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Secondary Lead Smelter.
OSHA eTool. Describes ways to reduce lead exposure to employees in lead smelter
plants, specifically in the following operations: raw materials processing,
smelting, refining and casting, environmental controls, and maintenance.
- Lead Battery Manufacturing. OSHA eTool.
Focuses on the process of producing lead-acid batteries used in automobiles,
fork trucks, material handling, and standby power applications.
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Direct-Reading Instruments
Direct-reading instruments are valuable tools for detecting and measuring worker
exposure to gases, vapors, aerosols, and fine particulates suspended in
air. These instruments permit real-time or near
real-time measurements, and their use is specifically required by some OSHA standards.
There are many types of instruments available, each of which is designed for
a specific monitoring purpose. Proper operation of direct-reading instruments is essential
to ensure that accurate information is obtained when evaluating air contaminants.
Direct-reading instruments are addressed in specific standards for the general industry, shipyard employment, and the
construction industry.
OSHA Standards
This section highlights OSHA standards, standard interpretations (official letters of interpretation of
the standards), and other resources related to direct-reading
instruments in the workplace.
Note:
Twenty-five states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have
OSHA-approved
State Plans and have adopted their own standards and enforcement
policies. For the most part, these States adopt standards that are
identical to Federal OSHA. However, some States have adopted
different standards applicable to this topic or may have different
enforcement policies.
General
Industry (29
CFR 1910)
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1910 Subpart H, Hazardous materials [related
topic page]
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1910.120, Hazardous
waste operations and emergency response. Direct-reading instruments are an important
element of the monitoring program outlined by this standard. [related
topic page]
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1910 Subpart J, General environmental controls
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1910.146,
Permit-required confined spaces. Confined spaces must be tested before entry with a
direct-reading instrument for oxygen content, flammable gases and vapors, and toxic
contaminants. [related
topic page]
- 1910
Subpart R, Special industries
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1910.269, Electric
power generation, transmission, and distribution. Direct-reading instruments are required
to test for oxygen-deficient atmospheres and flammable gases and vapors.
[related
topic page]
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1910.272, Grain
handling facilities. Requires that the atmospheres of bins, silos, and tanks are tested
before entry. [related
topic page]
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Appendix A, Grain handling facilities. It specifically states that direct-reading instruments should be used to
periodically monitor atmospheres in bins, silos, and tanks.
Shipyard Employment (29
CFR 1915)
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1915 Subpart B, Confined and enclosed spaces and other
dangerous atmospheres
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1915.12, Precautions and the order of testing before
entering confined and enclosed spaces and other dangerous atmospheres.
Includes similar requirements to
29 CFR 1910.146.
Construction Industry (29 CFR
1926)
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1926 Subpart D, Occupational health and environmental controls
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1926.65, Hazardous
waste operations and emergency response. Contains requirements identical to
29 CFR 1910.120 regarding direct-reading instruments used in construction.
Standard Interpretations
Other Resources
Evaluation
The following references provide information regarding
methods and means used to evaluate workplace exposures with direct-reading
instruments.
Sampling and Analysis
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Carbon Monoxide in Workplace Atmospheres (Direct-Reading Monitor).
OSHA Method
ID-209,
(1993, March).
Includes evaluation information for the direct-reading monitor utilized by the method.
- Carbon Dioxide Backup Data Report.
OSHA Method ID-172,
(1990, June).
Includes comparison methods that utilized detector tubes and a portable infrared
gas analyzer.
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Chemical Sampling Information. OSHA. Includes information on direct-reading methods for a given chemical.
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NIOSH
Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). US Department of Health
and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) Publication No.
94-113, (1994, August). Provides
useful information on methods, quality assurance, method evaluation,
biological monitoring, aerosols, and special measurement considerations. The following NIOSH methods utilize direct-reading techniques:
- Benzene by portable GC [19 KB
PDF, 4 pages]. Method No. 3700.
- Trichloroethylene by portable GC [16 KB
PDF, 3 pages].
Method No. 3701.
- Ethylene oxide by portable GC [26 KB PDF, 4 pages]. Method
No.
3702.
- NIOSH Numbered Publications.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Provides listing of NIOSH publications. Those that are not available online but can be ordered by calling
1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) or by
e-mailing
the NIOSH Publications Office.
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Components for Evaluation of Direct-Reading Monitors for Gases and Vapors. Publication No. 2012-162, (2012, August).
- Addendum to Components for Evaluation of Direct-Reading Monitors for Gases and Vapors: Hazard Detection in First Responder Environments. Publication No. 2012-163, (2012, August).
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading Combustible Gas Meters.
Publication No. 74-107, (1974).
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading NO2 Meters.
Publication No. 74-108, (1974).
- Evaluation of Portable-Reading Sulfur Dioxide Meters.
Publication No. 75-105, (1975).
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading Carbon Monoxide Meters.
Publication No. 75-106, (1975).
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A theoretical and laboratory evaluation of a portable, direct-reading particulate mass concentration instrument.
Publication No. 76-114, (1976).
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading Ozone Meters.
Publication No. 76-132, (1976)
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading NO-NOX Meters.
Publication No. 76-161, (1976).
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading Hydrocarbon Meters.
Publication No. 76-166, (1976).
- Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading Mercury Vapor Meters.
Publication No. 76-167, (1976).
- An Evaluation of Portable, Direct-Reading H2S Meters.
Publication No. 77-137, (1977).
Video Exposure Monitoring (VEM)
With this technique, worker exposures are monitored with direct-reading instruments
while workplace activities are simultaneously recorded on videotape.
- Analyzing Workplace Exposure Using Direct Reading
Instruments and Video Exposure Monitoring Techniques. US Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-104, (1992, August). Contains information on techniques, equipment, data
analysis, and also includes case studies.
- A program that generates a graphical representation of a worker's exposure.
The program reads a real-time data file, generates a bar
(216 KB
ZIP*) or plot (226 KB
ZIP*) to represent
the magnitude of the exposure, and then display the bar or plot on the screen.
When the program is run through a video overlay system, a video recording
graphically shows how a worker's exposure is influenced by work activity.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Provides studies that utilized video exposure monitoring techniques as
part of the assessment process.
- Control
Technology for Autobody Repair and Painting Shops at Church Brother's Collision Repair,
Greenwood, Indiana. Report No. ECTB 179-11a, (1992, March).
- Control
Technology for Autobody Repair and Painting Shops at Kay Parks/Dan Meyer Autorebuild,
Tacoma, Washington. Report No. ECTB 179-12a, (1992, September).
- Control
Technology for Autobody Repair and Painting Shops at Valley Paint and Body Shop, Amelia,
Ohio. Report No. ECTB 179-14a, (1993, May).
- Control
Technology for Autobody Repair and Painting Shops at Jeff Wyler Autobody Shop, Batavia,
Ohio. Report No. ECTB 179-15a, (1993, May).
- Control
Technology for Autobody Repair and Painting Shops at Cincinnati Collision Autobody Shop.
Report No. ECTB 179-16a, (1993, September 21).
- Control
Technology for the Welding Operations at Boilermaker's National Apprenticeship Training
School, Kansas City, Kansas. Report No. ECTB 214-13a, (1997, June 27).
- Concentration
of Metalworking Mists Before and After Installation of a Commercial Air Cleaner at
Sauer-Sundstrand Company, Ames, Iowa. Report No. ECTB 218-12a, (1997, July 25).
- Characterization
of Metalworking Mists During the Evaluation of a Commercial Air Cleaner at
Sauer-Sundstrand Company, LaSalle, Illinois. Report No. ECTB 218-13a, (1997, July).
- Control
of Health and Safety Hazards in Commercial Drycleaners: Chemical Exposures, Fire Hazards,
and Ergonomic Risk Factors. Publication No. 97-150, (1997, December).
(See the Methodology
section).
- Cooper T, Gressel G. Real-time data evaluation at a bag-emptying operation:
a case study. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1992;7:227-30.
- Gressel, et al. Video Exposure Monitoring—A Means of Studying Sources of
Occupational Air Contaminant Exposure, Part 1—Video Exposure Monitoring
Techniques. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 1993
Apr;8(4):334-8.
- Heitbrink, et al., Video Exposure Monitoring—A Means of Studying Sources of
Occupational Air Contaminant Exposure, Part 2—Data Interpretation. Applied
Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 1993 Apr;8(4):339-43.
- Gressel MG, Heitbrink WA, et al. Advantages of real-time data acquisition
for exposure assessment. Appl Ind Hyg. 1988;3(11):316-20.
Additional Information
Training
Other Resources
- The Industrial Environment - its Evaluation and Control. US Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Publication No. 74-117, (1973).
- American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). American Industrial
Hygiene Association (AIHA). Publishes manuals on
the use of direct-reading instruments.
- Aerosol Science for Industrial Hygienists. Publication No.
246-SI-96R, (1995). Includes information on direct-reading monitoring for workplace aerosols.
- Direct-Reading Instrumental Methods for Gases, Vapors, and
Aerosols. In: The Occupational Environment its Evaluation and Control.
Todd LA, editor. Chapter
9. Publication No. 252-BP-97, 1997.
- Direct-Reading Colorimetric Indicator Tubes Manual, Second Edition. Publication
No. 172-SI-93, (1993).
- Manual of Recommended Practice for Combustible Gas Indicators and Portable
Direct-Reading Hydrocarbon Detectors, Second Edition. Publication
No. 158-SI-93, (1993).
- Manual of Recommended Practice for Portable Direct-Reading Carbon Monoxide Indicators.
Publication No. 175-SI-85, (1985).
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
- Air Sampling Instruments,
9th ed. Publication No. 0031, (2001). Includes
information on several types of direct-reading instruments.
- EPA Training Manual #7 - Emergency Response to Hazardous Material Incidents. Publication No. 3115 (EPA Manual 165.16). Includes information on using
direct-reading instruments for evaluating and mitigating the release of hazardous
materials.
- National Safety Council (NSC)
- Direct-Reading Instruments for Gases, Vapors, and Particulates. In: Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene. 5th
ed. Hahne RM, editor.
Chapter 17. Product No. 15148-0000, 2002.
Accessibility Assistance: Contact the OSHA Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management at (202) 693-2300 for assistance accessing PDF and ZIP materials.
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