2009 Cycle

PRODUCTION

Natural Gas

• Data for natural gas marketed production in physical units for 1960 through 1969 have been incorporated into SEDS. Production estimates in Btu are computed by multiplying the 1970 State-level average heat content of natural gas marketed production to the physical unit data.

Renewable Energy

• Fuel Ethanol

  For 1981 forward, the Btu content of biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol has been revised to reflect the removal of denaturant in fuel ethanol.

CONSUMPTION, PRICES, AND EXPENDITURES

Total Energy and Other Indicators

• Total End-Use Energy Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures

  A new set of tables for total end-use energy consumption, price, and expenditure estimates is introduced in this cycle. Estimates for total end-use consumption and expenditures are calculated by summing the consumption and expenditures, respectively, of the four end-use sectors: residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation. Estimates for total end-use prices are calculated by dividing total end-use expenditures by the sum of all end-use consumption with prices associated with them.

• Gross Domestic Product

  The source for real and current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP) for the United States has been revised to the national series from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) National Income and Product Accounts. Previously, the United States series in the State GDP dataset were used. Also, real GDP is converted to chained (2005) dollars by BEA.

Petroleum

• Asphalt and Road Oil

  For 2009, only the U.S. total of asphalt and road oil sales is available from the Asphalt Institute. To estimate State-level sales, the U.S. total is disaggregated to each State in proportion to the State’s share of total U.S. asphalt and road oil sales in 2008, as published in the 2008 Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada.

• Other Petroleum Products

  Beginning in 2006, “other petroleum product” consumption by State is allocated by using value of shipments data from the Economic Census. Allocations for prior years are based on value added.

Electricity

• The approach for assigning missing State transportation consumption volumes has been revised. Information from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Data (NTD) System, is used to supplement the EIA retail sales data only for States with missing or incomplete volumes in 2003, the first year for which transportation sector data were collected by EIA. In 2003, NTD transportation consumption volumes were assigned to the following States: Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. From 2004 forward, all transportation consumption volumes are from the EIA Electric Sales and Revenues database.

Renewable Energy

• Fuel Ethanol

  For 1981 forward, Btu consumption of fuel ethanol has been revised to reflect the removal of denaturant. Energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol also have been adjusted for these years.

• Geothermal Energy

  Electricity produced from geothermal energy is converted from kilowatthours to British thermal units (Btu) by using the U.S. average heat rate of fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants, FFETKUS, as a conversion factor. This is consistent with the approach followed for other non-combustible renewable energy sources – hydroelectric power, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. The technology-based geothermal conversion factors are no longer used in Btu calculations.

• Wood and Waste

  Beginning in 2006, wood and waste consumed by the manufacturing sector by State is allocated by using value of shipments data from the Economic Census; allocations for prior years are based on value added. In addition, beginning in 2005, residential wood consumption by State is allocated by using data on housing units that use wood as the primary heating fuel from the American Community Survey; allocations for prior years are based on total housing units.

2008 Cycle

PRODUCTION

Renewable Energy

• Fuel Ethanol

  Beginning in 2005, production estimates for the States with no production data are based on State capacity shares computed from average monthly operating capacity data.

CONSUMPTION, PRICES, AND EXPENDITURES

Total Energy

• Beginning in 1981, energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol are incorporated into State and U.S. industrial sector energy consumption. Energy losses for the United States are allocated to the States according to their fuel ethanol production shares. They are then added to the State and U.S. industrial and total energy consumption.

  Subtotals for fossil fuels and renewable energy consumption are presented in the tables on “Total Energy by Source.” In the fossil fuel subtotal, the double-counting of supplemental gaseous fuels is removed, and fuel ethanol is excluded from petroleum consumption. Fuel ethanol and energy losses and co-products from fuel ethanol production are covered in the renewable energy subtotal. However, in the tables on consumption by sector, estimates for natural gas and motor gasoline are presented as they are consumed, that is, including supplemental gaseous fuels and fuel ethanol, respectively.

Petroleum and Fuel Ethanol

• Distillate Fuel Oil

  Beginning in 2000, State and Federal diesel tax rates are taken from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) Petroleum Marketing Monthly, supplemented by information on effective date of rate changes collected from other sources. In addition, the approach for assigning missing State residential distillate prices is revised: States in Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) District 3 with missing prices from 2003 forward are now assigned the PAD District 3 average distillate retail sales price instead of the PAD District 4 residential distillate price.

• Fuel Ethanol

  The heat content of fuel ethanol is revised from 3.539 to 3.563 to account for denaturant (pentanes plus or motor gasoline added to ethanol to make it undrinkable).

  Energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol are now incorporated into State and U.S. industrial sector energy consumption. Beginning in 1981, energy losses for the United States are allocated to each State according to the fuel ethanol production share for each State. Energy losses for each State and the United States are then added to the State and U.S. industrial and total energy consumption.

• Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)

  The 2008 Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases, published by the American Petroleum Institute (API), no longer includes State-level sales estimates for natural gas liquids and liquefied refinery gases. Only propane sales data are available at the State level. A new methodology has been developed to estimate State-level propane consumption and all other LPG consumption in 2008. For propane consumption, API’s State shares of propane sales are applied to the U.S. product supplied published in EIA Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA). For all other LPG, State shares derived from the 2007 API report are used to allocate the 2008 U.S. product supplied of LPG other than propane from PSA.

  In addition, a new variable has been created to estimate LPG sold for residential use as shares of LPG sold for residential and commercial use. Previously, a fixed share of 85 percent was assumed for all States. State-level estimates from 2003 forward are based on propane sales data in the API report, and the average shares of 2003 through 2008 are applied to the earlier years. Data for LPG sold for residential and commercial use are then split into the two end-use sectors using this new variable.

• Lubricants

  The method of estimating lubricant price has been enhanced to include the application of the year-on-year growth rate of the composite price of crude oil when the value data from the Economic Census or the Annual Survey of Manufactures are not available.

• Motor Gasoline

  Beginning in 2000, motor gasoline prices are based on the average annual sales prices (excluding taxes) of finished motor gasoline to end users through retail outlets, which cover data reported by refiners, resellers, and retailers. State and Federal motor gasoline tax rates are added to the prices. The tax rates are taken from the EIA Petroleum Marketing Monthly, supplemented by information on effective date of rate changes collected from additional sources.

• Petroleum Coke

  Beginning in 1993, the series used to allocate petroleum coke consumed by other industrial users, State’s aluminum production capacity adjusted for under-utilization of the plants, is revised.

• Special Naphthas

  Beginning in 1991, the price of special naphthas is estimated by applying the year-on-year growth rate of the average U.S. motor gasoline price to the previous year’s special naphtha price.

2007 Cycle

PRODUCTION

Renewable Energy

• Fuel Ethanol

  Fuel ethanol production is now disaggregated from renewable energy production. Estimates for 1981 forward are calculated using State-level data on production and production capacity and national-level data on production. Estimates of State-level biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol, in billion Btu, are also calculated.

CONSUMPTION, PRICES, AND EXPENDITURES

Total Energy

• Beginning in 1980, supplemental gaseous fuels, which are accounted for both in the fossil fuels from which they are derived and in natural gas, are removed once from total energy consumption for the residential, commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors to prevent double-counting. In addition, beginning in 1981, the industrial sector consumption includes energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol in the U.S. total. Individual State estimates are not available because reliable State allocators have not been identified.

Natural Gas

• Natural gas consumption estimates in Btu are revised to include the small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels that are commingled with natural gas. Price and expenditure estimates are also based on this definition.

Nuclear

• For 2007, nuclear fuel prices are computed using plant-level fuel cost and net generation data extracted from the Ventyx Velocity Suite.

Petroleum and Fuel Ethanol

• Fuel Ethanol

  The method for estimating fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline by State is revised beginning in 2005. The State estimates are now based on several data series: (1) prime supplier sales of conventional and reformulated gasoline; (2) production of conventional and reformulated gasoline with and without alcohol; (3) a standard ethanol-to-motor-gasoline “blend ratio” of 10 percent for all States except California and Minnesota; and (4) estimated fuel ethanol “product supplied.” See Section 5 of the Consumption Technical Notes for detailed information.

• Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)

  In 2000, the general sales tax rates were corrected in the computation of prices of LPG consumed by the industrial sector. For 2000, 2005, and 2006, the prices of LPG consumed by the petrochemical industry that are not available from the data source are now assigned the U.S. average price.

• Lubricants

  The method of estimating U.S. lubricant prices described in Section 4 of the Price and Expenditure Technical Notes cannot be used for 2007, as the 2007 Economic Census data for lubricating oils and greases were not available when the lubricant data were processed. Instead, the 2007 U.S. lubricant price is estimated by applying the 2006-to-2007 growth rate of the composite refiner acquisition cost of crude oil, published in EIA Petroleum Supply Annual, to the 2006 price.

• Motor Fuel Taxes

  Corrections are incorporated in the average tax rates for motor gasoline and diesel from 2004 through 2006 and liquefied petroleum gases for 2004 and 2005, which causes revisions to the corresponding transportation, commercial, and industrial sector prices.

2006 Cycle

PRODUCTION

Coal

• The Btu conversion factors for coal production for some States are adjusted for all years to account for the production of metallurgical coal, which has a higher Btu content than steam coal used in electric power generation.

Natural Gas

• The Btu conversion factors for natural gas extraction loss for 1970 through 1980 are revised using the same methodology employed for all other years.

Renewable Energy

• Waste

  The definition of waste is revised to exclude non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels) beginning in 2001. Because this portion is mostly derived from fossil fuels, which are already accounted for, it is removed from total energy to eliminate the previous double counting. See article, “Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy,” on the Renewable & Alternative Fuels website under “Analyses.”

CONSUMPTION, PRICES, AND EXPENDITURES

Natural Gas

• Beginning in 1980, natural gas consumption in Btu is revised to remove supplemental gaseous fuels (SGF). Since SGF are mostly derived from fossil fuels, which are already accounted for, they are removed to eliminate double counting in total energy consumption. Price and expenditure estimates are also based on the new definition. Consumption estimates in physical units continue to include small amounts of SGF, as reported by the data source.

Petroleum

• Distillate Fuel Oil

  Beginning in 1997, the methodology for assigning a residential price estimate to a State without a price in the Petroleum Market Annual is simplified by assigning the State its corresponding Petroleum Administration Defense (PAD) district or subdistrict price.

• Kerosene

  Kerosene consumed by all sectors for 1984 is revised to incorporate the use of unadjusted sales in the estimation methodology. The revised data are available in the EIA Petroleum Navigator but were not published in Petroleum Marketing Monthly.

• Petroleum Coke

  Beginning in 1993, State-level aluminum production capacity data, which are used as State allocators for petroleum coke use in the industrial sector other than refineries and combined-heat-and-power plants, have been adjusted to account for under-utilization of the plants.

• Motor Fuel Taxes

  Corrections were made to the average tax rates for motor gasoline and diesel for 2004 and 2005, and those for liquefied petroleum gas for 2002 through 2005. The corresponding transportation sector prices are revised. Commercial and industrial prices for motor gasoline, which are the same as those for the transportation sector, are also affected.

Renewable Energy

• Fuel Ethanol

  Fuel ethanol consumption is now allocated to the commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors using the motor gasoline consumption share for each sector. Previously, all fuel ethanol consumption was assigned to the transportation sector.

• Waste

  The definition of waste is revised to exclude non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels) beginning in 2001. Because this portion is mostly derived from fossil fuels, which are already accounted for, it is removed from total energy to eliminate the previous double counting. See article, “Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy,” on the Renewable & Alternative Fuels website under “Analyses.”

Real and Nominal Gross Domestic Product by State

• Real gross domestic product (GDP) by State (beginning in 1977), and nominal GDP by State (beginning in 1970), from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, are incorporated into SEDS for the first time. The real GDP data are used in SEDS to calculate total energy consumed per chained (2000) dollar of output by State. The nominal GDP data are used in SEDS to calculate total energy consumed per nominal dollar of output by state. The GDP data used in SEDS through 1996 are based on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), while the GDP data used in SEDS for 1997 forward are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). See the SEDS Technical Notes for more information on data sources, estimation procedures, and assumptions.