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Highway Profile

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FINANCIAL

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	(R) 2007	2008	2009
Government receipts, total ($ millions)1	11,193	21,763	39,834	75,444	91,312	96,347	102,771	107,421	111,581	121,650	131,115	132,324	(R) 138,878	(R) 139,246	145,315	154,690	165,443	193,876	192,718	U
Federal, total	2,771	6,160	9,949	14,576	17,854	19,851	23,196	21,648	24,509	26,008	30,819	27,670	(R) 28,344	(R) 29,878	30,911	33,070	34,171	36,134	41,905	U
Highway trust funda	2,531	5,464	7,615	13,380	16,582	18,835	22,036	20,500	23,396	25,085	29,445	26,365	(R) 26,616	27,755	28,576	31,194	32,333	33,568	38,873	U
Other	240	696	2,334	1,196	1,272	1,016	1,160	1,148	1,113	923	1,374	1,305	(R) 1,728	(R) 2,123	2,335	1,876	1,838	2,566	3,032	U
State and local, total	8,422	15,603	29,885	60,868	73,458	76,496	79,575	85,773	87,072	95,642	100,296	104,654	(R) 110,534	(R) 109,368	114,404	121,620	131,272	157,742	150,813	U
State and D.C.	6,055	11,737	19,666	40,026	47,699	50,064	52,808	58,087	58,806	63,274	66,434	68,873	(R) 72,296	(R) 69,633	72,860	77,725	83,685	105,834	97,686	U
Local	2,367	3,866	10,219	20,842	25,759	26,432	26,767	27,686	28,266	32,368	33,862	35,781	(R) 38,238	(R) 39,735	41,544	43,895	47,587	51,908	53,127	U
Government expenditures, total ($ millions)1	10,757	20,829	41,763	75,408	90,192	93,478	98,082	101,953	107,975	116,011	122,697	129,900	(R) 138,639	(R) 143,605	147,489	152,700	161,061	181,061	182,058	U
Federal, total	197	425	874	664	1,306	1,402	1,598	1,315	1,375	1,428	1,680	1,913	(R) 1,841	2,383	3,470	1,902	2,191	2,284	2,906	U
Highway trust funda	27	83	315	358	965	1,092	1,384	1,103	1,170	1,249	1,304	1,463	(R) 1,241	1,685	2,436	758	1,236	1,213	1,532	U
Otherb	170	342	559	306	341	310	214	212	205	179	376	450	(R) 600	698	1,034	1,144	955	1,071	1,374	U
State and local, total	10,560	20,404	40,889	74,744	88,886	92,076	96,484	100,638	106,600	114,583	121,017	127,987	(R) 136,798	(R) 141,222	144,019	150,797	158,870	178,777	179,152	U
State and D.C.	7,125	14,100	25,936	45,609	55,569	56,981	59,709	61,534	65,507	71,415	76,997	81,803	(R) 85,712	(R) 88,183	88,026	94,484	100,090	114,151	114,153	U
Local	3,435	6,304	14,953	29,135	33,317	35,095	36,775	39,104	41,093	43,168	44,020	46,184	(R) 51,086	(R) 53,039	55,993	56,313	58,780	64,626	64,999	U
State highway user tax revenuesc, total ($ millions)	5,323	10,284	17,178	35,944	46,437	47,424	49,756	51,381	54,507	56,269	57,144	58,508	58,299	59,642	62,830	64,801	(R) 67,539	69,332	68,605	66,807
Motor fuel tax2	3,374	6,433	9,485	19,658	25,860	26,881	27,555	28,477	29,803	30,753	31,981	32,519	33,046	34,016	35,272	35,831	36,632	37,345	36,486	35,392
Other motor fuel receiptsd,2	22	44	92	220	101	108	63	55	58	134	179	298	297	277	194	202	972	1,181	1,100	718
Motor vehicle registration fees 3	1,514	2,873	5,173	10,257	12,388	11,942	13,234	13,631	14,552	14,882	13,704	14,437	13,316	13,606	14,443	15,377	16,117	16,524	16,443	16,431
Other motor vehicle feese,3	235	577	1,490	3,353	4,505	4,416	4,689	4,704	5,068	5,350	5,696	5,764	6,077	5,885	6,373	6,451	(R) 6,769	7,000	7,002	6,935
Motor carrier taxesf,3	110	176	323	695	875	770	726	729	861	740	784	753	703	709	730	786	(R) 811	828	863	804
Miscellaneous fees3	68	181	615	1,761	2,708	3,307	3,489	3,785	4,165	4,410	4,800	4,737	4,860	5,149	5,819	6,154	6,239	6,454	6,712	6,527

INVENTORY

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	(R) 2007	2008	2009
Rural / urban mileage by ownership, total4	3,545,693	3,730,082	3,859,837	3,866,926	3,906,595	3,912,227	3,919,652	3,944,601	3,906,304	3,917,245	3,936,241	3,948,335	3,966,494	3,974,103	3,981,521	3,995,644	4,016,734	4,032,134	4,042,768	U
Rural mileage, total	3,116,125	3,169,412	3,230,936	3,122,282	3,092,810	3,092,521	3,092,887	3,108,493	3,064,650	3,071,181	3,084,000	3,071,332	3,071,768	3,033,133	3,000,247	2,985,804	2,987,371	2,987,767	2,977,228	U
Under state control	658,896	707,002	750,479	702,486	690,372	690,924	691,156	692,767	660,834	660,682	661,798	663,134	662,855	652,522	648,555	636,339	635,114	633,933	631,653	U
Under federal controlg	111,912	187,696	246,130	178,188	173,650	170,568	168,938	167,369	118,369	116,846	116,698	119,270	117,751	120,208	117,740	123,413	123,370	125,761	124,460	U
Under local control	2,345,317	2,274,714	2,234,327	2,241,608	2,228,788	2,231,029	2,232,793	2,248,357	2,285,447	2,293,653	2,305,504	2,288,928	2,291,162	2,260,403	2,233,952	2,226,052	2,228,887	2,228,073	2,221,115	U
County roads	1,742,404	1,732,981	1,542,984	1,616,634	1,624,982	1,626,927	1,627,639	1,642,468	1,647,025	1,649,291	1,656,906	1,637,616	1,628,510	1,623,786	1,608,094	1,598,718	1,605,540	1,599,849	1,593,014	U
Town, township and municipal roadsh	538,651	510,174	458,231	437,460	423,908	424,529	426,170	426,433	426,340	590,206	592,623	595,197	606,398	580,825	573,871	575,569	571,922	579,577	577,651	U
Other local roadsh	64,262	31,559	233,112	187,514	179,898	179,573	178,984	179,456	212,082	54,156	55,975	56,115	56,254	55,792	51,987	51,765	51,425	48,647	50,450	U
Urban mileage, total	429,568	560,670	628,901	744,644	813,785	819,706	826,765	836,108	841,654	846,064	852,241	877,003	894,726	940,970	981,274	1,009,840	1,029,363	1,044,367	1,065,540	U
Under state control	50,158	74,103	97,287	95,778	109,947	111,766	111,924	112,226	110,017	109,956	110,195	109,136	110,434	120,033	126,132	140,913	143,960	145,198	148,082	U
Under federal controlg	N	N	1,495	1,024	1,484	1,509	1,470	1,464	1,485	1,503	1,484	2,234	2,819	3,560	3,561	3,783	4,979	5,184	7,070	U
Under local control	N	N	530,119	647,842	702,354	706,431	713,371	722,418	730,152	734,605	740,562	765,633	781,473	817,377	851,581	865,144	880,424	893,985	910,388	U
County roads	N	N	71,357	95,929	115,388	117,518	117,181	117,487	117,016	117,105	116,918	144,065	144,615	156,598	175,601	182,696	185,582	186,518	195,027	U
Town and township roadsh	N	N	37,583	42,752	74,630	60,561	60,926	74,402	75,195	605,255	611,473	608,859	624,163	647,448	662,366	668,337	680,424	701,035	708,794	U
Other local roadsh	379,410	486,567	421,179	509,161	512,336	528,352	535,264	530,529	537,941	12,245	12,171	12,709	12,695	13,331	13,614	14,111	14,418	6,432	6,567	U
Rural / urban mileage by functional system, total5	3,545,693	3,730,082	3,859,837	3,866,926	3,906,595	3,912,226	3,919,652	3,944,597	3,906,292	3,917,240	3,936,222	3,948,335	3,966,485	3,974,107	3,981,512	3,995,635	4,016,741	4,032,126	4,042,778	4,049,829
Rural mileage, total	3,116,125	3,169,412	3,230,936	3,122,282	3,092,810	3,092,520	3,092,887	3,108,488	3,064,649	3,071,181	3,083,979	3,071,331	3,071,761	3,033,138	3,000,236	2,985,796	2,987,375	2,987,758	2,977,222	2,968,458
Interstate	N	N	31,905	33,547	32,457	32,580	32,820	32,819	32,808	32,974	33,048	33,061	32,992	32,048	31,443	30,905	30,586	30,360	30,196	30,142
Other principal arterial	N	N	82,569	83,802	97,175	97,948	98,131	98,257	98,858	98,856	98,919	99,185	98,853	97,038	95,946	95,156	94,937	94,766	94,949	94,051
Minor arterial	N	N	149,057	144,774	138,120	137,151	137,359	137,498	137,308	137,463	137,575	137,587	137,568	135,596	135,449	135,408	135,386	135,296	135,024	135,115
Major collector	N	N	439,000	436,352	431,115	431,712	432,117	432,728	432,408	432,954	433,121	433,284	430,946	424,288	420,046	419,999	419,117	419,437	418,229	415,851
Minor collector	N	N	299,613	293,922	282,011	274,081	273,198	272,350	272,140	271,690	271,803	271,377	270,700	267,524	267,842	264,387	262,841	262,899	262,607	262,710
Local	N	N	2,228,792	2,129,885	2,111,932	2,119,048	2,119,262	2,134,836	2,091,127	2,097,244	2,109,513	2,096,837	2,100,702	2,076,644	2,049,510	2,039,941	2,044,508	2,045,000	2,036,217	2,030,589
Urban mileage, total	429,568	560,670	628,901	744,644	813,785	819,706	826,765	836,109	841,643	846,059	852,243	877,004	894,724	940,969	981,276	1,009,839	1,029,366	1,044,368	1,065,556	1,081,371
Interstate	N	N	9,215	11,527	13,126	13,164	13,217	13,249	13,276	13,343	13,379	13,406	13,491	14,460	15,129	15,703	16,044	16,312	16,555	16,578
Other freeways and expressways	N	N	6,774	7,668	8,994	8,970	9,027	9,062	9,163	9,125	9,140	9,126	9,323	9,870	10,246	10,560	10,748	10,913	11,335	11,399
Other principal arterial	N	N	44,155	51,968	53,110	52,796	52,983	53,230	53,132	53,206	53,314	53,056	53,439	56,870	59,695	61,803	62,830	63,282	64,557	64,524
Minor arterial	N	N	66,377	74,659	87,857	88,510	89,020	89,196	89,496	89,399	89,789	89,962	90,411	93,888	97,433	101,673	102,975	104,033	106,172	108,958
Collector	N	N	68,387	78,254	86,089	87,331	87,790	88,042	88,071	88,008	88,200	88,713	89,247	97,114	102,150	106,109	108,833	109,555	113,848	114,687
Local	N	N	433,993	520,568	564,609	568,935	574,728	583,330	588,505	592,978	598,421	622,741	638,813	668,767	696,623	713,991	727,936	740,273	753,089	765,224
U.S. roads and streets by surface6
Paved mileage, total	1,230,469	1,658,421	2,072,692	2,254,822	2,342,179	2,378,268	2,380,650	2,409,935	2,420,344	2,451,426	2,501,716	2,523,479	2,577,693	2,612,069	2,577,963	2,601,490	2,629,638	2,635,471	2,734,102	U
Rural	919,082	1,188,080	1,490,050	1,550,283	1,561,649	1,591,334	1,582,166	1,605,804	1,612,251	1,641,877	1,682,140	1,678,795	1,714,714	1,702,175	1,629,423	1,625,390	1,637,819	1,629,207	1,701,343	U
Urban	311,387	470,341	582,642	704,539	780,530	786,934	798,484	804,131	808,093	809,549	819,576	844,684	862,979	909,894	948,540	976,100	991,819	1,006,264	1,032,759	U
Percent paved	34.7%	44.5%	53.7%	58.3%	60.0%	60.8%	60.5%	60.9%	61.3%	62.4%	63.3%	63.7%	64.8%	65.5%	64.5%	64.9%	65.2%	65.1%	67.4%	U
Unpaved mileage, total	2,315,224	2,071,661	1,787,145	1,612,104	1,564,416	1,533,958	1,553,537	1,548,349	1,528,549	1,478,977	1,448,319	1,438,723	1,402,995	1,376,283	1,417,527	1,408,757	1,401,791	1,411,779	1,324,245	U
Rural	2,197,043	1,981,332	1,740,886	1,571,999	1,531,161	1,501,186	1,518,310	1,510,330	1,490,488	1,436,969	1,409,279	1,400,129	1,364,900	1,333,969	1,373,622	1,363,383	1,352,456	1,361,551	1,278,838	U
Urban	118,181	90,329	46,259	40,105	33,255	32,772	35,227	38,019	38,061	42,008	39,040	38,594	38,095	42,314	43,905	45,374	49,335	50,228	45,407	U
Percent unpaved	65.3%	55.5%	46.3%	41.7%	40.0%	39.2%	39.5%	39.1%	38.7%	37.6%	36.7%	36.3%	35.2%	34.5%	35.5%	35.1%	34.8%	34.9%	32.6%	U
Number of employees
State and local govt. highways7	532,000	607,000	559,000	569,000	544,233	543,143	U	548,486	530,097	542,612	546,215	551,706	545,249	545,617	542,642	546,220	545,089	522,823	523,156	525,869
Highway, street and bridge constructioni,8	U	U	U	U	274,000	278,100	287,500	294,200	308,000	336,300	340,100	345,800	345,900	340,100	347,000	350,800	348,300	344,500	327,300	291,300

PERFORMANCE

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	(R) 2007	2008	2009
Vehicle-miles of travel by functional system (millions), total j, 9	718,762	1,109,724	1,527,295	2,144,362	2,357,588	2,422,696	2,484,080	2,552,233	2,628,148	2,690,241	2,746,925	2,781,462	2,855,756	2,890,893	2,962,513	2,989,807	3,014,116	3,047,462	2,973,509	2,953,501
Rural mileage, total	400,463	539,472	672,030	868,878	908,341	933,289	960,194	999,277	1,032,528	1,062,623	1,083,152	1,105,083	1,128,160	1,085,385	1,070,248	1,037,937	1,037,069	1,035,033	990,418	980,227
Interstate	10,514	79,516	135,084	200,173	215,568	223,382	232,565	240,255	251,520	260,166	268,180	274,024	279,962	269,945	266,996	258,790	257,913	256,438	243,290	241,873
Other principal arterial	N	N	132,958	175,133	207,569	215,567	221,403	228,716	237,704	244,045	248,725	253,056	257,587	245,345	241,046	233,999	231,865	232,054	222,298	221,430
Minor arterial	N	N	129,816	155,733	149,760	153,028	157,444	163,341	165,780	169,275	171,874	173,889	176,218	171,251	168,898	164,933	162,634	161,411	151,975	151,038
Major collector	N	N	150,186	190,512	182,000	186,212	190,923	201,790	203,580	206,831	209,659	211,312	213,503	203,368	200,792	193,288	193,287	193,333	186,139	176,799
Minor collector	N	N	39,282	49,948	48,529	49,936	50,107	52,310	54,288	57,622	57,572	59,650	61,504	60,294	60,139	58,299	58,088	58,181	55,019	53,899
Local	N	N	84,704	97,379	104,915	105,164	107,752	112,865	119,656	124,684	127,142	133,152	139,386	135,182	132,377	128,628	133,282	133,886	131,697	135,189
Urban mileage, total	318,299	570,252	855,265	1,275,484	1,449,247	1,489,407	1,523,886	1,552,956	1,595,620	1,627,618	1,663,773	1,676,379	1,727,596	1,805,508	1,892,265	1,951,870	1,977,047	2,012,429	1,983,091	1,973,274
Interstate	13,365	81,532	161,242	278,901	330,577	341,515	351,579	361,433	374,622	383,259	393,465	399,890	408,618	432,633	454,385	469,070	477,283	483,315	476,091	474,963
Other freeways and expressways	N	N	79,690	127,465	147,534	151,509	157,502	159,572	165,632	171,515	177,222	182,758	189,634	199,520	207,929	213,727	217,067	220,335	222,624	220,434
Other principal arterial	N	N	229,469	335,543	364,200	370,365	377,776	385,123	388,071	392,688	398,772	401,037	408,336	425,622	450,142	463,100	466,949	469,681	462,569	455,918
Minor arterial	N	N	175,030	236,225	286,165	293,228	299,345	301,932	309,293	313,950	324,398	329,931	339,387	348,794	362,018	371,392	376,082	378,114	377,033	375,719
Collector	N	N	83,043	106,297	120,088	126,883	129,310	130,146	131,905	131,603	135,372	137,922	141,874	153,751	162,108	168,038	173,210	174,671	175,389	179,176
Local	N	N	126,791	191,053	200,683	205,907	208,374	214,750	226,097	234,603	234,544	224,841	239,747	245,188	255,683	266,543	266,456	268,413	269,385	267,064
Highway demand for petroleum, total (thousand barrels)	1,488,095	2,361,310	2,882,143	3,289,554	3,530,071	3,602,159	3,669,491	3,765,003	3,889,758	4,042,708	U	U	U	U	U	U	U	U	U	U
Motor fuel10	1,378,095	2,198,310	2,737,143	3,113,214	3,353,320	3,424,616	3,492,285	3,580,620	3,699,500	3,843,128	U	U	U	U	U	U	U	U	U	U
Asphalt and road oil11	110,000	163,000	145,000	176,340	176,751	177,543	177,206	184,383	190,258	199,580	192,236	189,401	186,852	183,776	196,481	199,403	190,049	180,386	152,497	131,568

SAFETY¹²

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	(R) 2007	2008	2009
Fatalities	36,399	52,627	51,091	44,599	40,716	41,817	42,065	42,013	41,501	41,717	41,945	42,196	43,005	42,884	42,836	43,510	(R) 42,708	41,259	37,423	33,808
Injured persons	N	N	N	3,231,000	3,266,000	3,465,000	3,483,000	3,348,000	3,192,000	3,236,000	3,189,000	3,033,000	2,926,000	2,889,000	2,788,000	2,699,000	2,575,000	2,491,000	2,346,000	2,217,000
Crashes	N	N	N	6,471,000	6,496,000	6,699,000	6,770,000	6,624,000	6,335,000	6,279,000	6,394,000	6,323,000	6,316,000	6,328,000	6,181,000	6,159,000	5,973,000	6,024,000	5,811,000	5,505,000

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

^a The Federal Highway Trust Fund was created with the enactment of the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. The total receipts shown for 1995 are overstated by approximately $1.59 billion due to a fiscal year (FY) 1994 error by the Treasury Department in reconciling estimated deposits to the actual tax revenue. The correction was made after the close of FY1994 and is shown in FY1995 receipts.

^b Figures obtained by addition/subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.

^c Gross amounts collected by state governments from highway users. Does not include tolls. Not all revenues are allocated to highway expenditures.

^d Includes distributor and dealer licenses, inspection fees, fines and penalties, and miscellaneous receipts.

^e Includes driver licenses, title fees, special title taxes, fines and penalties; estimated service charges and local collections.

^f Includes carrier gross receipt taxes; mileage, ton-mile and passenger-mile taxes; special license fees and franchise taxes; and certificate or permit fees.

^g Mileage in federal parks, forests, and reservations that are not a part of the state and local highway system.

^h Prior to 1999, mileage for municipal roads is included with the "other local roads" jurisdiction. Mileage for municipal roads is included in "Town, Township and Municipal Road" jurisdiction after 1999.

ⁱ Data for years 1994 and later are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Prior to 1994, data are based on the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC).

^j Highway category classifications changed several times before 1980. Actual 1960 data categories were: Main Rural Roads, Local Rural Roads and Urban Streets; 1970 data categories were: Rural Interstate, Rural Other Arterial, Other Rural, Urban Interstate and Other Urban.

NOTES

Total system mileage may differ when categorized by ownership and functional system due to rounding at different levels of aggregation. Additionally, total system mileage categorized by surface type is based on sampling and is not comparable to the totals based on the other categorizations.

Motor vehicle injury and crash data in this profile come from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes, and the GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes which were not reported to the police or which did not result in at least property damage.

Earlier editions of NTS, particularly the 1993 Historical Compendium, used crash and injury figures estimated by the National Safety Council, which employed a different set of methods to arrive at its figures. Thus, the injury and crash figures in this edition of NTS may not be comparable with those found in earlier editions.

In 1998, FHWA instituted a new method of creating mileage based tables derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). See Chapter 1 accuracy profiles for more information about the HPMS.

SOURCES

¹ 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HF-210.

1995-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables HF-10A and HF-10, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

² 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MF-201.

1996-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Isssues), table MF-1, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

³ 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-202.

1996-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table MV-2, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

⁴ 1960-70: Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table M-203.

1980-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-210.

1996-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-10, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

⁵ 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables HM-212 and HM-220.

1996-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-20, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

⁶ 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-212.

1996-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table HM-12, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

⁷ 1960-90: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), State and Local Government Section.

1994-2009: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, State and Local Government Employment and Payroll Data, (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), available at http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apesstl.html as of July 22, 2011.

⁸ 1960-2009: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey (National) available at http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of July 22, 2011.

⁹ 1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: April 1987), table VM-201.

1980-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables VM-2 and VM-2A, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

¹⁰ 1960-90: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons divided by 42).

1994-2009: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-1 (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons divided by 42), available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of July 22, 2011.

¹¹ 1960-80: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data Report (Washington, DC: July 1982), p. 13.

1990-2009: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual: Volume 1 (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 1, available at http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_supply_annual/psa_volume1/psa_volume1.html as of July 22, 2011.

¹² 1960-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, NRD-30, personal communication.

1990-2009: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts (Early Edition) (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 1 and 4, available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Cats/listpublications.aspx?Id=E&ShowBy=DocType as of July 22, 2011.