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Sunday, October 07, 2012

Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention - Leading the effort to treat and prevent diabetes in American Indians and Alaska Natives

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standards of care and clinical practice recommendations : behavioral health

Standards of Care and Clinical Practice
Recommendations: Type 2 Diabetes

Last updated: August 2012

Behavioral Health

Clinical Practice Recommendations

Alcohol and Other Substance Abuse

recommendations iconRecommendations for Alcohol and Other Substance Use

  • Screen for use of alcohol and other substances periodically. Utilize motivational interviewing when appropriate.
  • Be alert for behaviors, symptoms, signs, and laboratory test results suggestive of substance abuse.
  • Refer patients for behavioral health care and substance abuse treatment as appropriate.
  • Counsel patients on the appropriate use of alcohol:
    • Recognize and support that some AI/AN people and communities have chosen to be alcohol-free;
    • Advise abstention from alcohol for women planning a pregnancy and during pregnancy, and for people with medical problems such as liver disease, pancreatitis, advanced neuropathy, severe hypertriglyceridemia, or alcohol abuse;
    • For those who choose to use alcohol, recommend limiting alcoholic beverages to 1 serving per day for adult women and 2 servings per day for adult men. (1 serving = 12 oz. beer, 5 oz. glass of wine, or 1.5 oz. distilled spirits [e.g., vodka, whiskey, gin, etc.]).
  • For patients unwilling or unable to limit/abstain from alcohol or substance use, adjust medication choices and dosing schedules to minimize patient safety risks.

Rates of alcohol-related deaths in AI/ANs were 519% higher than the rate for U.S. all races from 2003-2005. AI/AN people are more likely than any other racial group to have either an alcohol or drug abuse disorder in the past year. Substance abuse disorders frequently coexist with and complicate the course of diabetes.

The toll these conditions take on AI/AN people, their families, and their communities is significant. Yet, while the risk of substance abuse is high, so is the rate of remission in AI/AN people.

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Depression

recommendations iconRecommendations for Depression Screening and Follow-up

  • Screen adult patients with diabetes for depression at regular intervals.
  • Providers investigate positive screening results with patients to determine if depression is present and, if so, the severity.
  • A collaborative care team for the treatment and follow-up of patients with depression is established and accessible.
  • If depression is diagnosed, the collaborative care team develops and implements a treatment plan that includes routine monitoring using a standardized depression survey, stepped treatment intensification, and follow-up.

Depression is closely intertwined with type 2 diabetes, and the association between the two conditions is “bidirectional” – the presence of one increases the risk that the other will develop. Individuals with depression are at increased risk of developing diabetes, and as many as one-third of patients with diabetes will develop depression at some point. In the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the overall rate of depression in people with diabetes was 8.3% but in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) it was 27.8%.

Depression not only affects patient self-management tasks such as medication adherence or lifestyle behaviors, but it also affects patient outcomes. Major depression is associated with a 25% increased risk of macrovascular complications and a 36% increased risk of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. In a study of AI/AN patients with both diabetes and depression, A1C levels were found to be 1.2% higher (9.3% versus 8.1%). Effective treatment of depression and diabetes using collaborative care that emphasizes stepped treatment intensification has been shown to improve both conditions as well as quality of life and a number of functional outcomes.

To screen for depression, use a screening tool that is simple to administer and assess such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Other screening tools may be used, however, the PHQ has been validated in many populations, is relatively short and simple to use, and is designed for use in the primary care setting. Its’ longer version, the PHQ-9, can be used to track depression severity over time and supports appropriate treatment intensification. Routine use of the PHQ-9 at protocol-defined follow-up points in a manner similar to blood pressure tracking for hypertension is recommended. Even in higher risk populations, such as those with diabetes, the optimal frequency for depression screening is unknown.

→ Note: Depression screening alone has not been shown to improve outcomes. Screening must be incorporated into an effective collaborative care system that provides ongoing treatment, appropriate treatment intensification at timely intervals, care coordination and assertive follow-up, patient self-management support, psychoeducation, and monitoring to ensure resolution of depressive symptoms. Collaborative care teams (primary care provider, nurse care manager or other case manager, and consulting psychiatrist) have been shown to be particularly effective, though protocol-driven case management even without ongoing psychiatric oversight can also be effective.

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Resources

Tools for Clinicians and Educators

tools and resources iconKey Tools and Resources

Alcohol

IHS. Office of Clinical and Preventive Services. Emergency Services. Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (ASBI) Program Implementation and Operations Manual. IHS. 2008.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).

Depression

IHS Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention. Indian Health Diabetes Best Practice—Depression Care, 2011 .[PDF - 328KB]

The MacArthur Initiative on Depression and Primary Care. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

National Diabetes Education Program. Living a Balanced Life with Diabetes: A Toolkit Addressing Psychosocial Issues for American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples. Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. April 2012. Only available online.

additional resources iconAdditional Resources

Alcohol

Guard A, et al., American Public Health Association and Education Development Center, Inc. Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners. Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF] Produced by the American Public Health Association under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington DC: 2008. 28 p.

  • This guide provides health educators and community health workers with the information, skills, and tools needed to conduct screening and brief intervention to help at-risk drinkers reduce their alcohol use to a safe amount or to stop drinking.

Patient Education Materials

Alcohol and Other Substance Use

National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Rethinking Drinking: Alcohol and Your Health. Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov NIH Publication No. 10-3770, 2010.

  • Online version of 16-page booklet with interactive features and additional resources.

Mental Health/Depression

National Institute of Mental Health. Depression and Diabetes. Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov NIH Publication No. 11–5003. 2011.

  • This brochure describes the signs and symptoms of depression and how it is linked to diabetes.

Bibliography

Alcohol and Other Substance Use

Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, Apovian CM, Clark NG, Franz MJ, et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 Suppl 1:S61-78. (See p. S67 for alcohol recommendations) http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/Supplement_1/S61.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Boyd DR, Milman K, Stuart P, Dekker A, Flaherty J. Alcohol screening and brief intervention (ASBI) program implementation and operations manual. Rockville (MD): Indian Health Service, Office of Clinical and Preventive Services, Emergency Services; 2008 Mar. 36 p. http://www.ihs.gov/nonmedicalprograms/nc4/Documents/ASBI_Manual.pdf [PDF]

Guard A, Rosenblum L. Alcohol screening and brief intervention: a guide for public health practitioners. Produced by the American Public Health Association under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington (DC): American Public Health Association and Education Development Center, Inc.; 2008. 28 p. http://www.apha.org/programs/additional/progaddNHTSI.htm Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Indian Health Service National Tribal Advisory Committee on Behavioral Health (NTAC) and the Behavioral Health Work Group. American Indian/Alaska Native behavioral health briefing book. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service, Division of Behavioral Health, Office of Clinical and Preventive Services; 2011 Aug. http://www.ihs.gov/medicalprograms/Behavioral/documents/AIANBHBriefingBook.pdf [PDF]

Kim SJ, Kim DJ. Alcoholism and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J.  2012 Apr;36(2):108-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335891/?tool=pubmed Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The national survey on drug use and health (NSDUH) report: substance use among American Indian or Alaska Native adults. Rockville (MD); 2010 Jun 24. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k10/182/AmericanIndian.htm Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Depression

Beck, AT, Steer, RA, Brown, GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II. San Antonio (TX): Psychological Corporation; 1996.

Ell K, Katon W, Xie B, Lee P-J, Kapetanovic S, Guterman J, et al. Collaborative care management of major depression among low-income, predominantly Hispanic subjects with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010 Apr;33(4):706-13. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/4/706.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Fisher L, Glasgow RE, Mullan JT, Skaff MM, Polonsky WH. Development of a brief diabetes distress screening instrument. Ann Fam Med. 2008 May/Jun;6(3):246-52. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/3/542.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Mohr D, Masharani U, et al. Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes: not just a question of semantics. Diabetes Care. 2007 Mar;30(3):542-8. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/3/542.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Cagliero E, Wexler DJ, Delahanty L, Wittenberg E, et al. Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity. Diabetes Care. 2007 Sep;30(9):2222–7. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/9/2222.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Hartmann M, Kopf S, Kircher C, Faude-Lang V, Djuric Z, Augstein F, et al. Sustained effects of a mindfulness-based stress-reduction intervention in type 2 diabetic patients: design and first results of a randomized controlled trial (the Heidelberger Diabetes and Stress-Study. Diabetes Care. 2012 May;35(5):45-8. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/35/5/945.abstract Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Jiang L, Beals J, Whitesell NR, Roubideaux Y, Manson SM; the AISUPERPFP Team. Stress burden and diabetes in two American Indian reservation communities. Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar;31(3):427-9. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/3/427.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Katon WJ, Lin EHB, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, Young B, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2611-20. http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1003955 Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003 Nov;41(11):1284-92. http://journals.lww.com/lww-medicalcare/Abstract/2003/11000/The_Patient_Health_Questionnaire_2__Validity_of_a.8.aspx Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Li C, Ford ES, Strine TW, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of depression among U.S. adults with diabetes: findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(1): 105-7. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/1/105.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Lin EHB, Rutter CM, Katon W, Heckbert SR, Ciechanowski P, Oliver MM, et al. Depression and advanced complications of diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2010 Feb;33(2):264-9. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/2/264.full.pdf+html Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF]

Manson SM, Beals J, Klein SA, Croy CD; AISUPERPFP Team. Social epidemiology of trauma among 2 American Indian reservation populations. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:851-9. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054171 Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q, van Dam RM, Franco OH, Manson JE, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Arch Intern Med. 2010(21);170:1884-91. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=226243 Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Sahota PKC, Knowler WC, Looker HC. Depression, diabetes, and glycemic control in an American Indian community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:800-9. http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10003514&RSID=99744766159687 Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Singh PK, Looker HC, Hanson RL, Krafoff J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Depression, diabetes, and glycemic control in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(2):618-9. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/2/618.2.full Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

Whooley MA. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in adults with comorbid medical conditions: a 52-year-old man with depression. JAMA. 2012 May;307(17):1848-57. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1150107 Exit Disclaimer – You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov

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Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention | Phone: (505) 248-4182 | Fax: (505) 248-4188 | diabetesprogram@ihs.gov