Jersey" are examined (p. 1). Sections comprising this report include: executive summary; introduction; Phase One -- the trend study; Phase Two -- sex offender outcome study; Phase Three -- cost study; and project summary. It appears that Megan's Law does not decrease the rates of new first-time sex offenses or repeat sex offenders.... Read More
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44 p.
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2008
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Pre-Trial Detention: A Cost-Benefit Approach
By Bowles, Roger; Cohen, Mark.
Open Society Justice Initiative (Washington, DC).
This paper describes a cost-benefit approach used "to develop a model that can be used to explore the impact on social costs or social welfare of Pre-Trial Detention" (PTD) (p. 2). Sections cover: introduction; model of PTD; modeling policy options; compiling evidence of PTD costs and benefits for a developing country; background evidence; evidence on "costs"; and concluding remarks.... Read More
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37 p.
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2008
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Drug Law Reform 2008 -- Dramatic Costs Savings for New York State
Legal Action Center (New York, NY).
Cost savings from the implementation of reforms to New York's Rockefeller Drug laws are determined. Sections following an executive summary include: in sum; background -- the problem; drug law reform efforts; methodology; results for the cost of incarceration, cost of treatment, DTAP screening costs, treatment graduation rates, collateral benefits, cost of failure; cost savings estimate; and conclusion. A savings of $270,279,000 a year is estimated.... Read More
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11 p.
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2008
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The Economic Return on PCCD's Investment in Research-Based Programs: A Cost-Benefit Assessment of Delinquency Prevention in Pennsylvania
By Jones, Damon; Bumbarger, Brian K.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Greenwood, Peter; Kyler, Sandee.
Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency (PCCD) (Harrisburg, PA).
Pennsylvania State University. Prevention Research Center for the Promotion of Human Development (University Park, PA).
The question of whether funding of PCCD (Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency) in research-based prevention programs has been cost-effective is addressed. This report contains these sections: executive summary; background; introduction -- the importance of prevention from a monetary standpoint; considering costs and benefits in justice system funding; program effects used to monetize program benefits; summary of cost-benefit calculations used for this report; return-on-investment (R... Read More
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49 p.
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2008
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Reform Criminal Justice Policies, Cut Government Costs
Correctional Association of New York (New York, NY).
Potential cost savings are provided for various reformed correctional practices in New York State. The context and recommendation/potential savings for the following are given: closing under utilized prisons; repealing the Rockefeller Drug Laws; reforming parole -- increasing diversion for technical parole violators and restoring fair and rational standards to parole release decision-making; increasing work release eligibility and population; additional cost savings measures -- expanding merit ... Read More
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4 p.
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2008
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Registering Harm: How Sex Offense Registries Fail Youth and Communities
Southern Poverty Law Center (Montgomery, AL); Public Welfare Foundation (Washington, DC); Open Society Institute-New York (New York, NY).
Justice Policy Institute (Washington, DC).
"This report documents the issues related to public safety and fiscal accountability that states should consider as they determine whether to comply with the Adam Walsh Act or otherwise expand the reach of their existing [sex offender] registries" (p. 3). Sections contained in this report are: introduction; the history and origins of sex offender registries; the Adam Walsh Act; the harmful effects of the Adam Walsh Act on our children and communities; and recommendations.... Read More
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48 p.
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2008
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Justice State Brief: Vermont Reinvestment
U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (Washington, DC); Pew Charitable Funds. Pew Center on the States. Public Safety Performance Project (Washington, DC).
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
The use by Vermont policymakers of “a data-driven strategy, called justice reinvestment, to better manage corrections spending, increase public safety, and redirect some of the savings toward efforts that will improve conditions in the neighborhoods to which most people released from prison return” is explained (p. 1). Sections of this report include: highlights; overview; Step 1 -- analyze the prison population and spending in the communities to which people in prison often return; Step 2 -- id... Read More
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7 p.
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2008
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Increasing Public Safety & Generating Savings: Options for Vermont Policymakers
Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
Suggestions for addressing some challenges in the criminal justice system facing Vermont while reducing associated costs are presented. Five policy options with related policy elements and bed savings contribute to a net savings of $54 million over nine years.... Read More
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2 p.
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2008
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One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008
By Warren, Jenifer.
Pew Center on the States. Public Safety Performance Project (Washington, DC).
Incarceration levels in the United States are examined. Sections following an executive summary include: snapshot of prison growth; the costs -- high and climbing fast; controlling crime and costs; and a final word. A few of the statistics revealed are: one in 100 adults is incarcerated; one in nine African-Americans ages 20-34 is behind bars; 13 states spend more than $1 billion on corrections; and from 1987 to 2007 there was an increase in spending for corrections of 127% while spending on h... Read More
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35 p.
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2008
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The Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender Program: Three-Year Felony Recidivism and Cost Effectiveness
By Mayfield, Jim; Lovell, David.
Washington State Institute for Public Policy (Olympia, WA).
The benefits realized by the Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender (DMIO) program over the three year period following DMIO participant release are reported. Sections comprising this publication are: summary; introduction; previous findings; key methodological issue -- selecting a similar comparison group; criminal recidivism after three years; program costs and recidivism savings; and conclusion. The felony recidivism rates of DMIO participants are 37% less than those of non-participants at a cost s... Read More
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9 p.
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2008
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The Cost of the Death Penalty in Maryland
By Roman, John; Chalfin, Aaron; Sundquist, Aaron; Knigh, Carly; Darmenov, Askar.
Abell Foundation (Baltimore, MD).
Urban Institute. Justice Policy Center (Washington, DC).
The prison and adjudication costs in Maryland of capital-eligible cases with and without the application of the death penalty are determined. This report has these sections: abstract; executive summary; the cost of the death penalty; and results. The cost of a capital-eligible case without the death penalty costs $1.1 million; unsuccessfully seeking the death penalty costs $1.8 million; and a case resulting in the death penalty will cost around $3 million.... Read More
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64 p.
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2008
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The Hidden Death Tax: The Secret Costs of Seeking Execution in California
By Minsker, Natasha.
American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California (San Francisco, CA).
Costs associated with administering the death penalty, in particular trial expenses, are determined. Sections following an executive summary are: introduction; why the death penalty costs more; what is known about the costs of California's death penalty; recommendations for reform -- revealing the hidden costs; and cost breakdown for trials with most comprehensive accounting. It costs at least $1.1 million more to seek the death penalty than not.... Read More
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43 p.
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2008
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Death by Geography: A County by County Analysis of the Road to Execution in California
By Ganschow, Romy.
American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California (San Francisco, CA).
The capricious nature of the death penalty as practices in California is shown by this report about the ten counties that continue to sentence people to death. An executive summary data analysis, and fact sheets comprise this report. Fact sheets include county death sentences 2000-2007, Alameda, Contra Costa, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Tulare, and Ventura. The report finds California's death p... Read More
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27 p.
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2008
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To Treat or Not to Treat: Evidence on the Prospects of Expanding Treatment to Drug-Involved Offenders
By Bhati, Avinash Singh; Roman, John K.; Chalfin, Aaron.
Urban Institute. Justice Policy Center (Washington, DC).
The "size of the drug-involved offender population that could be served effectively and efficiently by partnerships between courts and treatment" is determined (p. xiii). Sections following an executive summary are: background and motivation; research design; estimation strategy, findings for prevalence, crimes averted by treatment; cost-effectiveness of treating currently eligible drug court participants, and simulated cost-effectiveness of expanding criminal justice system-based treatment; an... Read More
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90 p.
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2008
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Benefit-Cost Analyses of Sentencing
By McDougall, C.; Cohen, M.; Swaray R.; Perry, A..
Campbell Collaboration. Crime and Justice Group (N.P.).
The costs and benefits of various sentencing options are examined. This review has these sections: abstract; introduction; objectives of systematic review; method; description of studies; methodological quality of the studies; results for benefit-cost studies and cost-effectiveness studies; discussion; and reviewers' conclusions. "Evidence from the small number of studies in this review of the costs and benefits of sentencing would suggest that combining rehabilitation with structure may be cos... Read More
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87 p.
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2008
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Youth Courts: An Empirical Update and Analysis of Future Organizational and Research Needs
By Schneider, Jeffrey.
U.S. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (Washington, DC).
George Washington University. Hamilton Fish Institute on School and Community Violence (Washington, DC).
This report examines operational concerns with youth courts (aka teen court, peer jury, or student court), volunteer activity, court maturation, and resource utilization. Sections comprising this document include: introduction; youth in the juvenile justice system; juvenile justice system costs; philosophy/framework and goals of youth courts; current youth courts study; issues of this study; issues of youth courts; and potential value of youth courts. The best estimate shows that youth courts c... Read More
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43 p.
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2008
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Wasting Money, Wasting Lives: Calculating the Hidden Costs of Incarceration in New Jersey
By Kleykamp, Meredith; Rosenfeld, Jake; Scott, Roseanne.
Drug Policy Alliance (New York).
Drug Policy Alliance New Jersey (Trenton, NJ).
The direct and indirect costs of incarceration in New Jersey are determined. This report contains these sections: executive summary; introduction; portrait of incarceration in N.J.; costs of incarceration in N.J.; methodology; hidden costs -- incarceration and lost child support; hidden costs -- children with incarcerated parents; post-incarceration costs -- employment and wages; NJ Comprehensive Drug Reform Act; the case of Newark; and conclusion. An appendix shows how to calculate incarcerati... Read More
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17 p.
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2008
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Costs and Benefits of a Targeted Intervention Program for Youthful Offenders: The YouthBuild USA Offender Project
By Cohen, Mark A.; Piquero, Alex R..
YouthBuild USA (Somerville, MA); Skoll Foundation (Palo Alto, CA).
"This study analyzes the costs and benefits of the YouthBuild USA Offender Project - a targeted intervention focusing on 16 to 24 year old criminal offenders" (p. 3). Sections of this report are: abstract; executive summary; introduction; background; the YouthBuild USA Offender Project; Participants' demographics; outcome measures; comparison of YouthBuild offender sample to similar youth; potential costs and benefits of YouthBuild Offender Project; how YouthBuild Offender Project students comp... Read More
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61 p.
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2008
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Impact and Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Anchorage Wellness Court
By Roman, John K.; Chalfin, Aaron; Reid, Jay; Reid, Shannon.
National Institute of Justice (Washington, DC); University of Alaska, Anchorage (Anchorage, AK).
Urban Institute. Justice Policy Center (Washington, DC).
The "costs and benefits of serving misdemeanor DUI offenders in the Anchorage Wellness Center (AWC), a specialized court employing principles of therapeutic jurisprudence" are estimated (p. v). This report contains these sections: executive summary; background and prior research; research design; results according to recidivism comparisons, costs (court and treatment), benefits, and outcomes; and discussion. The AWC reduced the recidivism and reconviction rates for the Treatment group, in parti... Read More
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63 p.
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2008
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Pre-Trial Legal Aid for Criminal Defendants: A Cost-Benefit Approach
By Bowles, Roger; Cohen, Mark.
Open Society Justice Initiative (Washington, DC).
The influence that legal aid has on the decision of an appropriate bail is explained. Sections comprising this report include: introduction; modeling the role of legal aid at the pre-trial detention stage; legal aid and the cost benefit analysis of PTD (pre-trial detention); legal aid in practice; evidence on "costs" and "benefits"; and concluding remarks. A study in Baltimore shows that guaranteed representation at bail saves an estimated $4.5 million a year.... Read More
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20 p.
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2006
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Cost Effective In-Service Training Alternatives for Small Jails
By Reid, Tom.
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
Minnesota Jail Resource Center (St. Paul, MN); National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
"This Training Resource Package recommends several cost-effective methods of providing in-service training for existing staff (p.3)." Sections of this document include: theme--if it meets all the requirements of "Defendable Training," it is training; executive summary; introduction; needs; training delivery options--in-service field training, shift overlap training delivery sessions, experiential training, shift scenario reviews, staff independent studies programs, training presentations during ... Read More
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16 p.
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2005
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Correctional Industries Programs for Adult Offenders in Prison: Estimates of Benefits and Costs
By Aos, Steve.
Washington State Institute for Public Policy (Olympia, WA).
Results of a cost-benefit analysis of correctional industries programs are provided. Sections of this report are: research methods; research results; benefits and costs; and conclusion. "We find that correctional industries programs for adult offenders in prison can achieve a statistically significant reduction in recidivism rates, and that a reasonably priced program generates about $6.70 in benefits per dollar of cost (p. 2)."... Read More
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2 p.
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2000
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Prison Health Care Survey: An Analysis of Factors Influencing Per Capita Costs
By Lamb-Mechanick, Deborah; Nelson, Julianne.
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
The construction of a model that explains the reasons for variance in the average per capita cost of prison health care was undertaken in this study. "The major finding of this study was that it was not the range or number of services but rather the method of care delivery and the staffing mix that most affected per capita prison health care costs. Specifically, the cost of inmate health care varied by: the use of capitated contracts for ambulatory care; the hours of mid-level practitioner care ... Read More
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93 p.
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1999
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Taft Prison Facility: Cost Scenarios
By Nelson, Julianne.
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
The contract cost of services provided by Wackenhut to run the Taft facility are compared to the cost of comparable services directly provided by the Bureau of Prisons. The Taft project is the first fully-privatized federal correctional facility with an outside contractor assuming primary responsibility for operations. This report includes the following sections: an introduction; OMB Circular A-76 methodology; basis of comparison; comparing costs -- staff compensation, inmate services; miscellan... Read More
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20 p.
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1998
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Private Prisons in the United States: An Assessment of Current Practice
By McDonald, Douglas.
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
Abt Associates (Cambridge, MA).
After presenting an overview of the private imprisonment industry, this assessment addresses four major issues in privatization: Does contracting for prison operations save money? Do privately operated facilities provide better services? Legal issues relevant to contracting for imprisonment, and Implications for federal prisons. ... Read More
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212 p.
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1997
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Prison Medical Care: Special Needs Populations and Cost Control - Special Issues in Corrections
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
National Institute of Corrections Information Center (Longmont, CO); LIS, Inc. (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections. Prisons Division (Washington, DC).
Departments of corrections nationwide were surveyed regarding care for populations with specialized medical care needs and also regarding means the departments are using to contain or reduce their overall costs for medical services. The section on specialized needs details state responses concerning medical care for elderly, terminally ill, and chronically ill inmates. Tables identify main facilities housing elderly inmates with special medical needs, responses available for elderly inmates with... Read More
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15 p.
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1996
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Privatization and Contracting in Corrections: Results of an NIC Survey
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
LIS, Inc. (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections Information Center (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections. Prisons Division (Washington, DC).
This fifty state survey explores the issues of contracting from the perspective of the department of corrections themselves. It summarizes current activity in contracting for facilities and services, both in terms of scope and related costs, and examines issues in contract management. Part 1 addresses facility privatization, and Part 2 covers contracting for correctional services. A listing of DOC contracting contacts is included as Appendix A. ... Read More
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24 p.
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1994
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Cost Containment Measures and Impacts in Six Departments of Correction
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
LIS, Inc. (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections Information Center (Longmont, CO).
This report describes the cost containment measures taken in five state Department of Corrections and the Correctional Service of Canada. The six profiles cover the following aspects of cost containment initiatives: the impetus behind the cost containment effort; the selection and design of the cost containment measures; the methods used to evaluate the impact of those measures; and a description of each measure and its impact. States included in this review are Indiana, Nebraska, Oregon, Tennes... Read More
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32 p.
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1992
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Residential Community Corrections Facilities: Current Practice and Policy Issues
By Knapp, Kay; Burke, Peggy; Carter, Mimi.
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
This report is based upon a reanalysis of survey data on residential communities corrections facilities and upon case studies of eight residential facilities. While examining the diversity of facilities in terms of population, organizational base, size, and mission, the report also discusses the various roles that these facilities serve within the criminal justice system.... Read More
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52 p.
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1991
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An Evaluation of Health Care Costs in Jails
National Institute of Corrections. Jails Division (Boulder, CO).
Maricopa County Health Dept. Correctional Health Services (Phoenix, AZ).
Due to factors such as increased litigation, court intervention, the rise in the national cost of health care, and jail population growth, health care expenditures absorb an increasing part of jail operational costs each year. In this study, a combination of site visits, interviews, and data collection was used to examine nursing, pharmacy, and health services administration within seven accredited jail medical programs (four publicly operated, three privately contracted). Following the conclusi... Read More
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146 p.
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1989
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The Cost of Corrections: In Search of the Bottom Line
By McDonald, Douglas C..
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC); Robert J. Kutak Foundation (Omaha, NE).
The author offers substantive cost information on prisons, jails, probation, and parole, as well as a tutorial on the shortcomings of popular methods of computing corrections costs.... Read More
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40 p.
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1989
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Does Sentencing Felony Probationers to Community Service Affect Recidivism and Economic Sanction Compliance?: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study
By Wheeler, Gerald R.; Rudolph, Amy S..
National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
Harris County Adult Probation Dept. (Houston, TX).
Findings show that a higher percentage of persons sentenced to unpaid community service successfully terminated probation during the study period and paid higher restitution fees. The cost effectiveness of community service sentencing is presented, and guidelines for this form of restitution are discussed. (Abstract). Includes bibliography.... Read More
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22 p.
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