PRAMS and Smoking Data Tables
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Table 1 Prevalence of Smoking During the 3 Months Defore Getting Pregnant, PRAMS, 2000–2008
Table 2 Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy, PRAMS, 2000–2008
Table 3 Prevalence of Smoking After Delivery, PRAMS, 2000–2008
Table 4 Proportion of Women Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy Among Women Who Smoked 3 Months Before Pregnancy, PRAMS, 2000–2008
Table 5 Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy Among 2008 PRAMS Participants, by Selected Demographic Characteristics, for all Sites Combined
Table 1 Prevalence of Smoking During the 3 Months Before Getting Pregnant, PRAMS, 2000–2008*
| Site | 2000 % (95%CI) |
2001 % (95%CI) |
2002 % (95%CI) |
2003 % (95%CI) |
2004 % (95%CI) |
2005 % (95%CI) |
2006 % (95%CI) |
2007 % (95%CI) |
2008 % (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 23.0 20.4-25.7) |
26.9 (24.3-29.7) |
24.3 (21.8-27.1) |
22.9 (20.3-25.7) |
−† | − | − | − | − |
| Alaska | 30.8 (28.2-33.5) |
27.2 (24.8-29.7) |
31.9 (29.4-34.6) |
30.9 (28.3-33.5) |
30.9 (28.0-33.9) |
29.5 (26.7-32.4) |
29.8 (26.9-32.8) |
27.6 (24.9-30.4) |
27.9 (25.1-31.0) |
| Arkansas | 28.6 (25.5-31.9) |
32.3 (29.6-35.2) |
29.4 (26.7-32.3) |
31.0 (28.3-34.0) |
34.5 (31.8-37.3) |
32.6 (30.0-35.3) |
30.6 (28.0-33.3) |
31.2 (28.4-34.0) |
31.4 (28.5-34.4) |
| Colorado | 19.9 (17.8-22.1) | 21.3 (19.1-23.7) | 20.1 (18.1-22.3) | 18.7 (16.6-20.9) | 21.3 (18.9-24.0) | 20.2 (17.8-22.9) | 20.3 (17.9-22.9) | 19.9 (17.6-22.5) | 16.9 (14.8-19.3) |
| Delaware | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 20.9 (17.9-24.3) |
24.3 (22.0-26.8) |
| Florida | 17.2 (14.8-20.0) | 19.7 (17.1-22.5) | 19.5 (17.0-22.4) | 21.3 (18.6-24.3) | 22.1 (19.5-25.0) | 17.9 (15.7-20.4) | − | − | − |
| Georgia | − | − | − | − | 19.4 (16.7-22.4) | 19.1 (16.5-21.9) | 17.5 (15.2-20.2) | 16.9 (13.2-21.5) | 17.5 (14.2-21.3) |
| Hawaii | 20.2 (18.5-22.0) | 20.8 (19.2-22.6) | 19.8 (17.7-22.0) | 20.8 (18.7-23.0) | 20.6 (18.9-22.5) | 21.2 (19.2-23.2) | 21.2 (19.2-23.3) | 19.8 (18.0-21.8) | 18.9 (17.1-20.9) |
| Illinois | 20.3 (18.5-22.3) | 21.1 (19.3-23.1) | 21.6 (19.6-23.6) | 21.9 (19.8-24.2) | 22.3 (20.3-24.4) | 18.8 (16.8-20.9) | 21.6 (19.5-23.9) | 19.7 (17.8-21.8) | 19.2 (17.2-21.4) |
| Louisiana | 21.2 (19.2-23.4) | 24.2 (22.0-26.5) | 22.7 (20.5-25.1) | 24.4 (22.1-26.9) | 28.2§ (25.8-30.8) | − | − | − | − |
| Maine | 31.2 (28.1-34.4) | 29.8 (26.9-33.0) | 28.9 (26.0-32.1) | 29.0 (25.9-32.2) | 31.0 (28.0-34.2) | 32.1 (29.0-35.3) | 30.7 (27.6-33.9) | 31.6 (28.5-34.9) | 32.3 (29.2-35.6) |
| Maryland | − | 18.9 (15.9-22.4) | 18.4 (15.5-21.7) | 20.6 (17.5-23.9) | 20.3 (17.3-23.7) | 17.9 (14.9-21.3) | 15.1 (12.6-18.0) | 17.5 (14.8-20.7) | 19.1 (16.2-22.2) |
| Massachusetts | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 15.6 (13.0-18.6) |
19.5 (16.7-22.7) |
| Michigan | − | 29.3 (25.9-33.1) | 28.9 (26.4-31.6) | 27.6 (25.1-30.2) | 31.7 (28.8-34.7) | 28.8 (26.1-31.6) | 32.1 (28.9-35.4) | 28.9 (26.3-31.7) | 26.9 (24.4-29.6) |
| Minnesota | − | − | 27.7 (24.4-31.2) | 24.6 (22.0-27.4) | 27.6 (24.7-30.6) | 27.2 (24.4-30.2) | 25.6 (23.5-27.9) | 24.7 (22.4-27.1) | 22.1§ (19.9-24.6) |
| Mississippi | − | − | − | 21.9 (19.3-24.8) |
21.4 (18.8-24.2) |
− | 25.8 (22.5-29.4) | − | 26.0§ (23.2-29.1) |
| Missouri | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 31.7 (28.8-34.8) |
− |
| Montana | − | − | 29.7 (26.9-32.6) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Nebraska | 24.8 (22.5-27.3) | 26.9 (24.9-29.1) | 27.6 (25.1-30.2) | 25.7 (23.4-28.2) | 26.1 (23.7-28.7) | 25.8 (23.4-28.3) | 26.2 (23.6-29.0) | 27.8 (25.0-30.7) | 22.8 (20.2-25.6) |
| New Jersey | − | − | 17.2 (14.8-19.8) | 15.7 (14.3-17.3) | 16.7 (15.3-18.3) | 16.1 (14.6-17.7) | 14.8 (13.4-16.3) | 14.1 (12.6-15.8) | 15.8 (14.0-17.7) |
| New Mexico | 21.3 (19.2-23.5) | 24.0 (21.7-26.5) | 19.8 (17.7-22.0) | 18.4 (16.3-20.7) | 20.7 (18.5-23.0) | 18.8§ (16.5-21.4) | − | − | − |
| New York** | 27.1 (24.0-30.4) | 24.8 (21.9-28.0) | 23.3 (20.4-26.6) | 25.6 (22.6-28.9) | 28.4 (25.1-32.0) | 23.0 (20.1-26.2) | 22.3 (18.2-26.9) | 23.4 (20.3-26.8) | 21.4§ (18.5-24.6) |
| New York City | − | − | − | − | 14.2 (11.4-17.6) | 12.4 (10.0-15.2) | 10.7 (8.8-12.9) | 11.3 (9.3-13.6) | − |
| North Carolina | 24.4 (21.9-27.1) |
21.3 (18.8-24.0) |
22.5 (20.0-25.2) |
23.6 (20.9-26.5) |
26.7 (24.0-29.6) |
22.5 (19.4-25.9) |
− | 22.9 (20.5-25.6) |
22.3 (19.9-25.0) |
| North Dakota | − | − | 26.4 (23.7-29.3) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ohio | 28.6 (25.6-31.8) | 27.2 (24.3-30.3) | 26.6 (23.7-29.9) | 32.5 (29.2-36.0) | − | 32.0 (28.7-35.6) | 30.8 (27.7-34.0) | 28.5 (25.3-31.8) | 32.1§ (28.9-35.5) |
| Oklahoma | 30.2 (26.9-33.8) |
31.8 (28.4-35.4) |
31.2 (27.9-34.6) |
28.6 (25.4-32.0) |
31.8 (28.4-35.4) |
31.6 (28.4-35.0) |
31.4 (28.0-35.0) |
37.8 (34.1-41.5) |
31.9§ (28.5-35.5) |
| Oregon | − | − | − | 20.2 (17.1-23.9) |
23.6 (20.4-27.0) |
21.6 (18.7-24.8) |
21.2 (18.3-24.5) |
21.2 (18.1-24.6) |
20.1 (16.9-23.8) |
| Pennsylvania | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 27.8 (23.3-32.8) |
28.1 (25.2-31.2) |
| Rhode Island | − | − | 21.3 (18.9-24.1) |
21.6 (19.1-24.2) |
22.2 (19.7-24.8) |
21.9 (19.4-24.6) |
24.2 (21.6-27.2) |
22.9 (20.3-25.7) |
22.4 (19.8-25.3) |
| South Carolina | 23.2 (20.1-26.7) |
22.8 (19.6-26.3) |
22.0 (18.6-25.8) |
23.7 (20.3-27.5) |
24.7 (21.3-28.4) |
25.8 (22.3-29.5) |
24.8 (20.3-29.9) |
22.8 (19.4-26.6) |
− |
| Tennessee | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 30.7 (26.5-35.1) |
| Utah | 14.3 (12.1-16.8) |
13.8 (12.0-15.8) |
13.6 (11.4-16.1) |
11.5 (9.6-13.7) |
12.3 (10.9-13.9) |
10.2 (9.0-11.7) |
12.1 (10.8-13.7) |
10.6 (9.2-12.2) |
10.4§ (9.1-11.9) |
| Vermont | − | 30.4 (28.0-32.8) |
28.4 (25.8-31.1) |
25.1 (22.8-27.6) |
29.8 (27.0-32.7) |
26.9 (24.3-29.8) |
25.9 (23.3-28.6) |
29.6 (26.9-32.4) |
29.6 (26.9-32.4) |
| Washington | 21.4 (18.5-24.6) |
20.5 (17.6-23.7) |
22.3 (19.2-25.6) |
21.4 (18.5-24.6) |
19.8 (17.0-22.8) |
18.6 (15.9-21.6) |
21.3 (18.5-24.4) |
19.9 (17.2-22.9) |
20.2 (17.5-23.1) |
| West Virginia | 36.2 (33.1-39.5) |
39.1 (35.7-42.5) |
37.0 (33.8-40.4) |
38.9 (35.6-42.3) |
39.5 (34.9-44.3) |
45.8 (42.4-49.2) |
41.8 (38.4-45.2) |
40.5 (37.2-43.8) |
39.4§ (36.5-42.3) |
| Wisconsin | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 30.0 (26.8-33.5) |
22.9 (19.8-26.2) |
| Wyoming | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 32.0 (28.7-35.6) |
28.7 (25.4-32.3) |
| Overall | 23.0 (22.2-23.8) |
23.5 (22.7-24.2) |
23.2 (22.5-23.9) |
23.5 (22.8-24.1) |
23.6 (22.9-24.2) |
22.0 (21.4-22.7) |
22.0 (21.4-22.7) |
22.5 (21.8-23.2) |
23.0¶ (22.3-23.7) |
* Data were weighted to represent all live births delivered in each respective site in the given year.
† Data unavailable or excluded from analysis because response rate was <70% (2000–2006) or <65% (2007-2008).
§ P value for linear trend is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Linear trend was calculated for sites with at least three years of data.
¶ Because the total number of sites included in overall prevalence estimates varied from year to year, a trend analysis was not performed.
** Excludes New York City.
Table 2 Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy, PRAMS, 2000–2008*
| Site | 2000 % (95%CI) |
2001 % (95%CI) |
2002 % (95%CI) |
2003 % (95%CI) |
2004 % (95%CI) |
2005 % (95%CI) |
2006 % (95%CI) |
2007 % (95%CI) |
2008 % (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 14.0 (12.0-16.2) |
15.6 (13.5-17.9) |
14.4 (12.4-16.7) |
13.3 (11.3-15.6) |
−† | − | − | − | − |
| Alaska | 16.8 (14.9-19.0) |
14.7 (12.9-16.6) |
17.7 (15.8-19.8) |
16.7 (14.8-18.9) |
17.4 (15.1-19.9) |
16.0 (13.9-18.4) |
14.8 (12.7-17.0) |
15.5 (13.5-17.7) |
15.0 (12.9-17.5) |
| Arkansas | 20.3 (17.6-23.2) |
20.1 (17.8-22.5) |
19.2 (16.9-21.7) |
18.5 (16.3-20.9) |
23.1 (20.8-25.6) |
20.9 (18.7-23.2) |
19.4 (17.3-21.8) |
18.8 (16.6-21.2) |
24.0 (21.4-26.8) |
| Colorado | 10.2 (8.7-11.9) |
11.4 (9.8-13.3) |
10.6 (9.1-12.2) |
10.6 (9.0-12.4) |
10.4 (8.7-12.3) |
10.2 (8.4-12.3) |
10.4 (8.7-12.4) |
10.1 (8.4-12.1) |
8.1 (6.6-10.0) |
| Delaware | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 12.6 (10.2-15.4) |
13.3 (11.5-15.3) |
| Florida | 9.1 (7.3-11.2) |
9.4 (7.7-11.6) |
10.0 (8.1-12.2) |
10.6 (8.7-12.9) |
10.0 (8.2-12.1) |
8.3 (6.8-10.1) |
− | − | − |
| Georgia | − | − | − | − | 10.5 (8.4-12.9) |
10.3 (8.4-12.6) |
9.3 (7.5-11.4) |
7.6 (5.2-11.1) |
8.1 (5.9-11.0) |
| Hawaii | 8.4 (7.3-9.6) |
9.5 (8.4-10.8) |
8.1 (6.8-9.6) |
9.3 (7.9-11.0) |
8.1 (6.9-9.4) |
8.4 (7.1-9.8) |
9.4 (8.0-11.0) |
8.4 (7.1-9.8) |
8.5 (7.3-10.0) |
| Illinois | 12.5 (11.0-14.1) |
12.6 (11.1-14.2) |
11.4 (10.0-13.0) |
12.6 (11.0-14.5) |
12.1 (10.6-13.8) |
10.4 (8.9-12.1) |
11.4 (9.8-13.2) |
10.7 (9.2-12.4) |
9.6§ (8.2-11.3) |
| Louisiana | 11.9 (10.4-13.7) |
12.8 (11.2-14.7) |
11.8 (10.2-13.7) |
14.5 (12.6-16.6) |
17.7§ (15.7-20.0) |
− | − | − | − |
| Maine | 17.5 (15.0-20.2) |
17.3 (14.9-20.0) |
15.9 (13.5-18.6) |
16.2 (13.8-18.9) |
20.0 (17.5-22.9) |
17.5 (15.0-20.2) |
17.1 (14.7-19.9) |
19.9 (17.3-22.8) |
19.5 (16.9-22.4) |
| Maryland | − | 9.4 (7.3-12.1) |
8.3 (6.4-10.7) |
11.1 (8.9-13.9) |
10.3 (8.1-12.9) |
10.0 (7.7-12.8) |
7.8 (6.0-10.1) |
9.3 (7.2-11.8) |
10.9 (8.7-13.6) |
| Massachusetts | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 8.8 (6.9-11.3) |
9.8 (7.7-12.4) |
| Michigan | − | 20.0 (16.9-23.4) |
17.4 (15.3-19.7) |
15.6 (13.6-17.8) |
18.9 (16.6-21.5) |
15.8 (13.7-18.2) |
18.0 (15.5-20.9) |
14.9 (12.9-17.2) |
16.0§ (14.0-18.3) |
| Minnesota | − | − | 15.4 (12.9-18.3) |
14.9 (12.8-17.3) |
15.9 (13.7-18.5) |
15.6 (13.4-18.1) |
13.6 (11.9-15.5) |
15.0 (13.1-17.0) |
11.6§ (9.9-13.6) |
| Mississippi | − | − | − | 13.5 (11.4-15.8) |
13.9 (11.8-16.4) |
− | 14.4 (11.9-17.4) |
− | 15.6 (13.3-18.2) |
| Missouri | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 18.4 (16.0-21.0) |
− |
| Montana | − | − | 15.9 (13.7-18.3) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Nebraska | 14.0 (12.2-16.0) |
14.8 (13.2-16.7) |
14.4 (12.4-16.6) |
13.0 (11.2-15.0) |
16.0 (14.0-18.3) |
15.2 (13.3-17.3) |
14.9 (12.8-17.4) |
14.7 (12.5-17.2) |
14.0 (11.8-16.4) |
| New Jersey | − | − | 9.0 (7.5-10.7) |
7.9 (7.0-8.9) |
7.9 (7.0-8.8) |
6.7 (5.9-7.6) |
5.7 (5.0-6.4) |
6.2 (5.3-7.2) |
6.8§ (5.8-8.0) |
| New Mexico | 9.3 (7.9-10.9) |
10.7 (9.0-12.5) |
8.2 (6.9-9.8) |
8.2 (6.7-9.9) |
9.9 (8.3-11.6) |
8.6 (7.0-10.5) |
− | − | − |
| New York** | 17.0 (14.4-19.9) |
14.4 (12.1-17.0) |
14.6 (12.2-17.4) |
14.6 (12.2-17.4) |
15.6 (12.9-18.7) |
12.9 (10.7-15.6) |
12.2 (9.1-16.1) |
13.7 (11.2-16.5) |
11.9§ (9.7-14.6) |
| New York City | − | − | − | − | 7.6 (5.5-10.3) |
5.0 (3.5-7.1) |
3.9 (2.8-5.4) |
4.7 (3.4-6.4) |
− |
| North Carolina | 13.9 (12.0-16.2) |
12.2 (10.3-14.4) |
11.7 (9.9-13.8) |
13.2 (11.2-15.6) |
14.8 (12.7-17.2) |
13.3 (10.9-16.2) |
− | 14.3 (12.3-16.6) |
12.5 (10.6-14.6) |
| North Dakota | − | − | 15.6 (13.5-18.0) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ohio | 17.1 (14.7-19.8) |
17.5 (15.1-20.1) |
17.6 (15.0-20.4) |
19.0 (16.3-22.0) |
− | 21.6 (18.7-24.8) |
17.0 (14.5-19.7) |
18.0 (15.4-21.0) |
18.9 (16.3-21.9) |
| Oklahoma | 16.9 (14.3-19.9) |
20.3 (17.4-23.5) |
20.0 (17.2-23.0) |
16.2 (13.7-19.1) |
19.0 (16.2-22.1) |
19.6 (16.9-22.6) |
19.3 (16.5-22.5) |
21.3 (18.3-24.6) |
16.9 (14.3-19.9) |
Oregon | − | − | − | 12.1 (9.5-15.2) |
13.7 (11.2-16.7) |
13.7 (11.3-16.5) |
10.7 (8.6-13.3) |
10.4 (8.2-13.1) |
11.2 (8.7-14.3) |
| Pennsylvania | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 15.4 (11.8-19.8) |
15.6 (13.3-18.2) |
| Rhode Island | − | − | 12.9 (11.0-15.2) |
10.5 (8.8-12.5) |
11.3 (9.5-13.4) |
11.7 (9.8-13.8) |
13.4 (11.3-15.9) |
12.4 (10.4-14.7) |
10.8 (8.9-13.0) |
| South Carolina | 12.4 (10.1-15.2) |
13.0 (10.6-15.9) |
13.1 (10.5-16.3) |
11.4 (9.0-14.4) |
13.9 (11.3-17.0) |
14.9 (12.2-18.1) |
10.9 (8.0-14.8) |
12.4 (9.8-15.6) |
− |
| Tennessee | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 19.7 (16.3-23.7) |
| Utah | 7.3 (5.7-9.3) |
7.7 (6.4-9.3) |
6.8 (5.2-8.7) |
3.9 (2.9-5.2) |
6.6 (5.5-7.8) |
5.1 (4.2-6.1) |
6.1 (5.1-7.1) |
5.3 (4.3-6.6) |
5.1§ (4.2-6.2) |
| Vermont | − | 17.8 (15.9-19.9) |
18.2 (16.0-20.6) |
15.3 (13.4-17.4) |
18.0 (15.7-20.5) |
16.4 (14.2-18.8) |
15.5 (13.4-17.8) |
17.5 (15.3-19.8) |
18.1 (15.8-20.5) |
| Washington | 11.1 (9.0-13.7) |
9.9 (7.8-12.4) |
11.8 (9.5-14.7) |
10.2 (8.2-12.7) |
10.3 (8.3-12.8) |
9.2 (7.3-11.7) |
12.2 (10.0-15.0) |
9.4 (7.5-11.8) |
11.2 (9.2-13.7) |
| West Virginia | 24.5 (21.7-27.4) |
26.1 (23.3-29.2) |
25.3 (22.5-28.3) |
27.5 (24.5-30.7) |
28.4 (24.3-32.9) |
31.9 (28.8-35.2) |
29.4 (26.4-32.5) |
30.0 (27.0-33.1) |
28.7§ (26.1-31.4) |
| Wisconsin | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 17.4 (14.8-20.5) |
13.2 (10.8-16.0) |
| Wyoming | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 17.6 (15.0-20.6) |
16.1 (13.4-19.1) |
| Overall | 13.2 (12.6-13.9) |
13.4 (12.8-14.0) |
13.1 (12.6-13.7) |
13.0 (12.5-13.5) |
12.9 (12.4-13.4) |
12.2 (11.7-12.8) |
11.8 (11.2-12.3) |
12.4 (11.9-12.9) |
12.8¶ (12.3-13.3) |
* Data were weighted to represent all live births delivered in each respective site in the given year.
† Data unavailable or excluded from analysis because response rate was <70% (2000–2006) or <65% (2007–2008).
§ P value for linear trend is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Linear trend was calculated for sites with at least three years of data.
¶ Because the total number of sites included in overall prevalence estimates varied from year to year, a trend analysis was not performed.
** Excludes New York City.
Table 3 Prevalence of Smoking After Delivery, PRAMS, 2000-2008*
| Site | 2000 % (95%CI) |
2001 % (95%CI) |
2002 % (95%CI) |
2003 % (95%CI) |
2004 % (95%CI) |
2005 % (95%CI) |
2006 % (95%CI) |
2007 % (95%CI) |
2008 % (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 19.5 (17.2-22.1) |
22.4 (20.0-25.0) |
19.7 (17.5-22.2) |
17.8 (15.5-20.4) |
−† | − | − | − | − |
| Alaska | 24.4 (22.0-26.9) |
20.4 (18.3-22.6) |
24.3 (22.1-26.6) |
22.1 (19.9-24.4) |
23.6 (21.0-26.4) |
20.7 (18.3-23.3) |
20.5 (18.1-23.1) |
20.3 (18.0-22.9) |
21.7§ (19.1-24.5) |
| Arkansas | 25.0 (22.1-28.2) |
25.9 (23.4-28.6) |
25.3 (22.8-28.0) |
26.1 (23.5-28.8) |
28.6 (26.0-31.2) |
27.5 (25.1-30.1) |
25.6 (23.2-28.2) |
25.4 (22.9-28.1) |
26.9 (24.2-29.8) |
| Colorado | 15.0 (13.2-17.0) |
15.9 (14.0-18.1) |
14.0 (12.3-15.9) |
14.0 (12.2-15.9) |
15.3 (13.2-17.7) |
14.8 (12.6-17.2) |
14.9 (12.8-17.3) |
14.6 (12.6-17.0) |
11.3§ (9.5-13.2) |
| Delaware | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 16.7 (13.9-19.8) |
18.9 (16.8-21.2) |
| Florida | 14.8 (12.6-17.3) |
14.7 (12.5-17.1) |
14.3 (12.1-16.8) |
16.7 (14.4-19.4) |
16.1 (13.8-18.6) |
12.8 (11.0-15.0) |
− | − | − |
| Georgia | − | − | − | − | 14.8 (12.4-17.6) |
15.4 (13.1-18.0) |
14.0 (11.9-16.4) |
13.1 (9.8-17.3) |
12.9 (10.0-16.3) |
| Hawaii | 13.7 (12.3-15.2) |
15.0 (13.5-16.5) |
13.0 (11.4-14.9) |
14.8 (13.1-16.8) |
13.1 (11.7-14.7) |
14.1 (12.5-15.8) |
14.3 (12.6-16.2) |
13.3 (11.7-15.0) |
12.4 (10.9-14.1) |
| Illinois | 16.6 (14.9-18.4) |
17.2 (15.5-19.0) |
16.8 (15.1-18.7) |
17.8 (15.9-20.0) |
17.1 (15.4-19.1) |
14.7 (12.9-16.6) |
16.2 (14.4-18.3) |
14.7 (13.0-16.6) |
14.2§ (12.5-16.1) |
| Louisiana | 18.7 (16.8-20.8) |
20.5 (18.4-22.6) |
19.2 (17.2-21.5) |
21.9 (19.6-24.3) |
23.4§ (21.1-25.8) |
− | − | − | − |
| Maine | 23.8 (21.1-26.8) |
22.7 (20.0-25.6) |
21.6 (18.9-24.6) |
20.8 (18.1-23.7) |
24.5 (21.7-27.5) |
23.4 (20.7-26.4) |
20.9 (18.2-23.9) |
23.5 (20.7-26.6) |
25.3 (22.4-28.4) |
| Maryland | − | 14.6 (11.9-17.6) |
12.8 (10.4-15.7) |
16.4 (13.7-19.6) |
16.3 (13.5-19.4) |
13.7 (11.0-16.8) |
11.8 (9.5-14.5) |
13.3 (10.8-16.2) |
14.1 (11.7-17.0) |
| Massachusetts | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 11.6 (9.4-14.3) |
13.5 (11.1-16.4) |
| Michigan | − | 24.3 (21.1-27.9) |
23.4 (21.1-26.0) |
22.7 (20.4-25.2) |
25.6 (22.9-28.5) |
22.4 (20.0-25.1) |
26.3 (23.3-29.5) |
22.2 (19.8-24.8) |
22.5 (20.1-25.0) |
| Minnesota | − | − | 19.9 (17.1-23.0) |
19.4 (17.1-22.0) |
21.4 (18.9-24.3) |
21.3 (18.8-24.1) |
19.0 (17.0-21.1) |
19.0 (17.0-21.3) |
15.3§ (13.4-17.5) |
| Mississippi | − | − | − | 20.0 (17.5-22.7) |
17.7 (15.3-20.4) |
− | 21.1 (18.1-24.6) |
− | 22.5§ (19.8-25.4) |
| Missouri | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 25.9 (23.1-28.8) |
− |
| Montana | − | − | 20.8 (18.4-23.5) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Nebraska | 19.4 (17.3-21.7) |
21.4 (19.5-23.4) |
19.9 (17.7-22.3) |
18.8 (16.7-21.1) |
20.8 (18.6-23.3) |
20.1 (17.9-22.4) |
19.2 (16.9-21.8) |
20.2 (17.7-22.9) |
18.7 (16.3-21.4) |
| New Jersey | − | − | 13.1 (11.1-15.3) |
12.2 (11.0-13.6) |
12.0 (10.9-13.3) |
11.5 (10.3-12.8) |
10.1 (9.0-11.3) |
9.6 (8.4-10.9) |
11.2§ (9.8-12.8) |
| New Mexico | 16.0 (14.2-18.0) |
16.2 (14.2-18.3) |
13.6 (11.9-15.5) |
12.5 (10.8-14.5) |
14.5 (12.7-16.5) |
13.1§ (11.1-15.4) |
− | − | − |
| New York** | 22.4 (19.5-25.6) |
20.6 (17.9-23.6) |
19.3 (16.6-22.3) |
19.2 (16.5-22.3) |
21.6 (18.6-25.0) |
17.5 (14.9-20.5) |
16.9 (13.3-21.2) |
17.9 (15.2-21.0) |
16.1§ (13.6-19.0) |
| New York City | − | − | − | − | 11.7 (9.1-14.9) |
8.8 (6.8-11.3) |
6.8 (5.4-8.6) |
8.8 (7.1-11.0) |
− |
| North Carolina | 20.1 (17.7-22.6) |
17.6 (15.4-20.2) |
17.8 (15.6-20.3) |
20.5 (18.0-23.3) |
20.7 (18.2-23.4) |
16.9 (14.2-20.0) |
− | 17.9 (15.6-20.4) |
17.5 (15.3-19.9) |
| North Dakota | − | − | 21.8 (19.4-24.5) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ohio | 24.2 (21.4-27.2) |
23.8 (21.1-26.7) |
22.6 (19.8-25.7) |
28.0 (24.9-31.4) |
− | 27.4 (24.2-30.8) |
22.5 (19.8-25.5) |
22.9 (20.0-26.1) |
24.9 (21.9-28.0) |
| Oklahoma | 25.8 (22.6-29.1) |
27.2 (24.0-30.7) |
27.0 (23.9-30.3) |
24.7 (21.7-28.0) |
26.3 (23.1-29.7) |
26.3 (23.2-29.5) |
25.0 (21.9-28.4) |
29.6 (26.2-33.2) |
23.9 (20.9-27.2) |
| Oregon | − | − | − | 15.5 (12.7-18.9) |
17.8 (15.0-21.0) |
15.9 (13.3-18.9) |
15.0 (12.5-18.0) |
13.2 (10.8-16.2) |
13.7 (11.0-17.0) |
| Pennsylvania | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 22.8 (18.6-27.6) |
22.0 (19.4-24.9) |
| Rhode Island | − | − | 17.0 (14.7-19.5) |
15.1 (13.1-17.5) |
16.6 (14.4-19.0) |
15.8 (13.6-18.2) |
18.9 (16.4-21.6) |
16.3 (14.0-18.8) |
15.0 (12.9-17.5) |
| South Carolina | 18.6 (15.8-21.8) |
20.3 (17.3-23.7) |
17.8 (14.8-21.3) |
20.1 (16.9-23.7) |
19.2 (16.2-22.7) |
21.5 (18.3-25.1) |
16.4 (12.7-21.0) |
16.2 (13.3-19.7) |
− |
| Tennessee | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 26.0 (22.1-30.4) |
| Utah | 9.5 (7.7-11.6) | 10.1 (8.6-11.9) |
9.0 (7.2-11.1) |
7.6 (6.1-9.5) |
8.7 (7.5-10.1) |
7.3 (6.2-8.5) |
8.3 (7.2-9.6) |
7.6 (6.4-9.0) |
7.1§ (6.0-8.3) |
| Vermont | − | 22.2 (20.1-24.4) |
21.5 (19.2-24.1) |
17.6 (15.6-19.9) |
22.8 (20.3-25.5) |
21.0 (18.5-23.6) |
18.4 (16.2-20.9) |
21.6 (19.3-24.2) |
22.7 (20.2-25.4) |
| Washington | 16.0 (13.5-18.9) |
14.9 (12.4-17.8) |
15.7 (13.1-18.8) |
15.5 (13.0-18.4) |
14.6 (12.1-17.3) |
13.0 (10.7-15.6) |
14.9 (12.5-17.8) |
13.0 (10.8-15.7) |
13.9 (11.7-16.5) |
| West Virginia | 31.6 (28.6-34.7) |
34.3 (31.2-37.6) |
33.7 (30.6-37.0) |
33.6 (30.5-36.9) |
33.5 (29.2-38.1) |
39.3 (36.0-42.7) |
35.0 (31.8-38.2) |
36.6 (33.5-39.9) |
34.9§ (32.1-37.7) |
| Wisconsin | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 21.9 (19.0-25.1) |
18.6 (15.9-21.8) |
| Wyoming | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 24.5 (21.5-27.8) |
20.9 (18.0-24.2) |
| Overall | 18.9 (18.2-19.6) |
19.0 (18.3-19.7) |
18.2 (17.6-18.8) |
18.9 (18.3-19.5) |
18.2 (17.6-18.8) |
17.1 (16.5-17.7) |
16.5 (15.9-17.1) |
17.1 (16.5-17.7) |
17.6¶ (17.0-18.2) |
* Data were weighted to represent all live births delivered in each respective site in the given year.
† Data unavailable or excluded from analysis because response rate was <70% (2000–2006) or <65% (2007–2008).
§ P value for linear trend is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Linear trend was calculated for sites with at least three years of data.
¶ Because the total number of sites included in overall prevalence estimates varied from year to year, a trend analysis was not performed.
** Excludes New York City.
Table 4. Proportion of Women Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy Among Women Who Smoked 3 Months Before Pregnancy, PRAMS, 2000–2008*
| Site | 2000 % (95%CI) |
2001 % (95%CI) |
2002 % (95%CI) |
2003 % (95%CI) |
2004 % (95%CI) |
2005 % (95%CI) |
2006 % (95%CI) |
2007 % (95%CI) |
2008 % (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 41.7 (35.4-48.3) |
41.4 (35.5-47.5) |
41.6 (35.6-47.9) |
44.2 (37.5-51.1) |
−† | − | − | − | − |
| Alaska | 45.7 (40.5-50.9) |
46.6 (41.4-51.8) |
46.1 (41.3-50.9) |
46.8 (41.8-51.8) |
44.5 (38.9-50.3) |
46.1 (40.3-51.9) |
50.8 (45.0-56.6) |
43.8 (38.1-49.7) |
46.0 (39.9-52.4) |
| Arkansas | 31.9 (26.2-38.3) |
37.4 (32.3-42.8) |
35.6 (30.3-41.3) |
40.3 (34.9-46.0) |
33.1 (28.6-37.8) |
36.1 (31.5-40.9) |
36.4 (31.6-41.5) |
39.9 (34.8-45.3) |
23.3 (18.9-28.4) |
| Colorado | 49.3 (43.2-55.3) |
47.6 (41.6-53.7) |
49.3 (43.5-55.2) |
46.0 (39.7-52.3) |
52.0 (45.3-58.6) |
50.1 (43.0-57.2) |
49.3 (42.5-56.1) |
49.6 (42.9-56.4) |
51.9 (44.6-59.1) |
| Delaware | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 39.9 (31.8-48.7) |
46.1 (40.4-51.9) |
| Florida | 47.8 (39.5-56.2) |
53.7 (46.0-61.3) |
49.8 (42.0-57.6) |
51.5 (43.9-59.1) |
54.7 (47.6-61.7) |
53.7 (46.4-60.7) |
− | − | − |
| Georgia | − | − | − | − | 46.1 (37.8-54.5) |
46.3 (38.4-54.4) |
48.5 (40.7-56.4) |
54.8 (41.5-67.6) |
52.8 (41.7-63.6) |
| Hawaii | 59.3 (54.6-63.9) |
56.0 (51.4-60.5) |
59.1 (53.2-64.8) |
55.6 (49.8-61.3) |
61.3 (56.3-66.1) |
61.0 (55.7-66.1) |
55.8 (50.3-61.2) |
58.1 (52.6-63.4) |
54.8 (49.1-60.3) |
| Illinois | 40.3 (35.2-45.7) |
41.3 (36.4-46.4) |
47.4 (42.3-52.7) |
44.5 (38.9-50.4) |
45.8 (40.7-51.0) |
44.7 (38.8-50.7) |
47.3 (41.6-53.0) |
45.8 (40.2-51.5) |
50.1§ (44.2-56.1) |
| Louisiana | 44.2 (38.7-49.7) |
46.2 (40.9-51.7) |
49.1 (43.2-54.9) |
39.7 (34.2-45.4) |
37.1§ (32.2-42.4) |
− | − | − | − |
| Maine | 43.9 (37.9-50.1) |
41.6 (35.7-47.7) |
46.6 (40.3-53.0) |
45.5 (39.1-52.0) |
35.1 (29.6-41.1) |
45.2 (39.3-51.2) |
43.5 (37.4-49.8) |
37.1 (31.3-43.3) |
39.8 (34.0-45.9) |
| Maryland | − | 53. 8 (44.3-63.1) |
54.5 (45.2-63.6) |
45.5 (36.9-54.4) |
49.5 (40.7-58.3) |
44.3 (34.7-54.3) |
48.4 (38.9-58.1) |
47.8 (38.7-57.1) |
43.7 (35.2-52.5) |
| Massachusetts | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 42.8 (33.5-52.6) |
50.7 (41.9-59.4) |
| Michigan | − | 33.1 (26.8-40.2) |
39.9 (34.7-45.3) |
44.2 (38.8-49.8) |
39.9 (34.5-45.7) |
44.9 (39.3-50.7) |
43.6 (37.4-49.9) |
48.9 (43.3-54.7) |
41.1§ (35.5-47.0) |
| Minnesota | − | − | 45.3 (38.3-52.4) |
39.9 (33.9-46.3) |
42.7 (36.6-49.0) |
42.9 (36.9-49.1) |
47.5 (42.5-52.6) |
39.8 (34.5-45.2) |
47.8 (41.8-53.9) |
| Mississippi | − | − | − | 39.0 (32.2-46.2) |
35.3 (28.9-42.4) |
− | 43.2 (35.6-51.0) |
− | 40.3 (34.0-46.9) |
| Missouri | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 42.1 (36.5-47.9) |
− |
| Montana | − | − | 48.1 (42.3-54.0) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Nebraska | 43.6 (38.0-49.2) |
46.5 (41.8-51.3) |
47.7 (42.1-53.5) |
50.8 (45.2-56.4) |
38.5 (33.1-44.1) |
40.7 (35.4-46.3) |
43.9 (37.8-50.1) |
47.7 (41.5-54.0) |
38.9 (32.5-45.8) |
| New Jersey | − | − | 47.9 (39.8-56.2) |
51.3 (45.9-56.6) |
53.0 (48.1-57.8) |
58.5 (53.4-63.3) |
62.3 (57.2-67.1) |
56.2 (50.0-62.2) |
57.1§ (50.8-63.2) |
| New Mexico | 58.6 (52.9-64.0) |
55.3 (49.5-61.0) |
58.3 (52.3-64.1) |
56.8 (50.2-63.2) |
52.1 (46.0-58.1) |
53.6 (46.3-60.8) |
− | − | − |
| New York** | 37.3 (30.7-44.3) |
43.4 (36.4-50.6) |
38.4 (31.3-45.9) |
44.7 (37.6-52.1) |
45.2 (38.1-52.5) |
44.5 (37.1-52.1) |
45.3 (34.6-56.4) |
41.6 (34.0-49.6) |
43.9 (36.2-52.0) |
| New York City | − | − | − | − | 46.2 (34.8-58.0) |
60.9 (49.4-71.2) |
63.0 (52.9-72.1) |
58.1 (47.9-67.7) |
− |
| North Carolina | 44.5 (38.4-50.8) |
43.4 (36.8-50.3) |
50.5 (43.9-57.1) |
45.4 (38.7-52.3) |
45.1 (39.0-51.3) |
42.4 (34.5-50.7) |
− | 38.0 (32.0-44.4) |
44.5 (38.2-51.0) |
| North Dakota | − | − | 43.1 (37.0-49.3) |
− | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ohio | 39.7 (33.5-46.2) |
36.9 (30.8-43.4) |
34.8 (28.6-41.7) |
41.0 (34.7-47.7) |
− | 33.3 (27.4-39.8) |
45.0 (38.8-51.3) |
36.7 (30.4-43.6) |
41.5 (35.5-47.9) |
| Oklahoma | 46.4 (39.6-53.4) |
37.6 (31.4-44.3) |
38.2 (32.0-44.7) |
44.7 (38.0-51.7) |
39.2 (32.8-46.0) |
38.0 (32.1-44.2) |
39.0 (32.6-45.8) |
43.6 (37.5-49.9) |
47.1 (40.5-53.8) |
| Oregon | − | − | − | 43.5 (34.3-53.3) |
42.6 (34.7-50.9) |
37.3 (29.8-45.5) |
49.4 (41.0-57.7) |
50.9 (42.1-59.6) |
43.9 (34.4-53.8) |
| Pennsylvania | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 44.6 (34.6-55.1) |
44.8 (38.7-51.0) |
| Rhode Island | − | − | 38.0 (31.5-45.0) |
51.9 (45.1-58.6) |
49.0 (42.4-55.6) |
46.7 (40.1-53.5) |
44.3 (37.7-51.1) |
45.9 (39.3-52.7) |
52.9 (45.9-59.8) |
| South Carolina | 45.6 (37.5-53.9) |
43.3 (35.1-52.0) |
44.8 (35.6-54.5) |
49.6 (40.7-58.6) |
42.7 (34.6-51.2) |
42.8 (34.9-51.1) |
55.0 (43.7-65.7) |
43.8 (35.0-52.9) |
− |
| Tennessee | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 35.6 (27.9-44.2) |
| Utah | 49.8 (40.7-58.9) |
45.6 (38.3-53.1) |
49.7 (40.5-58.9) |
65.8 (56.4-74.0) |
47.0 (40.5-53.5) |
51.3 (44.1-58.3) |
50.3 (43.8-56.8) |
50.4 (42.7-58.2) |
51.0 (43.7-58.2) |
| Vermont | − | 42.9 (38.2-47.7) |
37.5 (32.3-43.0) |
39.1 (33.7-44.7) |
39.9 (34.4-45.6) |
39.2 (33.5-45.2) |
40.6 (34.7-46.6) |
41.0 (35.6-46.6) |
39.7 (34.2-45.4) |
| Washington | 49.7 (41.4-57.9) |
54.8 (46.2-63.2) |
49.7 (41.2-58.1) |
54.1 (45.7-62.2) |
47.9 (39.7-56.2) |
50.5 (41.8-59.1) |
43.3 (35.5-51.4) |
51.9 (43.5-60.3) |
44.9 (37.2-52.8) |
| West Virginia | 32.7 (27.7-38.1) |
32.8 (27.9-38.2) |
32.8 (27.9-38.1) |
30.2 (25.4-35.4) |
28.1 (21.8-35.4) |
30.2 (25.7-35.1) |
29.9 (25.4-34.9) |
25.9 (21.6-30.8) |
27.0§ (23.0-31.4) |
| Wisconsin | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 42.1 (35.4-49.0) |
43.2 (35.5-51.2) |
| Wyoming | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 46.5 (39.8-53.2) |
44.1 (37.1-51.4) |
| Overall | 43.2 (41.3-45.2) |
43.9 (42.1-45.7) |
44.5 (42.8-46.2) |
45.7 (44.0-47.4) |
45.2 (43.6-46.9) |
44.8 (43.1-46.5) |
46.9 (45.1-48.6) |
44.9 (43.2-46.6) |
44.5¶ (42.8-46.1) |
* Data were weighted to represent all live births delivered in each respective site in the given year.
† Data unavailable or excluded from analysis because response rate was <70% (2000–2006) or <65% (2007–2008).
§ P value for linear trend is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Linear trend was calculated for sites with at least 3 years of data.
¶ Because the total number of sites included in overall prevalence estimates varied from year to year, a trend analysis was not performed.
** Excludes New York City
Table 5. Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy Among 2008 PRAMS Participants, by Selected Demographic Characteristics, for All Sites Combined*
| Maternal Characteristics | Smoking During The Last 3 Months of Pregnancy % (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Age (Years) | |
| <20 | 18.5 (16.6–20.6) |
| 20–24 | 19.3 (18.0–20.7) |
| 25–34 | 10.4 (9.8–11.1) |
| 35+ | 7.1 (6.2–8.3) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 15.9 (15.1–16.6) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 10.3 (9.1–11.7) |
| Hispanic | 3.9 (3.3–4.7) |
| Alaska Native | 30.4 (26.5–34.5) |
| American Indian | 21.1 (16.4–26.7) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2.2 (1.8–2.8) |
| Other | 18.6 (13.7–24.8) |
| Education (Years) | |
| < 12 | 22.5 (20.9–24.2) |
| 12 | 19.4 (18.3–20.6) |
| >12 | 6.5 (6.0–7.0) |
| Health Insurance Coverage During Prenatal Care | |
| Medicaid | 22.1 (21.0–23.2) |
| Other insurance | 6.6 (6.1–7.2) |
| Uninsured | 13.5 (11.8–15.5) |
* See Table 1 for a list of the 29 sites with available data in 2008. Sample size for each demographic group exceeded 200 participants. Data were weighted to represent all live births delivered in each respective site in the given year.
