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AD-A444956
COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INC LAFAYETTE CO
Development of a Novel, Passively Deployed Roll-Out Solar Array
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Campbell, Douglas; Barrett, Rory; Lake, Mark S; Adams, Larry; Abramson, Erik; Scherbarth, Mark R; Welsh, Jeffrey S; Freebury, Gregg; Beidleman, Neal; Abbot, Jamie
2006 Mar 10 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ARRAYS, *SOLAR PANELS, SYMPOSIA, MEMORY DEVICES, FUSELAGES, STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS, PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT, SOLAR ENERGY, THIN FILMS
IDENTIFIERS: RAPDAR(ROLL OUT AND PASSIVELY DEPLOYED ARRAY), EMC(ELASTIC MEMORY COMPOSITE), LONGERONS, SBIR(SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH), PREPRINTS
ABSTRACT: Advanced solar arrays capable of generating greater than 50 kW of total power, at power densities greater than 250 W/kg, are required for many future Air Force missions. The largest heritage systems are limited to less than 15 kW of total power, at roughly 50 W/kg. The Roll Out and Passively Deployed Array (RAPDAR) design will demonstrate the feasibility of 50 kW, 250 W/kg-class solar array systems through an innovative design that takes full advantage of the latest advances in thin-film photovoltaic and TEMBO Elastic Memory Composite (EMC) deployment technologies. The use of solar energy to passively deploy the array further improves the overall system efficiency. The present paper addresses the development and validation of detailed designs for the RAPDAR (patent applied for) structural system. Specific focus is placed on the development and validation of the EMC longerons, which are the primary structural members for the RAPDAR system controlling packaging and deployment, and providing primary stiffness and strength to the deployed system. The paper includes results from both analysis and testing of EMC longerons that demonstrate deployment and shape-storage capacity.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A443798
CHULALONGKORN UNIV BANGKOK (THAILAND) DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
A1GaAs/GaAs Heterostructure Solar Cells Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Final technical rept. 29 Mar 2004-29 Jun 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Suraprapapich, SuwareeThainoi, SupachokSawadsaringkarn, MontriPanyakeow, Somsak
2006 Feb 14 5 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*QUANTUM THEORY, *GALLIUM ARSENIDES, *ALUMINUM GALLIUM ARSENIDES, *MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY, *SOLAR CELLS, SUBSTRATES, INTEGRATION, MICROELECTRONICS, HETEROGENEITY
IDENTIFIERS:HETEROSTRUCTURES, ULTRA THIN MOLECULAR LAYERS, FOREIGN REPORTS
ABSTRACT: The contractor shall investigate the integration of quantum dots to the heterostructure of solar cells and the self alignment of quantum dots grown on high-index GaAs substrates for future nano-electronic device applications
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A444519
SOUTH CAROLINA UNIV COLUMBIA
High-Voltage Power Switching for a Conducting Tether
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Harkare, SriramDougal, RogerCarroll, Joseph A Liu, Shengyi
2006 Jan 11 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, *SWITCHING, *TETHERING, *HIGH VOLTAGE, TEST BEDS, SPACECRAFT, EARTH ORBITS, SOLAR PANELS, ELECTRODYNAMICS, AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION, ELECTRIC CURRENT, SOLAR ENERGY, PLASMAS(PHYSICS), DAMPING
IDENTIFIERS:EDDE(ELECTRODYNAMIC DELIVERY EXPRESS), ARCING, SBIR(SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH), SBIR PHASE 2
ABSTRACT: The ElectroDynamic Delivery Express (EDDE) is an autonomous space vehicle that can maneuver throughout low earth orbit without using fuel. EDDE uses solar power to drive multi-ampere currents through a kilometers-long aluminum conductor, creating a force normal to both the conductor and the local magnetic field that drives the space vehicle. The tether spins at about 8 times/orbit. This stabilizes its dynamics and also allows a wider range of electrodynamic thrust directions as it spins. The current circuit is closed through the ambient plasma around the conductor. To provide complete control of the orbit, the high-voltage current must be switched repeatedly as a function of the orbital position, to modulate the force on the conductor. This paper describes our solution to this power switching and control problem. Arcing from the conductor to the ambient plasma is a potentially serious problem. To reduce the possibility of arcing, the solar arrays are distributed along the conductor length to reduce the peak potential between the conductor and the local plasma. If arcing does start, it can be quenched by electrically isolating the tether segments upstream of the arcing section, using high-voltage control switches in each power module. This makes it feasible to pull the arcing segment positive to quench the arc. Each power module includes an H-bridge so the solar array can drive current through the tether in either direction. Turning the bridge off isolates the conductor segments and array from each other, to help quench arcs from both the array and the conductor. The bridge also includes a shunt switch so tether current can bypass the solar array. This lets EDDE continue operating despite failed power switches or mis-aimed solar arrays. Effective control of current and arcing requires communication between the modules. This can be done optically, or with RF signals transmitted along the conductor, superimposed on the drive current.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A442133
MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE
Self-Organizing Batteries
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Chiang, Yet-Ming
2005 Dec 16 33 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, *LITHIUM BATTERIES, *SELF ORGANIZING SYSTEMS, TEST BEDS, BIPOLAR SYSTEMS, SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS, CATHODES, GRAPHITE
IDENTIFIERS:JUNCTION FORMATION, VAN DER WAALS FORCE, RECHARGEABLE CELLS
ABSTRACT: This research aimed to use colloidal self-organization to create complete bipolar electrochemical devices. In this approach, repulsive and attractive surface forces are introduced within device structures to form: nanoscale electrochemical junctions between electronically conductive anodes and cathodes; electronically conductive networks of storage materials particles; and electrical connections to the external circuit via selective attachment of particles to current collectors. Rechargeable lithium batteries were used as a testbed device for this approach. In particular, efforts were aimed at enabling a self-organized architecture in which a continuously percolating cathode network is "wired" to one current collector and an anode network to the other, while the two networks are isolated everywhere from one another by repulsive surface forces. Repulsive dispersion forces (negative Hamaker constant) and other surface forces were used to create permanent electrochemical junctions that upon drying or solidification of the liquid medium are fitted by solid polymer electrolyte, resulting in solid-state devices. Such batteries could be economically fabricated at sizes and shapes ranging from printed microbatteries to large-scale continuous coatings, and would have increased energy and power densities due to improved packing and reduced transport distances. This work represents a fundamentally new approach to electrochemical device fabrication, ultimately applicable to a broad range of DoD technologies.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A442381
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIV MIAMI
Molecular Modeling and Experimental Study of Electrocatalytic and Transport Processes in High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Final rept. 1 Jul 2003-30 Dec 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Zhou, XiangyangSrivastava, RajivPhilippidis, G P
2005 Dec 15 35 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS: *ELECTROLYTES, *FUEL CELLS, *ELECTROCATALYSTS, SIMULATION, PERMEABILITY, EXPERIMENTAL DATA, CONDUCTIVITY, DYNAMICS, MOLECULES, POLYMERS, HIGH TEMPERATURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, HUMIDITY, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, OXIDATION, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, METHANOLS, IONOMERS, CATALYSTS, CATALYSIS
IDENTIFIERS: MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATION, PEMFC(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL), MOLECULAR MODELING
ABSTRACT: The molecular dynamic simulation correctly predicted the permeabilities of hydroniums and methanol in a temperature range between 20 and 1200C. The calculated conductivity data gradually deviated from the experimental values with increasing temperature. The deviations were much less than one order of magnitude in wide ranges of temperature and humidity. The permeability of methanol in new ABPBI membranes is much lower than that in the Nafion 117 membrane. The ABPBI membrane is thus promising for use as the polymer electrolyte in a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The methods that we used for the ab initio atomistic simulations allowed evaluation of the energy barriers for the electrochemical reactions. The ab initio simulation results correlated with the experimental results. We also found that La(1-x)Fe(1-y)O(3-delta)showed significant catalytic activity for methanol oxidation in DMFC. The current sensing atomic force microscopy study allows evaluation of the intrinsic electrochemical activity of electrocatalysts. The results clearly demonstrate that on the catalyst surface areas that are about 20 nanometers to the ionomers are active and the surfaces 50-100 nanometers from the ionomer are not active at all. Only the active sites close to ionomers contribute to the electrocatalysis in a fuel cell.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A443432
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Reachable Sets for Multiple Asteroid Sample Return Missions
Master's thesis
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Croley, Patrick A
2005 Dec 145 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ORBITS, *SOLAR RADIATION, *THRUST, *ASTEROIDS, *SOLAR GENERATORS, OPTIMIZATION, PARAMETERS, CONVEX BODIES, SOLAR SYSTEM, EARTH(PLANET), THESES, PROPULSION SYSTEMS, MISSIONS
IDENTIFIERS:LOW THRUST, OPTIMIZATION, MULTIPLE ASTEROID MISSION
ABSTRACT: In support of future NASA asteroid sample return missions, this thesis examines strategies to reduce the number of feasible asteroid targets. Reachable sets are defined in a reduced classical orbital element space. The boundary of this reduced space is obtained by extremizing a family of convex combinations of orbital elements. The resulting group of optimization problems is solved using a direct collocation pseudospectral technique by a MATLAB application package called DIDO. The reachable sets are examined to narrow the possible valid asteroid choices in order to aid in mission design and analysis of alternative targets. A solar electric propulsion system is modeled with the stay times at each asteroid, Earth departure, and Earth arrival hyperbolic excess velocities implemented as constrained optimization parameters.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A441411
TEXAS UNIV AT DALLAS RICHARDSON CENTER FOR QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
Renewal of Research on Triggering Nuclear Spin Isomers
Final technical rept., 1 Mar 2001-31 Aug 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Collins, Carl B
2005 Nov 30 16 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ENERGY STORAGE, *NUCLEAR SPINS, *NUCLEAR ISOMERS, X RAYS, HIGH ENERGY, PULSES, ENERGY DENSITY, X RAY FLASH, SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, PHOTOIONIZATION
IDENTIFIERS:*NUCLEAR SPIN ISOMERS, DIRECTED ENERGY, TRIGGER PULSES
ABSTRACT: Nuclear spin isomers store electromagnetic energy at densities reaching 1.3 GJ/g for shelf lives approaching centuries. The best combination of shelf life and energy storage is found in Hf-178. It has been shown to release its stored energy when triggered by x-ray flashes at modest power levels. In this work trigger pulses were derived from tunable, monochromatic x-rays produced by synchrotron radiation sources. It was proven that the triggering was initiated by photoionization of an electron from the L-shell surrounding the isomeric nucleus. A fraction of 0.16% of those photoionizing events led to triggering of the release of the energy stored by the Hf-178 nuclear spin isomer. Confidence in these positive experimental results reached 92 sigma which is equivalent to 1,824 nines of certainty.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A441576
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Polyphosphazene-Based Proton-Exchange Membranes for Direct Liquid Methanol Fuel Cells
Final rept., 5 Feb 2003-4 Feb 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Pintauro, Peter N Wycisk, RyszardYoo, H Lee, J
2005 Nov 04 19 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PROTONS, *MEMBRANES, *DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, *PHOSPHAZENE, POLYMERS, POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE, CROSSLINKING(CHEMISTRY), THIN FILMS
IDENTIFIERS:*PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES, DMFC(DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS), SPOP(SULFONATED POLY-BIS-PHENOXY-PHOSPHAZENE), PBI(POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE)
ABSTRACT: Proton-exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cells were prepared from sulfonated poly[bis(3-methylphenoxy)phosphazene] and sulfonated poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene]. The methylphenoxy polymer was blended with Kynar Flex and solution cast into thin films, whereas the bisphenoxy material was blended with polybenzimidazole (for acid-base complexation crosslinking) prior to membrane casting. Some of the films containing poly[bis(3- methylphenoxy)phosphazene] were UV-crosslinked for added control of swelling and methanol permeability. For most membranes, the proton conductivity was sufficiently high for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications but the methanol permeability was significantly lower than that in DuPont's Nafion. Membranes composed of sulfonated poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene] (SPOP) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) worked particularly well in a DMFC (at 60 degrees C 1.0 M methanol, and ambient pressure air). Membrane performance in a DMFC was dependent on the blend composition (ion-exchange capacity of SPOP and wt% of added PBI). For an 82 m thick membrane composed of 1.2 mmol/g IEC SPOP with 3 wt% PBI, the maximum power density was 89 mW/cm2 (versus 96 mW/cm2 with Nafion 117), while the methanol crossover was 2.6 times lower than that with Nafion 117.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A440442
ARMY COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER FORT BELVOIR VA
Test and Evaluation of the Smart Fuel Cell C20-MP Direct Methanol Hybrid Fuel Cell System as a Soldier Power Source
Final rept. 15 Mar-31 Oct 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Cristiani, JonathanSifer, NicholasBolton, ChristopherBostic, ElizabethCampbell, WilliamCross, JamesDuBois, TerryFomin, PavelPatil, AshokReckart, Darwin
2005 Oct 31 17 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*POWER SUPPLIES, *FUEL CELLS, PORTABLE EQUIPMENT, FUEL SYSTEMS, ARMY RESEARCH, TRAINING, POWER, DIRECT CURRENT, BENEFITS, LOGISTICS, ARMY PERSONNEL, MISSIONS, MILITARY APPLICATIONS
IDENTIFIERS:DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL
ABSTRACT: Recent advances in fully integrated, portable fuel cell system development have highlighted the potential benefits they might offer to military users in the near term. Soldier power (1 watt - 100 watts direct current) fuel cell applications have seen significant attention of late due to challenges in ongoing operations to meet power demands for the Warfighter's equipment. This challenge has resulted in the use of secondary (rechargeable) batteries in the field, something that was only done in training exercises prior to recent operations. Consequently, the logistics burden for dismounted Soldiers on missions longer than 24 hours has become quite arduous. As such, the growing need for lightweight, rugged, and environmentally benign soldier power systems has been targeted as an excellent entry market for portable fuel cell systems.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A442027
TEXAS UNIV AT AUSTIN DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Laser-Based Fuel Cell Manufacturing for Thermal Management
Final rept. 1 Sep 2004-31 Aug 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Beaman, Joseph J Crawford, Richard H Bourell, DaivdWood, Kristin L
2005 Oct 12 11 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*LASERS, *ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, *TEMPERATURE CONTROL, *FUEL CELLS, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS, INFILTRATION(FLUIDS), SINTERING, BIPOLAR SYSTEMS, CURING, CORROSION RESISTANCE, FLEXURAL STRENGTH, SCALING FACTOR
IDENTIFIERS:*THERMAL MANAGEMENT, PEMFC(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS)
ABSTRACT: Previous work in this research demonstrated the feasibility of fabrication of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell bipolar plates by an indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) route. Properties of the SLS bipolar plate, such as flexural strength, corrosion resistance and gas impermeability, etc. are quite promising and satisfactory. However, initial results showed that there was still room for the improvement in electrical conductivity. The first objective here is to investigate the potential methods that are capable of improving the electrical conductivity of SLS bipolar plates. Strategies investigated in an effort to increase the electrical conductivity, were: (1) infiltration of brown parts with conductive polymer (2) addition of a liquid phenolic infiltration/re-curing step prior to final scaling and (3) reduction of glassy carbon resistivity by curing process parameter control. The other main objectives are (a) to simulate the performance of PEM fuel cells via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and (b) develop a fuel cell testbed for experimentation. These complimentary objectives provide a basis to investigate, quickly and efficiently, novel designs for better PEMFC bipolar plates.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A441240
POLYPLUS BATTERY COMPANY INC BERKELEY CA
Advanced Lithium Anodes for Li/Air and Li/Water Batteries
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Visco, Steven J
2005 Oct 05 46 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, COUPLING(INTERACTION), WATER, LITHIUM, NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES, PRIMARY BATTERIES, STORAGE BATTERIES, LITHIUM BATTERIES, ELECTROLYTES
ABSTRACT: PolyPlus Battery Company has developed glass protected lithium anodes that are chemically stable and electrochemically active in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte. This innovation enables the development of both primary and secondary lithium batteries having exceptionally high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities. The gravimetric capacity of lithium is 3800 mAh/g and the open circuit potential for lithium/water and lithium/air couples is more than 3 volts resulting in theoretical energy densities greater than 11,000 Wh/kg. The theoretical energy density for the Zn/air couple is about 900 Wh/kg while practical cells are on the order of 300 Wh/kg (~30% of theo.). Assuming that engineering of the Li/air chemistry also results in practical cells having 30% of theoretical energy density then one would predict practical batteries having greater than 3000 Wh/kg. This represents an order of magnitude improvement over existing commercial cells and until recently thought to be attainable only using fuel cell technology. Accordingly the following statement of work is targeted at defining the parameters of operation for glass protected lithium anodes. This information can then be used to project performance of protected Li anodes used in combination with existing air electrode technology for advanced Li/air batteries. If successful a subsequent program will be launched to determine the actual performance of protected Li anodes in batteries having commercial and developmental air electrodes. The actual Li/air performance will then be projected into BA 5590 battery packs.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A442594
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE
Computer Programs for Solar Concentrator Focus Control (PREPRINT)
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Beasley, Joseph N Holmes, Michael R
2005 Sep 07 16 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*COMPUTER PROGRAMS, *SOLAR COLLECTORS, CONTROL, POSITION(LOCATION), SYMPOSIA, FOCUSING, SUNLIGHT
ABSTRACT: This paper describes two methods for imaging an absorber used as a new sensor in determining the location of the focal spot for a solar concentrator. The absorber is used as a sensor in both methods, but in slightly different ways. The first method developed is an optimization method inspired by Shack-Hartmann wave front sensing. This optimization utilizes masking and a correlation calculation to determine the error from the current image of the focal spot and the ideal or designed position of the focal spot. The second method still uses the absorber as a sensor but calculates area moments of the reflected sunlight on the tubing to calculate the current location of the focal spot.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A445065
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE
Computer Programs for Solar Concentrator Focus Control
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Beasley, Joseph N Holmes, Michael R
2005 Sep 07 15 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*COMPUTER PROGRAMS, *FOCUSING, *SOLAR COLLECTORS, OPTIMIZATION, DETECTORS, MASKING, THERMAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS, CORRELATION TECHNIQUES, IMAGES, ABSORBERS(EQUIPMENT)
IDENTIFIERS:*SOLAR CONCENTRATORS, STP(SOLAR THERMAL PROPULSION), FOCAL SPOT
ABSTRACT: This paper describes two methods for imaging an absorber used as a new sensor in determining the location of the focal spot for a solar concentrator. The absorber is used as a sensor in both methods, but in slightly different ways. The first method developed is an optimization method inspired by Shack-Hartmann wave front sensing. This optimization utilizes masking and a correlation calculation to determine the error from the current image of the focal spot and the ideal or designed position of the focal spot. The second method still uses the absorber as a sensor but calculates area moments of the reflected sunlight on the tubing to calculate the current location of the focal spot.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A442553
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
DOD Residential Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Demonstration Program. Volume 2. Summary of Fiscal Year 2001-2003 Projects
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): White, Melissa K Lux, Scott M Knight, James L Binder, Michael J Holcomb, Franklin H Josefik, Nicolas M
2005 Sep 97 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*DEMONSTRATIONS, *THERMAL STABILITY, *FUEL CELLS, TEST AND EVALUATION, FUEL SYSTEMS, MILITARY FACILITIES, ENERGY, OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, HYBRID SYSTEMS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, EFFICIENCY, LIFE EXPECTANCY(SERVICE LIFE), VALIDATION, MONITORING
IDENTIFIERS:*PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
ABSTRACT: In Fiscal Year 2001 (FY01), Congress funded the Department of Defense (DoD) residential PEM Demonstration Project to demonstrate domestically-produced, residential Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells at DoD Facilities. The objectives were to: assess PEM fuel cells' role in supporting sustainability at military installations; increase efficiency in installation, operation, and maintenance of fuel cell sites; evaluate their potential in DoD training, readiness, and sustainability missions; provide a military base market for this technology; and evaluate and give feedback to promote commercialization and market growth, operational product testing and validation, grid interconnection standards, and system operation in diverse environmental conditions. This project developed and advertised a Broad Agency Announcement each fiscal year, outlining core requirements for proposals. Sixty one preproposals were received and evaluated. In FY01, six contracts were awarded (22 fuel cells at 10 military installations). In FY02, five contracts were awarded (17 fuel cells at 15 military and DOD installations). In FY03, seven contracts were awarded (30 fuel cells at 20 military and DOD installations). Awardees were required to report detailed operational performance of each of their fuel cell system installations. This report discusses FY02 and FY03 Residential PEM Demonstrations, and revisits FY01 Projects.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A439411
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
A Novel Photovoltaic Power Converter for Military and Space Applications
Master's thesis
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Fernandez, Randyll R M , Jr
2005 Sep 97 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SOLAR ENERGY, *PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT, *CONVERTERS, SPACE TECHNOLOGY, MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SUNLIGHT, SOLAR PANELS, LOW LIGHT LEVELS, ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, THESES
IDENTIFIERS:PVPC(PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER CONVERTER)
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this thesis is to consider PhotoVoltaic Power Converter (PVPC) technology, developed by Atira Technologies , and its prospects for military and space applications. This research will validate the hypothesis that PVPC technology enables a solar power system to produce usable power during low- and no-light conditions which standard solar power systems fail to provide. Solar cell panels are exposed to sunlight at different angles and with variable intensity, therefore the resulting output power varies depending on the illumination angle as well as the light intensity of each panel. Atira Technologies devised a novel buck-boost converter that is specifically designed to track the maximum power point of each solar panel. This would provide a significant increase in the overall available power by utilizing a switching topology in a subdued lighting condition. Although a small amount of power is generated, given enough time, a battery will reach its full charge, compared to no additional charging if the battery is using a panel without the circuit. In addition, this research will also show the vital sustaining information to substantiate PVPC's claim of usefulness and effectiveness to allow for longer time on station both in the field and in space so it can extend its missions.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A435475
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB HANSCOM AFB MA SPACE VEHICLES DIRECTORATE
Electrostatic Charging of Mirrors in Space: A Plausible Cause of Solar Panel Anomalies on Satellites
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Lai, Shu T
2005 Jul 11 5 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SPACE ENVIRONMENTS, *SOLAR CELLS, *SOLAR PANELS, *SPACECRAFT CHARGING, MIRRORS, ANOMALIES, SYMPOSIA, PLASMAS(PHYSICS), PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION, SPACECRAFT COMPONENTS, ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE
IDENTIFIERS:SATELLITE ANOMALIES, CHARGING OF MIRRORS, BOEING MODEL 702, WUAFRL5021RSA1
ABSTRACT: The entire fleet of Boeing Model 702 geosynchronous satellites has suffered from a similar fate: degradation of the solar cell panels. Minors flank both sides of the solar cell panels. Degradation sometimes sudden and stepwise, shortens the lifetime of the solar cells. We suggest that space environment effects play an important role in damaging the solar cells. As a cornerstone in this idea, we expound a theorem that high reflectivity reduces photoemission. With little or no photoemission, mirrors often charge to minus kilovolts in eclipse as well as in sunlight, whenever the space plasma is hot enough. Since the rest of the solar panel does not have this mirror property, differential charging between the mirrors and the rest of the solar panel occurs during eclipse exits. We show the charging data obtained during an eclipse exit on LANL-97A satellite for supporting the idea of differential charging. Finally, we recommend this important mirror charging property to be taken in account in future solar panel designs and in commercial products of spacecraft charging computer codes.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020212
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
Direct Reacting Anolyte-Catholyte Fuel Cell for Hybrid Energy Sources
Patent application, Filed 4 May 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Medeiros, Maria G
2005 Jul 11 18 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PATENT APPLICATIONS, *CATHODES, *FUEL CELLS, *ANODES, *ELECTROCATALYSTS, ELECTRICITY, MEMBRANES, CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
ABSTRACT: This patent application discloses a fuel cell and a method for using the fuel cell to make electricity, in which the fuel cell has an anode half-cell having an electrocatalytic anode and a liquid anolyte that is substantially isopropanol dissolved in seawater. The fuel cell has a cathode half-cell having an electrocatalytic cathode and a liquid catholyte that is substantially hydrogen peroxide dissolved in slightly acidic seawater. The half-cells share a common proton exchange membrane. When the anode and cathode are in electrical connection the isopropanol is oxidized to carbon dioxide, which is fugitive, and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water. In the method, the anolyte and the catholyte, which are in effect the fuel of the fuel cell, are metered and re- circulated as needed to produce the necessary electrical power. The electrocatalytic electrodes are typically comprised of palladium and iridium alloys.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020242
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
Fabrication of Magnesium-Titanium Template for a Magnesium Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell
Patent Application, Filed 11 Jul 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Nickerson, Earl S
2005 Jul 11 11 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*MAGNESIUM, *PATENT APPLICATIONS, *TITANIUM, *FUEL CELLS, *HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, UNDERWATER VEHICLES, FABRICATION, SILVER OXIDES, ENERGY DENSITY, SHELF LIFE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, ENDURANCE(GENERAL), ELECTRODES, ZINC OXIDES, HIGH DENSITY
ABSTRACT: The present invention relates to electrochemical electrodes, and more specifically to a method of fabricating a magnesium titanium bipolar electrode. (2) Description of the Prior Art There continues to be a need for energy sources with a high energy density. In particular, there is a need for high energy density energy sources that can power unmanned undersea yehicles (UUVs) Such energy sources when used to power such vehicles are required to have an energy density greater than 400 Wh kg -1. They also need to have long endurance and quiet operation. Additionally, they must be relatively inexpensive, environmentally friendly, safe to operate, reusable, capable of a long shelf life and not prone to spontaneous chemical or electrochemical discharge. The zinc silver oxide (Zn/Ago) electrochemical couple has served as a benchmark energy source (at 100 Wh kg -1) for undersea applications. Because of its low energy density, however, it is not suitable for unmanned undersea vehicles whose energy density requirements are four times those of the Zn/Ago electrochemical couple.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A436943
DAYTON UNIV OH DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Aerospace Power Scholarly Research Program. Delivery Order 0013: Volume 1. Development of Performance/Design Equations for a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Final rept. 23 Apr 2001-23 Jun 2002
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Sandhu, Sarwan S
2005 Jul 94 Page(s)
0013
DESCRIPTORS:*THERMODYNAMICS, *EQUATIONS, *CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, *DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, MODELS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, VOLTAGE, ELECTRODES, METHANOLS, PRESSURE, CONCENTRATION(COMPOSITION)
IDENTIFIERS:*OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE, SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES, PE62203F, WUAFRL314532Z2
ABSTRACT: This first volume, of a two volume report, consists of the development and prediction of the reversible open-circuit voltage equation for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). This equation, applicable when the effects of electrode poisoning and methanol crossover are not present, includes the effects of nonideal behavior of the fluid phases and differing total pressures in the anode and cathode compartments of the fuel cell. The developed equation is capable of predicting the open-circuit voltage at any desired fuel cell temperature, pressure, and methanol concentration. The optimal DMFC conditions, based on the thermodynamic development, occur when the cathode pressure is high, the anode pressure is low, the concentration of methanol is high, and the cell temperature is low. Other factors affect the actual optimal fuel cell conditions due to electrode kinetics and methanol crossover, but, the effort here delineates the true maximal thermodynamic potential available.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A436247
MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Integrated Chemical Fuel Microprocessor for Power Generation in MEMS Applications
Final technical rept. Sep 1999-Mar 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Jensen, Klavs F
2005 Jul 40 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*MICROPROCESSORS, *PROCESSING EQUIPMENT, *THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, *MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS, FABRICATION, PUMPS, HEAT LOSS, FUEL CELLS, ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, HEAT EXCHANGERS
IDENTIFIERS:*CHEMICAL FUELS
ABSTRACT: This document reports results obtained via Integrated Chemical Fuel Microprocessor for Power Generation in MEMS Applications" during the performance period, 1 September 1999 - 31 March 2004. The overall goal of this program was to demonstrate a chemical fuel processing microsystem for power generation in MEMS applications. The program had several major accomplishments: 1. Development and fabrication of a new, thermally efficient, suspended tube MEMS heat exchanger/fuel processor. 2. Design and fabrication of a thermoelectric (TE) MEMS device for direct conversion of catalytic combustion energy into electrical power. 3. Demonstration of integration of the suspended tube MEMS heat exchanger/fuel processor and GaSb solar cell into the first MEMS based thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system with net energy output. 4. Development of MEMS devices for hydrogen purification, such as removing unreacted fuels. 5. Evaluation of system performance for different fuels and configurations. 6. Exploration of microfabricated entrainment based pumps as potential options for air injection in microburner systems.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A437850
DAYTON UNIV OH DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Aerospace Power Scholarly Research Program. Delivery Order 0013: Volume 2 - Flux Equations for a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Solid Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane
Final rept., 23 Apr 2001-23 Jun 2002
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Sandhu, Sarwan S
2005 Jul 75 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SOLUTIONS(MIXTURES), *TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, *ELECTRON FLUX, *POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS, *DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, *EQUATIONS, THERMODYNAMICS, CONCENTRATION(CHEMISTRY), AEROSPACE SYSTEMS, MAXWELLS EQUATIONS, DIFFUSIVITY
IDENTIFIERS:STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS, SOLUTION THEORY, ONSAGER THERMODYNAMICS, PE62203F, WUAFRL314532Z2
ABSTRACT: This second volume, of a two volume report, consists of the derivation of the transport flux equations for a direct methanol fuel cell solid polymer electrolyte membrane using (1) moderately dilute solution theory based on Fickian diffusion, (2) concentrated solution theory based on the generalized Stefan-Maxwell equations, and (3) concentrated solution theory based on the Onsager irreversible thermodynamics approach to transport processes. In very dilute to very concentrated solutions, the developed equations can be used to help determine the transport properties of a membrane such as permeability of the fluid mixture and effective mass diffusivities of the various species.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A440754
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST BLACKSBURG
New Proton Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Final rept. 28 Jun 2002-27 Jun2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): McGrath, James E
2005 Jun 27 12 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PROTONS, *FUEL CELLS, *DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, HIGH POWER, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, CELLS(BIOLOGY), MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, MEMBRANES(BIOLOGY)
IDENTIFIERS:PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES), PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES
ABSTRACT: This three-year research program studied wholly aromatic, optionally fluorinated copolymers with the goal of establishing fundamental data about the complex relationships between PEM chemical structure, morphology, transport properties, and the performance of the DMFC fuel cell membranes. Accomplishments included the generation of lower permeability, high-power density PEM systems. Under ARO funding, we were also successful in scaling the ion containing comonomer in a single step (at the kilogram quantity or higher) as well as demonstrating viable routes for the synthesis of the desired copolymers. This funding also contributed to developing materials for the electrode catalyst layers that show competitive advantages over Nafion. MEAs were prepared, which were characterized by voltage current curves (primarily at LANL) and 300 hours stability at 80 degrees C was demonstrated.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A435876
CALIFORNIA UNIV LOS ANGELES DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Self-Activated Micro Direct-Methanol Fuel Cell (muDMFC) at Near Room Temperature
Final technical rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Zhong, XiaolinHo, Chih-MingKim, Chang-JinZhang, XiangWang, Chao-Yang
2005 Jun 15
53 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, WATER FLOW, PEAK POWER, CATHODES, WETTING, BUBBLES, SULFONATES, MEMBRANES, METAL PLATES, FLOODING, VISCOSITY, CHANNEL FLOW, FUEL CONTAMINATION, CAPILLARITY, POROUS MATERIALS, HYDROPHOBIC PROPERTIES, BIPOLAR SYSTEMS, AIR BREATHING, ANODES, TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE RESINS, MICROCHANNEL PLATES, DEGASIFICATION, ENERGY DENSITY
IDENTIFIERS:NAFION, NAFION 112, POWER DENSITY, SULFONATED TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE RESINS, MICRO DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL, CAPILLARY PRESSURE, MICROCHANNELS
ABSTRACT: This research project was focused on the development and testing of Micro Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells (Micro DMFC). A Si-based Micro DMFC was developed and its electrochemical characteristics studied. The peak power density reached 50 mW/sq cm at 60 deg C. A new MEA design was successfully developed to mitigate MeOH crossover without requiring novel membranes. A Micro DMFC was also fabricated by using photochemically etched stainless steel bipolar plates and the performance was improved to achieve a maximum power density of 100 mW/sq cm at 60 deg C and atmospheric pressure. Water crossover through the membrane was found to be a critical issue to limit direct use of high concentration fuel. A solution using the capillary pressure to push water back from the cathode to anode and a thin membrane such as Nafion 112 has been successfully developed. The net water crossover through the membrane was reduced by a factor of five. This paves the way to directly use concentrated fuel on the anode. An 8-cell air-breathing DMFC stack was developed and demonstrated. Cathode flooding was totally avoided using our newly developed water management strategy. It was found that O2 transport in air-breathing operation is sufficient. Results also demonstrated that it is feasible to finally use pure methanol in a completely passive DMFC. Experimental results proved the degassing ability of sandwiched membrane breather to separate CO2 from aqueous methanol fuel stream in the Micro DMFC, and we determined that the bubble breathing feature can take a more active role in the microfluidic management of the whole system. Since the bubble breathing rate can be much faster than condensing rate of vapor bubble, which led to inefficiency of most reported micro bubble pumps, our degassing technique with hydrophobic porous membrane opened a great opportunity for a self-pumping mechanism to circulate the fuel inside Micro DMFC.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A434246
MICHIGAN STATE UNIV EAST LANSING DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Microbial Fuel Cells and Sensors
Final rept. 1 Dec 2001-30 Nov 2003
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Zeikus, J G
2005 Jun 01 4 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTRODES, *ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *FUEL CELLS, *CHEMICAL DETECTION, *MICROORGANISMS, DETECTORS, BIOCHEMISTRY, GRAPHITE, IRON, BIOTECHNOLOGY, BIODEGRAD-ATION, SEDIMENTS, OCEAN BOTTOM SOILS, SLUDGE, SEWAGE, MANGANESE, BIOMASS CONVERSION
IDENTIFIERS:*MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS, *GRAPHITE ELECTRODES, BIOELECTROCATALYSIS, MARINE SEDIMENTS, SEWAGE SLUDGE, MICROBIAL CULTURES, BIOCATALYSIS
ABSTRACT: This final report presents information on a new generation of graphite electrodes containing iron or manganese that were developed for use in microbial fuel cells and sensor devices. These electrodes were employed to sense chemicals and to produce electricity from sewage sludge and marine sediments.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A435755
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
A Study Examining Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Power as an Alternative for the Rebuilding of the Iraqi Electrical Power Generation Infrastructure
MBA professional rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Austin, CurtisBorja, RalphPhillips, Jeffery
2005 Jun 187 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*MAINTENANCE, *IRAQ, *SOLAR ENERGY, *INSTALLATION, *OPERATION, *ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT, SCHOOLS, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), SECURITY, OFF THE SHELF EQUIPMENT, COST ESTIMATES, CASE STUDIES, FEASIBILITY STUDIES, ENERGY CONVERSION, USER NEEDS, HOSPITALS, POSTWAR OPERATIONS, SOLAR PANELS, SABOTAGE, INSURGENCY, INFRASTRUCTURE
IDENTIFIERS:PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER, PVPC(PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER CONVERSION), NATION BUILDING, INFRASTRUCTURE REBUILDING, RECONSTRUCTION, ON GRID SYSTEMS, OFF GRID SYSTEMS, SOLAR EAGLE OPERATION, HOMES, POWER USAGE, RFID(RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION), INSURGENT ATTACKS, IRAQI ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
ABSTRACT: This project examined the cost and feasibility of using photovoltaic solar power to assist in the rebuilding of the Iraqi electrical infrastructure. The report covers available solar equipment and technologies coupled with requirements for operation, installation, and maintenance. The report begins with an analysis of the current state of the Iraqi infrastructure, including coalition efforts to begin the reconstruction process, U.S. engineers' actions upon entering Iraq, the increased need for electrical power in Iraq, the costs of insurgent attacks on the electrical system, and security issues that need to be dealt with for the future. There are numerous case studies that demonstrate uses of solar power in regions similar to Iraq. The report presents four such cases: the Sacramento Municipal Utility District in California and schools in Australia, Mexico, and South Africa. The report then identifies potential commercial solar equipment candidates for different installation configurations, including on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid systems; the installation, operation, maintenance, and durability of solar PV systems; solar technology's positive and negative attributes; the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to prevent sabotage; and emerging technologies. Next, the authors provide test data to illustrate the performance of Photovoltaic Power Conversion (PVPC) technology compared to a conventional solar PV system. The report concludes with a cost comparison for PVPC versus conventional systems, and cost estimates for using solar PV systems in powering a residential home, public service provider, school, and hospital. The appendixes contain information that decision makers may need as part of an operations order, including details on the components of a solar PV system, maintenance, retailers, assemblies, and community applications; Operation Solar Eagle worksheets; and weather data and other data for testing solar PV systems with and without PVPC technology7
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A435494
HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU SCHOOL OF OCEAN AND EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Hawaii Energy and Environmental Technologies Initiative
Final technical rept. 17 May 2001-31 Mar 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Rocheleau, Richard E
2005 Jun 99 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*UNDERWATER VEHICLES, *HYDRATES, *METHANE, *FUEL CELLS, *UNDERSEA SURVEILLANCE, *ENERGY DENSITY, MODELS, ANODES(ELECTROLYTIC CELL), UNMANNED, HYSTERESIS, ETHANOLS
IDENTIFIERS:CARBONIZED CHARCOALS
ABSTRACT: This report summarizes work conducted by the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute of the University of Hawaii under the Hawaii Energy and Environmental Technologies (HEET) Initiative funded through the Office of Naval Research. This initiative focused on critical technology needs associated with the exploration and utilization of seabed methane hydrates and the development and testing of advanced fuel cells and fuel cell systems. The efforts in methane hydrates encompassed six primary components: hydrate thermochemistry and kinetics, hydrate microbiology, subsea power generation, modeling, field studies, and international collaboration. In the fuel cell area, the major accomplishment was the development of the Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility to characterize advanced fuel cells and fuel cells systems for Navy applications, specifically for unmanned undersea vehicles.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020213
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
A Hybrid Electrochemical Energy Source
Patent Application, Filed 5 May 2005
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Patrissi, Charles J Dow, Eric G Medeiros, Maria M
2005 May 05 13 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PATENT APPLICATIONS, *ENERGY, *ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *HYBRID SYSTEMS, ANODES(ELECTROLYTIC CELL), CURRENT DENSITY, LITHIUM BATTERIES, NOISE REDUCTION, WATER ACTIVATED BATTERIES, UNDERWATER, HYDROGEN OXYGEN FUEL CELLS, ENERGY DENSITY
ABSTRACT: It is a general purpose and objective of the present invention to establish an electrochemical energy source for use in an underwater environment that utilizes the hydrogen byproduct of a lithium anode battery, such as the lithium water battery, and by doing so increases the coulombic efficiency of the lithium anode battery and eliminates the noise associated with venting the hydrogen, resulting in a quiet operation energy source with high energy density. This objective is accomplished by combining a lithium water battery with a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The reaction between the lithium and water in the battery will generate electrical energy and hydrogen (H2) gas. The hydrogen gas will then be collected and used as the fuel component for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The resulting hybrid electrochemical energy source has a low current density, long endurance, and a higher energy density for the entire system over the sum of its individual components.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A434397
AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
An Evaluation of Wind Turbine Technology at Peterson Air Force Base
Master's thesis
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Combs, Randy C
2005 Mar 140 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ENERGY, *WIND, *ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, *BENEFITS, *ENERGY CONSUMPTION, *GREENHOUSE EFFECT, EMISSION, ECONOMIC IMPACT, THESES, REDUCTION, RESOURCES, LIFE CYCLE COSTS, FOSSIL FUELS, WIND MACHINES
IDENTIFIERS:*WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, NET PRESENT VALUE, GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION, PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE
ABSTRACT: Wind energy technology is a viable source for attaining the emission reduction and renewable energy use goals set forth by the executive office. In accordance with Executive Orders, the Air Force must reduce greenhouse emissions and energy consumption, and expand the use of renewable energy sources within its facilities nation-wide by year 2010. This mandate requires that the Air Force look at alternative electrical production and rely more on such renewable energy resources as wind power. The specific problem addressed by this research is whether on-site wind energy generation can be more economically feasible than the conventional energy consumption at Peterson AFB. The hypothesis of this research is that wind energy will not be economically effective as an energy alternative without the inclusion of quantified environmental benefits. The life cycle cost comparisons derived from generating on-site wind energy proved not to be strictly economically feasible for Peterson AFB when compared to fossil fuel generated electricity. However, with the inclusion of the valuation of environmental benefits, it was determined that wind energy is a worthwhile project if the U.S. Air Force is willing to pay the extra costs for the global socioeconomic benefits.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020184
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
Wind Dam Electric Generator and Method
Patent application, Filed 1 Mar 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Rice, Pahl W
2005 Mar 01 24 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PATENT APPLICATIONS, *WIND, *ELECTRIC POWER, *GENERATORS, *AUTOROTATION, VELOCITY, CONTROL, AIR FLOW, AIRFOILS, BLADES, VERTICAL ORIENTATION, FEEDBACK, SHAFTS(MACHINE ELEMENTS), HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION, GEARS, SCOOPS, DAMS
IDENTIFIERS:*WINDMILLS, WIND FLOW, WIND FOILS
ABSTRACT: A vertical axis windmill is provided wherein the amount of wind directed to blades in the power producing part of rotation and the mechanical load of multiple generators is controlled by a feedback control to maintain a relatively constant rotational frequency of the shaft of the windmill. In a preferred embodiment, two wind foils extend radially outward from the blades to thereby provide a scoop capable of pulling in more air than would normally be received by the blades. The wind foils then direct the wind flow to the power producing part of rotation of the blades for maximum power output, when necessary. The wind foils can close to control the wind flow to the blades. The generating capacity of a plurality of generators is also controlled in response to shaft rotation to maintain substantially constant shaft rotation.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430081
ANALYTIC POWER CORP BOSTON MA
Clean Gas Reformer - A Compact Fuel Reformer for Undersea Vehicle Fuel Cells
Final rept.
2005 Feb 01 19 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*UNDERWATER VEHICLES, *LAYERS, *SEPARATION, *MONOLITHIC STRUCTURES(ELECTRONICS), *FUEL CELLS, HIGH TEMPERATURE, GLASS, POROSITY, HYDROGEN, CERAMIC MATERIALS, CATALYSTS, THERMAL CYCLING TESTS, DIESEL FUELS, STOICHIOMETRY, SEPARATORS, SLIP CASTING
IDENTIFIERS:*CGR(CLEAN GAS REFORMER), *REFORMED FUELS, STTR(SMALL BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER), STTR REPORTS, STTR TOPIC N04-T034 PHASE 1, PERMEANCE, 0001AC
ABSTRACT: This report summarizes our work on the Phase I Navy STTR N04-T034 entitled Clean Gas Reformer - A Compact Fuel Reformer for Undersea Vehicle Fuel Cells. The report details the progress towards obtaining a suitable tri-layer structure to separate hydrogen from reformed diesel fuel at high temperature. Since the glass separation membrane operates at reformer conditions there are no thermodynamic losses, and therefore the process is more efficient as compared to existing technologies such as palladium separators.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430084
CALIFORNIA INST OF TECH PASADENA
Solid Acid Based Fuel Cells
Final technical rept. Dec 2001-Sep 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Haile, Sossina M
2005 Jan 28 18 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*POWER LEVELS, *FUEL CELLS, *ACIDS, *SOLID ELECTROLYTES, HIGH POWER, THIN FILMS, STAINLESS STEEL, PROTONS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DIFFUSION, PRESSURIZATION, SPRAYS, ELECTROCATALYSTS, POROUS METALS
IDENTIFIERS:*POWER DENSITY, MEA(MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE-ASSEMBLIES)
ABSTRACT: High power density fuel cells based on solid acid electrolytes have been demonstrated. In particular, a fuel cell with a 25 micron thick CsH2PO4 membrane was fabricated and yielded a power density of 425 mW/cm2 at 26O C (H2/O2) without pressurization. In this configuration, the thin-film fuel cell is supported on a porous stainless steel gas diffusion layer and the electrocatalyst and electrolyte layers are spray-deposited. In parallel with these efforts, new, water-insoluble electrolytes have been developed. In particular, the new series of compounds Ba3-xKxHx(PO4)2 were prepared and shown to have conductivities of 3 x 10^-5 S/cm at 250 C. Although not as high as the conductivity of CsH2PO4, this result demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining proton transport via dynamic oxyanion reorientation in insoluble compounds. In addition, we have shown that it is possible to exchange out the Li in silicate salts such as LiLa9(SiO4)6O2, using a relatively weak acid (e.g. H3PO4) to once again produce proton conducting water insoluble compounds.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A443521
AEROSPACE CORP EL SEGUNDO CA
Pico Satellite Solar Cell Testbed (PSSC Testbed)
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Simburger, Edward J Liu, Simon; Halpine, John; Hinkley, David; Rumsey, Daniel; Yoo, Henry
2005 Jan 4 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*TEST BEDS, *DEGRADATION, *SPACE ENVIRONMENTS, *SOLAR RADIATION, *SPACE FLIGHT, *ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, *SOLAR CELLS, SYMPOSIA, RADIATION DAMAGE, THERMAL RADIATION, GAMMA RAYS, EFFICIENCY, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, GROUND STATIONS, EARTH ORBITS, ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
IDENTIFIERS:*PSSC(PICOSATELLITE SOLAR CELL TESTBED), PICOSATELLITES, SPACECRAFT BUS, SPACE FLIGHT QUALIFICATION, ADVANCED SOLAR CELLS, PREPRINTS
ABSTRACT: The Picosatellite Solar Cell (PSSC) Testbed flight experiment is designed to obtain space environment degradation data for advanced solar cells. The purpose of the first flight (ISS orbit) is to develop and operationally test the picosatellite and associated ground station. Subsequent flights will be in a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit, which will provide accelerated radiation degradation data for missions to geosynchronous orbit.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430372
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB HANSCOM AFB MA SPACE VEHICLES DIRECTORATE
Charging of Mirror Surfaces in Space
Journal article
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Lai, Shu T
2005 Jan 12 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*MIRRORS, *SPACECRAFT CHARGING, REPRINTS, DEGRADATION, PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION, REFLECTANCE, SPUTTERING, SOLAR PANELS, ECLIPSES
IDENTIFIERS:ELECTRON TEMPERATURE, CHARGING IN SUNLIGHT, DIFFERENTIAL CHARGING, MIRROR CHARGING, PHOTOEMISSION, SPACECRAFT DISCHARGING, SUN ANGLES
ABSTRACT: Spacecraft often charge to negative potentials of several kilovolts in eclipse at geosynchronous altitudes. We suggest that optical mirrors at geosynchronous altitudes will charge in sunlight as if in eclipse. Modem mirrors can attain very high reflectance, the reflected light being nearly as intense as the incoming light. With high reflectance, the sunlight photon energy imparted to mirror surfaces is greatly reduced, resulting in little or no photoemission. As a result, mirrors will charge as if they would in eclipse, the equilibrium potential being governed by the balance of currents without photoelectrons. When the plasma electron temperature is high, the equilibrium potential may reach several kilovolts negative, despite sunlight. This occurs often in the morning hours and in severe space weather. We stress that in general, the finite reflectance and Sun angle should be included in calculations of spacecraft charging in sunlight. As an important application for mirror charging, we bring to attention recent news, the Boeing 702 model geosynchronous satellite fleet, featuring two long solar panels on each side. Each solar panel is equipped with two mirrors flanking both sides for sunlight enhancement on the solar cells. The entire satellite fleet has suffered a similar fate, namely, gradual, permanent, and sometimes stepwise degradation. While the true cause of the Boeing solar panels deterioration may never be known, we suggest that sudden development of differential charging between the solar panels and the mirrors on their sides could be the culprit. Differential charging of mirrored solar panels may develop rapidly when the satellite is coming out of eclipse. Indeed, the sudden 25% degradation of PanAmSat PAS-7, a Boeing 702 model satellite, did occur shortly after eclipse exit in the morning of 6 September 2001. Finally, we suggest a simple mitigation method for solving the problem.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430325
HYPRES INC ELMSFORD NY
Ultra-Low Heat Leak YBCO Superconducting Leads for Cryoelectronic Applications
Final rept. 1 May 2004-31 Dec 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Webber, Robert
2004 Dec 31 14 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SUPERCONDUCTORS, *FUEL CELLS, *YTTRIUM OXIDES, *POLYCRYSTALLINE, STABILIZATION, FREQUENCY, PLANAR STRUCTURES, DIRECT CURRENT, RADIOFREQUENCY, CRYOGENICS, SPECIFIC HEAT, ZIRCONIUM OXIDES
IDENTIFIERS:SBIR(SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH) SBIR REPORTS PHASE 1, YSZ(YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA)
ABSTRACT: Recent developments in fuel-cell research have led to the availability of commercially manufactured flexible polycrystalline sheets of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in thicknesses of 50 to 100 m, which are ideal substrates for laying down low-current DC leads of YBa2Cu3O7- (YBCO) that conduct very little heat at cryogenic temperatures. Production of thick films of YBCO (several tens of microns thick), albeit at lower current densities than thin films (approx. 1 m), was well established by the mid-nineties using relatively simple low-tech methods. As was shown in the phase I proposal, the combination of these two materials can, in theory, create a superconducting DC lead which achieves our target for specific heat load (heat-load per unit amp for 35mA current passing between a 60K and a 4K heat station), i.e. 1mW per amp of current delivered. See appendix A. Calculations also showed that the same materials could also produce higher performance coplanar waveguides than normal metals at a range of RF frequencies.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A434290
MASSACHUSETTS UNIV DARTMOUTH MA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Catalysis, Architecture and the Electrochemical Performance of Microfibrous Cathodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Based Fuel Cells
Final rept. 15 Mar 2002-30 Sep 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Bessette, Russell R Patrissi, Charles J Medeiros, Maria G Carreiro, Louis G Kim, Yong K Tucker, Steven P Deschenes, Craig M LaFratta, Christopher N Dunnell, Michelle M Atwater, Delmas W
2004 Dec 30 31 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*CATALYSIS, *FUEL CELLS, *ELECTRODEPOSITION, *CATHODES(ELECTROLYTIC CELL), MAGNESIUM, POLARIZATION, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), FABRICATION, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, CARBON FIBERS, CATALYSTS, FIELD INTENSITY, BIPOLAR SYSTEMS, HOMOGENEITY, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, IRIDIUM, PALLADIUM ALLOYS
IDENTIFIERS:*FLOCKING, ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS, MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FUEL CELLS, PALLADIUM IRIDIUM ALLOYS, MICROFIBERS, CARBON ELECTRODES, SEMI-FUEL CELLS
ABSTRACT: A novel cathode morphology has been developed for use in magnesium-hydrogen peroxide semi-fuel cells. A direct electrostatic flocking method is used to prepare the carbon microfiber arrays that are subsequently catalyzed with a Pd/Ir alloy by electrochemical deposition. The microfibers protrude from a current collector like the bristles of a brush. Flocking under different voltage field strengths and in various atmospheres is reported upon. A pulse potential deposition technique is compared to the baseline cyclic potential method. XRD data represented to conclude that a homogenous alloy of Pd and Ir is obtained by both techniques. Polarization and constant current results sow these electrodes significantly improve the rate capability of the Mg-hydrogen peroxide cell. Individual electrode potential measurements show that most of the polarization occurs on the cathode. Combinations of Co, W, and Mo with Pd and Ir have been studied to improve catalytic activity. Bipolar electrode fabrication has been accomplished. Long term performance data of single cells and two cell stacks are presented Electrode performance modeling was undertaken.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430957
ARMY SPACE AND MISSILE DEFENSE COMMAND HUNTSVILLE AL
Distributed Power System for Microsatellites
Technical rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Simburger, E J Rumsey, D Hinkley, D Liu, S Carian, P
2004 Dec 15 16 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, *POWER DISTRIBUTION, FLIGHT TESTING, ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEMS, THIN FILMS, SOLAR CELLS, PLANAR STRUCTURES, POWER SUPPLIES, ELECTRIC POWER, MICROMINIATURIZATION, MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
IDENTIFIERS:PICOSATELLITES, PSIREX(ICO SATELLITE INFLATABLE REFLECTOR EXPERIMENT)
ABSTRACT: The Aerospace Corporation has independently developed a distributed "Ring Bus" electric power system for Picosatellites. This distributed power system architecture is being implemented on a number of upcoming Picosatellite missions. The first implementations of this architecture will be flown on the PowerSphere Flight Experiment and the Pico Satellite Inflatable Reflector Experiment (PSIREX). To date not all Picosatellite missions have attitude control or deployable solar array structures. Solar cells are body mounted on the various sides of the Picosatellite. The "Ring Bus" architecture was conceived to solve the problem of obtaining maximum electric power from a solar array with multiple panels that are not arranged on a single planar surface. Aerospace Corporation researchers working on developing viable power systems for Picosatellites were awarded patents 6,127,621 October 2, 2000, "Power Sphere;" and 6,396,167 May 28, 2002, "Power Distribution System" for this unique solution for distributed power system architecture for a multifaceted solar array. The authors have developed a prototype of the ring bus and have completed initial testing of its performance.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433374
ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD
Intermediate Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Incorporated With Polyoxometalates For Fuel Cell Applications
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Rong, CharlesJiang, RongzhongBelenky, LucasChu, Deryn
2004 Dec 3 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*TEMPERATURE, *POLYMERS, *ELECTROLYTES, SYMPOSIA, CONDUCTIVITY, PROTONS, THERMAL ANALYSIS, MEMBRANES, WEIGHT REDUCTION, FUEL CELLS, ALKOXY RADICALS, SOL GEL PROCESSES
IDENTIFIERS:*POLYOXOMETALATES, COMPONENT REPORTS
ABSTRACT: We report here some results of proton conducting inorganic/organic hybrid polymer membrane materials that were synthesized by sol-gel process using organically modified alkoxysilane precursor with polyoxometalates of different structures. Polyoxometalates H3PW12O40, H4SiW12O40, and H6P2W18O62 were chosen for the study. The proton conductivity of the membrane made with the above polyoxometalates increased with the increase of the temperature in the presence of saturated water vapor, measured with a four-electrode configuration, and at 100 degree C the conductivity of the membranes is found to be in the range of 10(exp -3) O(exp -1)/cm. Thermal analysis of the membranes showed that the membrane materials have different weight loss profile with structurally different polyoxometalates being incorporated.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433349
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
Validation of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Models to Field Data for a Residential Proton Exchange Fuel Cell (PEM) Demonstration
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Holcomb, Franklin H Massie, Darrell D Kang, John H Boettner, Daisie D Knight, James L
2004 Dec 6 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*VALIDATION, *FUEL CELLS, *ELECTRICAL LOADS, THERMAL PROPERTIES, SYMPOSIA, GRIDS, DATA ACQUISITION, POWER SUPPLIES, ELECTRIC POWER, RESIDENTIAL SECTION, NATURAL GAS
IDENTIFIERS:*PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES, *COMBINED HEAT AND POWER, SCADA(SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION), COMPONENT REPORTS, THERMAL LOADS, CHP(COMBINED HEAT AND POWER), PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE)
ABSTRACT: As part of a one-year Department of Defense demonstration project, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems have been installed at three residences to provide electrical power and waste heat for domestic hot water and space heating. The 5 kW-capacity fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas. These systems operate at preset levels providing power to the residence and to the utility grid. During grid outages, the residential power source is disconnected from the grid and the fuel cell system operates in standby mode to provide power to critical loads in the residence. One of the units was equipped with a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA) that was used to collect electrical and thermal load profiles. This paper describes the ability to model electrical and thermal loads for improved control and load management for very small systems, using limited easily obtainable forecast data.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433337
MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Comparison of Man-Portable Power Generation Alternatives Based on Fuel-Cell Systems
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Mitsos, AlexanderHencke, Michael M Barton, Paul I
2004 Dec 9 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FUELS, *MANPORTABLE EQUIPMENT, *MICROMINIATURIZATION, *DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, *SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS, *POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS, HYDRIDES, SYMPOSIA, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), COMPARISON, PROTOTYPES, AMMONIA, CASE STUDIES, METHANOLS, HYDROCARBONS, USER NEEDS, MICROMECHANICS, COMPRESSED AIR, OXYGEN GENERATORS
IDENTIFIERS:*MICROPOWER GENERATION, PROTON CERAMIC FUEL CELLS, SINGLE CHAMBER FUEL CELLS, WATER REFORMING, COMPONENT REPORTS, COMPRESSED OXYGEN, PRODUCT ENGINEERING
ABSTRACT: Micro-fabricated fuel cell systems are a potential consumer product with the promise to outperform batteries for man-portable power generation in terms of the achievable energy density. There is a plethora of potential civil and military applications and a great variety of potential devices are being considered in various research institutions. The authors have developed a systematic methodology for the comparison of alternatives and examination of the influence of technological parameters and have implemented this in a web-based tool. They consider a variety of fuel/chemical choices, including hydrocarbons, methanol, ammonia, and hydrides; oxygen options considered are atmospheric air, compressed air, compressed oxygen, and oxygen generators; and fuel cell types considered are Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, hydrogen-operated Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, Proton Ceramic Fuel Cells, and Single Chamber Fuel Cells. In this paper, the authors present and motivate the resulting process alternatives and demonstrate the use of the methodology in case studies, showing the scaling of the process performance and the influence of water management.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433363
MICROCELL TECHNOLOGIES LITTLETON MA
Alkaline Fuel Cell Technology for Mitigating Hydrogen Generated by Mg/Fe Based Chemical Heaters
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Kimble, M C DellaRocca, P Lavigne, P
2004 Dec 3 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*HYDROGEN, *RATIONS, *FUEL CELLS, *HEATERS, SYMPOSIA, CHEMICALS, GASES, ELECTRODES, MEALS, SAFETY, LIGHTWEIGHT
IDENTIFIERS:*AFC(ALKALINE FUEL CELL), *UGR-E(UNITIZED GROUP RATION-EXPRESS), COMPONENT REPORTS, SBIR(SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH), SBIR REPORTS, SBIR PHASE 1
ABSTRACT: The Unitized Group Ration - Express (UGR-E) is a disposable, compact, self-contained module that provides a complete, hot meal for 18 warfighters. The UGR-E contains four shelf-stable polymeric food trays that are coupled to four magnesium based chemical heaters. With the pull of a tab, the food is heated within 45 minutes. Unfortunately, upon activation, the magnesium based heaters release a hydrogen by-product. Given that 400g of heater materials is needed for the UGR-E, the amount of released hydrogen gas (approximately 11 cubic ft) is formidable and could pose a safety risk if the lower explosive limit is exceeded. In addition to mitigating this safety risk, it is also desired to sue this energy (320 BTU/cubic ft H2) in the form of either heat or electricity. To address this problem, a lightweight, affordable, disposable alkaline fuel cell (AFC) has been developed in a Phase 1 Army SBIR Contract.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433307
DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Portable Power Generation via Integrated Catalytic Microcombustion-Thermoelectric Devices
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Norton, D G Voit, K W Brueggemann, T Vlachos, D G Wetzel, E D
2004 Dec 9 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FUELS, *HYDROCARBONS, *ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *FUEL AIR RATIO, *THERMOELECTRICITY, PORTABLE EQUIPMENT, SYMPOSIA, COMBUSTION, ARMY EQUIPMENT, YIELD
IDENTIFIERS:*INTEGRATED CATALYTIC MICROCOMBUSTION THERMOELECTRIC DEVICES, *PORTABLE POWER GENERATION, COMPONENT REPORTS, HYDROCARBON FUELS, PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE)
ABSTRACT: U.S. Army systems increasingly require novel methods of high density, fast charging power sources. In this study, a novel alternative to traditional batteries, catalytic microcombustors utilizing hydrocarbon fuels, are fabricated and characterized. These devices are found to be robust, easy to start up, operable over a wide range of compositions and temperatures, and able to support complete combustion over a range of fuels and fuel/air ratios. Various materials of construction are investigated in order to yield good temperature uniformity. Successful integration with thermoelectric devices is achieved, resulting in electrical power generation from catalytic microcombustion with a thermal efficiency of ^1%.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A432961
MINNESOTA UNIV MINNEAPOLIS DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applications
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Lee, Ivan C Schmidt, Lanny D
2004 Dec 3 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SULFUR, *JET ENGINE FUELS, *FUEL CELLS, SYMPOSIA, HYDROGEN, GASES, CATALYSTS, CARBON MONOXIDE, RHODIUM
IDENTIFIERS:COMPONENT REPORTS, JP-8 FUELS
ABSTRACT: Military jet fuel (JP-8) has been successfully reformed to produce synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) selectivity with a rhodium-based catalyst. Time-on-stream experiment indicates that the catalysts remains stable and active for at least 4 hours using a jet fuel (310 ppm sulfur) straight from the pump without pre-reforming sulfur removal. The dry gas composition of the product (reformate) includes about 15% hydrogen, 20% CO, 1% methane, 58% nitrogen and others. This JP-8 reformer can potentially be integrated with a reformate sulfur sorption bed and a solid oxide fuel cell for tactical power applications.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433359
MESOSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY INC KENNEWICK WA
Compact Fuel Cell Power Supplies with Safe Fuel Storage
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Powell, M R Chellappa, A S Vencill, T R
2004 Dec 9 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*AMMONIA, *POWER SUPPLIES, *FUEL CELLS, SYMPOSIA, SAFETY, LIGHTWEIGHT, STORAGE TANKS, LIQUEFIED GASES, SEMIPERMEABILITY, ENERGY DENSITY
IDENTIFIERS:*SAFE FUEL STORAGE, SBIR(SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH), SBIR REPORTS, SBIR PHASE 2, COMPONENT REPORTS
ABSTRACT: A compact, lightweight hydrogen-production system was developed for fuel-cell-based power supplies. Anhydrous ammonia is decomposed thermocatalytically in a microreactor to produce a fuel-cell feed gas. For an electrical energy capacity of 1250 W-h, this system has an energy density of 500 W-h/kg, which is roughly twice that of state-of-the-art batteries. Despite its energy-density advantage, this ammonia-based power supply will not likely be deployed in military or commercial markets unless safety concerns related to the possible rapid release of ammonia are resolved. Semi-permeable, high-void-fraction materials were developed to address the issue of ammonia safety. Liquefied ammonia is loaded into a monolithic block of safe-storage material, which is installed in a suitable lightweight tank. In the event of tank puncture or leakage from another system component, the release of toxic/flammable gas to the surroundings is restricted by the safe-storage material. Gas release from the safe-storage material is on the order of 1 g/min, which is sufficiently slow to avoid rapid formation of dangerous ammonia concentrations in an enclosed space. These safe-storage materials can also be used for storage of liquefied hydrocarbons such as propane and butane.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433336
MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE MICROSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY LABS
Progress Toward a Microfabricated Gas Turbine Generator for Soldier Portable Power Applications
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Jacobson, S A Das, S Savoulides, N Steyn, J L Lang, J Li, H Q Livermore, C Schmidt, M A Teo, C J Umans, S D Epstein, A H Arnold, D P Park, J-W Zana, I Allen, M G
2004 Dec 9 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PORTABLE EQUIPMENT, *MAGNETIC INDUCTION, *ELECTRIC GENERATORS, *TURBOCHARGERS, *INDUCTION MOTORS, *PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATORS, *MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS, HIGH POWER, SYMPOSIA, LOW COSTS, DEMONSTRATIONS, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), EFFICIENCY, GAS TURBINES, SILICON, HIGH DENSITY, MICROMINIATURIZATION, MICROMACHINING
IDENTIFIERS:*MICROENGINES, LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS, ELECTRIC INDUCTION GENERATORS, MAGNETIC INDUCTION GENERATORS, COMPONENT REPORTS, SILICON FABRICATION PROCESSES, MICROFABRICATION, HIGH POWER DENSITY
ABSTRACT: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) turbocharger and electric generator devices have been fabricated and tested as part of a program at MIT to develop a microfabricated gas turbine generator for portable power applications. The overall efficiency of this device, relative to its conventional-scale brethren, is limited by small-scale physics and microfabrication constraints. However, even at modest efficiency levels, the performance of a microscale engine is considerably better than batteries, offering the potential for about seven times the energy density of today's best batteries when operating with a conversion efficiency of 10% and using a liquid hydrocarbon fuel such as JP8. Using a MEMS-based batch fabrication process offers the potential for low costs. The small device scale allows for high levels of power density. For the soldier, this device would serve as a battery replacement, providing 10-20 watts of power. As the gas turbine generator is a complex system, its development has included several intermediate devices. This paper presents results from the initial demonstration of several of these intermediate MEMS devices, including a turbocharger, an electric induction generator, a magnetic induction motor, and a permanent magnet generator.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A432955
ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD WEAPONS AND MATERIALS RESEARCH DIRECTORATE
Integrating Structure With Power in Battery Materials
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Snyder, James F Carter, Robert H Wetzel, Eric D
2004 Dec 3 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*POLYMERS, *ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *ELECTROLYTES, *ELECTRIC BATTERIES, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, SYMPOSIA, CONDUCTIVITY, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), MILITARY APPLICATIONS, LIGHTWEIGHT, STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
IDENTIFIERS:COMPONENT REPORTS
ABSTRACT: We have developed a multifunctional material concept that combines structural performance with power generation. Such devices would replace inert structural components in the U.S. Army systems, such as a ground vehicle body or a soldier's helmet, and simultaneously provide supplementary power for light load applications. The emphasis of our research is two-fold. We are developing structural polymer electrolytes that exhibit desirable ion conductivity, and we are researching augmentation of overall mechanical properties in polymer based power generating devices.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A428917
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV UNIVERSITY PARK MATERIALS RESEARCH LAB
High Performance Electroactive Polymers for Naval Underwater Acoustic Applications
Final rept. 18 Mar 2002-30 Sep 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Zhang, Qiming
2004 Dec 34 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS, *LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS, HIGH RATE, EFFICIENCY, PROTOTYPES, ELECTRONS, DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES, CONSTANTS, ORGANIC MATERIALS, NAVAL OPERATIONS, TRANSDUCERS, SKIN(STRUCTURAL)
IDENTIFIERS:*ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS, ELECTROMECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCTION
ABSTRACT: Program objective was to develop electroactive polymers with performance superior than current materials for Navy transducers an electromechanical transduction (i.e. smart skins) applications. Three approaches were proposed and 2 of them were investigated (the 3rd approach, which makes use of the polar-vector reorientation of liquid crystal polymers to generate high electromechanical efficiency, was not pursued due to funding limit). First, utilized the large strain associated with the molecular conformation change between different forms (polar and non-polar) to generate high electromechanical responses. New class of electroactive polymers, i.e. electrostrictive PVDF based polymers, have been developed and at the end of this program, a large quantity of the electrostrictive P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer can be produced (^2kg/batch), making it possible for the future prototype device development. Explored approach of using the delocalized electrons in organic materials to significantly raise the dielectric constant of polymeric materials; thus, polymeric materials with dielectric constant higher than 1,000 have been realized. Polymeric materials exhibit.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433548
ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD
Ceria Based Nano-Scale Catalysts For Water-Gas Shift (WGS) Reaction
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Chu, DerynLee, Ivan C Pati, Ranjan K Ehrman, Sheryl H
2004 Dec 6 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*HIGH RESOLUTION, *CERIUM, *FUEL CELLS, PARTICLE SIZE, OXIDES, CATALYSTS, TRANSITION METAL COMPOUNDS, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, NANOSTRUCTURES
IDENTIFIERS:WGS(WATER GAS SHIFT), TEM(TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC)
ABSTRACT: This paper describes our research efforts towards the preparation of high surface area ceria oxide (CeO2) containing catalysts for fuel processing and therefore for fuel cells applications. In the present work, we present a simple. single step flame synthesis method to prepare high surface area ceria based fuel reformation catalysts using aqueous solutions of metal acetate precursors. The specific surface areas of the synthesized powders are in the range of 130 and 163(meter squared)/g. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic (TEM) characterization showed that the particle sizes for the ceria materials are in the range of 3 and 10 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectra show the presence of transition metal oxide in the as prepared catalysts. The catalysts also test for water-gas-shift (WGA) reaction.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A433361
ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD
Configurable Power Solutions for Current Operations Support
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Katsis, DimosthenisShaffer, EdwardMorganstern, MarkHopkins, John
2004 Dec 3 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*DETECTORS, *POWER, *ARMY OPERATIONS, SYMPOSIA, MILITARY VEHICLES, SOLAR ENERGY, BATTERY CHARGERS, GENERATORS, DIRECT CURRENT, ELECTRIC BATTERIES
IDENTIFIERS:COMPONENT REPORTS, VEHICULAR POWER
ABSTRACT: Current Army operations include a variety of systems and other applications employed in a dismounted mode at a variety of sites. These sites may be very austere, with no commercial or tactical power available, or they may be in more developed locations with access to commercial and/or generator power. The Army Research Laboratory has developed a configurable power solution that permits a particular sensor suite (UTAMS) to operate continuously from solar, vehicular battery, generator, or commercial power. This design provides soldiers maximum flexibility in deploying the sensor suite and is readily adaptable to similar applications.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A429110
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL THOUSAND OAKS CA
Frictionless Linear Electrical Generator for Harvesting Motion Energy
Final rept. 11 Feb 2003-11 Nov 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Cheung, Jeffrey T
2004 Nov 19 45 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*LINEAR SYSTEMS, *LONG LIFE, *GENERATORS, TEST AND EVALUATION, MONITORING, MOTION, PROTOTYPES, ALTERNATING CURRENT, ENERGY TRANSFER, OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA, CORROSION RESISTANCE, POWER, DIRECT CURRENT, STACKING, SEALED SYSTEMS, BUOYS, SLIDING FRICTION
ABSTRACT: A key limitation in a buoy-based oceanographic monitoring systems is the lack of a reliable power source with long operational lifetime. Battery packs suffer from the replacement cost and inconvenience. Traditional renewable energy devices do not fully address the need due to their poor performance in the hostile marine environment (e.g. solar cells) or size and cost (e.g. OWEC systems) To fill this important niche, we have developed a new technology that combines the uses of an ultra low friction surface treatment with an efficient linear generator. The small device can be deployed anywhere on the ocean surface without anchoring to the seabed. The friction between the sliding magnetic stacks and the inner wall of the generator is negligibly low. This not only reduces the frictional loss but also increases the system sensitivity to capture energy from the slightest movement. As magnets slide across induction coils in a tube, random AC outputs are produced. They are then rectified and regulated into stable DC output to charge a battery with an overall net efficiency of over 50% over a wide temperature range. Small prototype devices have been field-tested at near shore under mild wave conditions to produce close to 1 Watt of power and it can be scaled up to higher power capacity. The completely sealed structure makes the system corrosion resistant. The ultra low friction surface and simple design make the device mechanically robust without any sign of mechanical degradation after months of continuous operation.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADM001789
SOUTH CAROLINA UNIV COLUMBIA COLL OF ENGINEERING
Fuel Cell Technology Hybrid Advanced Fuel Cell Power Sources
Final rept.
2004 Nov 18
1CD-ROM (s)
DESCRIPTORS:*HYDROGEN, *HYBRID SYSTEMS, *LITHIUM BATTERIES, *FUEL CELLS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, HYDRIDES, COMPACT DISKS, DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS, CAPACITORS, HYDROLYSIS, VALIDATION, REACTION KINETICS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY
IDENTIFIERS:MULTIMEDIA(CD-ROM), DMFC(DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS), CONTROLLER CIRCUITS, BATTERY POWER
ABSTRACT: ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: 270 files; Adobe Acrobat (), MS Word (.DOC), MS Excel (.XLS), Matlab files (.VTH, .VTM), C++ files and executables. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 1 CD-ROM; 4 3/4 in.; 50.7 MB. SYSTEMS DETAIL NOTE: Matlab is required to view certain files. ABSTRACT: The final report consists of 28 milestone reports and copies of published and submitted for publication papers.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A429990
COAST GUARD RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER GROTON CT
Shore Facility Fuel Cell Demonstration
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Lund, Christian; Weaver, Elizabeth
2004 Nov 53 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*LOW COSTS, *PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING), *FUEL CELLS, *NATURAL GAS, LOW POWER, MILITARY FACILITIES, COST EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, RELIABILITY, FEASIBILITY STUDIES, INSTALLATION, ELECTRICITY, CIRCUIT INTERCONNECTIONS, SAVINGS, COAST GUARD, LOW NOISE, COST REDUCTION
IDENTIFIERS:COAST GUARD AIR STATIONS, LOW EMISSIONS, SHORE FACILITIES
ABSTRACT: A 250 kW Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell that converts natural gas into electricity was installed at U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Air Station Cape Cod. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine whether fuel cell technology could be a reliable, more environmentally friendly, and cost-effective alternative to commercially procured electricity at CG shore facilities. This report discusses the installation of the fuel cell and analyzes its performance for a 1-year period beginning in June 2003. Results show that the fuel cell operated reliably; however, ancillary issues related to the commercial electrical utility interconnection required the fuel cell to operate at reduced power, which minimized cost savings. Even operating at reduced capacity, the costs of the fuel cell were $24 K less than the projected costs of equivalent commercially procured energy. Future savings will depend upon maintenance costs and the relative cost differential between natural gas and commercial electricity. If technological advances and savings from mass production can reduce capital costs in future years, fuel cells may become financially viable alternatives. They do provide a fairly reliable back-up power source and significantly reduce emissions relative to other generating sources. Nonetheless, the technology has not yet matured to the point where it should be installed universally at other Coast Guard units.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A429817
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE
Scholarly Research Program. Delivery Order 0007: Characterization of Ionic Liquids as Fuel Cell Electrolytes
Final rept. 1 Jan 2003-1 Jun 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Keitz, Thomas L Katovic, Vladimir; Davidson, Amanda
2004 Nov 21 Page(s)
SCRIPTORS:*ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *FUEL CELLS, OXIDATION, ELECTRODES, ELECTROLYTES, ETHANOLS, ACETIC ACID
ABSTRACT: The object of this work was to synthesize the room temperature ionic liquids, EMImBF4, BMImBF4 and BMPBETI, and to study the electrochemical behavior of ethanol in these electrolytes on the Pt electrode. The electrochemical oxidation of EtOH on Pt electrodes in acidic medium involves several reaction pathways. The predominant pathway involves oxidation of bulk EtOH to CH3CHO which can be further partially oxidized to acetic acid. The secondary reaction involves oxidation of a strongly bound adsorbate, breaking the C-C bond and the formation of CO2. The electrochemical behavior of EtOH in ionic liquid was investigated and compared to the one obtained in acid aqueous electrolyte. It is expected that the use of the room-temperature ionic liquids might prevent poisoning of Pt electrode, by formation of PtO2 , and oxidize EtOH to CH3COOH or CO2.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A428642
IOWA UNIV IOWA CITY DIV OF SPONSORED RESEARCH
Investigation of Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nitride Networks as Redox-Active Metal Catalyst Support Materials
Final rept. 1 Aug 2003-31 Jul 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Gillan, EdwardLeddy, JohnaMiller, DaleDunwoody, Drew
2004 Oct 29
28 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *NITRIDES, *CATALYSTS, *FUEL CELLS, *OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS, METALS, NETWORKS, COMPOSITE MATERIALS, CARBON, HYDROGEN, ELECTRODES, METHANOLS, CARBON BLACK, ACIDS
IDENTIFIERS:*CARBON NITRIDE, PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE)
ABSTRACT: This one-year feasibility study was designed to examine the thermal, chemical, and electrochemical properties of novel nitrogen-rich carbon nitride (C(sub 3)N(sub 4+x)) network materials for use as catalysts in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell electrodes. We have produced carbon nitride materials and carbon composites thereof; particularly we discovered a rapid, facile method to make carbon nitride carbon black composites in a single step. This in-situ method is an effective strategy to produce homogeneous electrically conducting composite materials. As expected, the electrical conductivity of the semiconducting carbon nitride greatly improves when it is mixed with conducting carbon black. We have determined that carbon nitride and its composites with carbon black are electrochemically inert in neutral and acidic environments and do not impede oxidation-reduction reactions. Catalytically active metals were deposited onto the carbon nitride powders using solution and hydrogen reduction strategies. Platinum metal containing carbon nitrides showed appreciable electroactivity in O2, CO and methanol aqueous environments. In some cases, the current densities achieved for these Pt-carbon nitride composites exceed those observed for Pt on carbon obtained from commercial sources. Other metal catalysts such as Ni also showed promising electrochemical events in O2, CO, and methanol environments.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A427416
YALE UNIV NEW HAVEN CT
Development of Optimized Combustors and Thermoelectric Generators for Palm Power Generation
Final rept. 1 Jul 2001-30 Jun 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Gomez, Alessandro
2004 Oct 26 5 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*COMBUSTION, *COMBUSTORS, *ENERGY CONVERSION, *ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *JET ENGINE FUELS, HYDROCARBONS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, EXHAUST GASES
IDENTIFIERS:*JP-8 FUELS, CATALYTIC COMBUSTORS, DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
ABSTRACT: The major technical accomplishments for the development of a mesoscale catalytic combustor to be coupled with direct energy conversion modules for electric power production are summarized. Most importantly, clean and efficient combustion of complex hydrocarbon mixtures, such as the notoriously problematic JP-8, has been accomplished. Using gas chromatographic analysis of the exhaust gases, a combustion efficiency on the order of 99% is estimated. The device was successfully coupled to a free piston Stirling engine in preliminary experiments. In addition, fundamental studies were pursued on liquid fuel dispersion by the electrospray technique with both conventional manufacturing techniques and microfabrication, on the chemical kinetics of JP-8 surrogates and on the development of advanced laser diagnostics for JP-8 combustion systems.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A429462
WARSAW UNIV POLAND
Novel, Solvent Free, Single Ion Conductive Polymer Electrolytes (Warsaw-2001)
Final rept. 23 Feb 2001-23 Feb 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Florjanczyk, Zbigniew
2004 Oct 18 82 Page(s)
ESCRIPTORS:*SYNTHESIS(CHEMISTRY), *LITHIUM BATTERIES, *ELECTROLYTES, *CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS, OPTIMIZATION, POLYMERIZATION, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, METHACRYLATES, SALTS, ANIONS, POLAND, ELECTROLYTIC CELLS
IDENTIFIERS:*POLYMER ELECTROLYTES, FOREIGN REPORTS, LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
ABSTRACT: This report results from a contract tasking Warsaw University of Technology as follows: The main task of this project is to design and characterize novel types of lithium conducting polymer electrolytes. This task will be pursued by the combined efforts of three academic groups having world-wide recognized experience in polymer electrolyte science, namely, the Group of Professors Wladyslaw Wieczorek and Florjanczyks of the Warsaw University of Technology in Poland, the Group of Professor Emanuel Peled at the University of Tel Aviv, Israel, and the Group of Professor Bruno Scrosati at the University La Sapienza' of Rome, Italy. Broadly, the Polish Group will be involved in the synthesis of the new polymer electrolytes; the Italian Group will act as the coordinator of the Project, in their basic electrochemical characterization; and the Group in Israel in the fabrication and test of laboratory cell prototypes. The work plan to be carried out at the Faculty of Chemistry of Warsaw Technical University will involve the following items: 1) Synthesis of polymer in salt system by in-situ polymerization or co-polymerization of acrylate (methacrylate) monomers in the presence of plasticizing salt; and 2) Optimization of the electrolyte conductivity as a function of the polymer matrix composition and the concentration of the added salt.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A427529
GEORGIA INST OF TECH ATLANTA OFFICE OFSPONSORED RESEARCH
Hybrid Metal/Electrolyte Monolithic Low Temperature SOFCs
Final progress rept. 1 Jun 2001-31 May 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Cochran, JoeLee, JimLiu, MeilinMcDowell, DaveSanders, Tom
2004 Oct 15 140 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FUEL CELLS, THERMOMECHANICS, HEAT TRANSFER, HIGH POWER, EXTRUSION, HEAT TREATMENT, OXIDES, HYBRID SYSTEMS, TEMPERATURE CONTROL, HONEYCOMB STRUCTURES
IDENTIFIERS:SOFC(SOLID OXIDE FUELS CELLS), LAYERED STACK EXTRUSION
ABSTRACT: The program objective is to develop SOFCs, operating in the 500-700 degrees C range, based on Metal/Electrolyte square cell honeycomb formed by simultaneous powder extrusion of electrolyte and metal interconnects on alternate layers. The alloy interconnect is being formed as an oxide powder mixture which will be reduced to the metal and then co-sintered with the electrolyte during hydrogen thermal treatment. Goals include power density of 5 KW/liter, alternative fuels, designed thermal management, and low fabrication cost. The project is divided into electrolyte/electrode development, fabrication of hybrid and electrolyte monoliths, and thermo-mechanical stress modeling and heat transfer. Honeycomb fuel cells offer a great potential for high-power density and low-cost manufacturing. Also, producing multiple layers simultaneously forms a gas-tight high temperature seal in a single step, minimizing or eliminating difficulties encountered in other designs (planar or tubular) of SOFCs. The unique honeycomb cell geometry, however, poses some challenges in application of electrodes with desired microstructures to the honeycomb channels. However, near the end of the program, success was obtained in reduction and co-sintering of crack free, hermetic SOFC platform with alternating layers of metal interconnect and YSZ electrolyte. The structures were electroded and operated as fuel cells at modest powder levels. In, monolithic, all YSZ, honeycomb fuel cells, power levels of 0.09 W/sq cm of electrolyte area, 0.30 W/cu cm of call volume, and 0.15 W/g was achieved in the program.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A427367
NORTHWESTERN UNIV EVANSTON IL MATERIALS RESEARCH CENTER
Materials for Energy Conversion and Environmental Protection
Final Project rept. 25 Sep 2003-24 Sep 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Chang, R P Moncel, Jennifer
2004 Oct 13 39 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ENERGY CONVERSION, *ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, *FUEL CELLS, *EMISSION CONTROL, INDUSTRIES, STUDENTS, INTERACTIONS, CANADA, TEAMS(PERSONNEL), FEASIBILITY STUDIES, CATALYSIS, INTERNATIONAL, BUDGETS, PERU, ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, PANAMA, MEXICO, CHILE, PUERTO RICO, BOLIVIA
ABSTRACT: The Pan-American Advanced Studies Institute (PASI) on Materials for Energy Conversion and Environmental Protection was held October 20-29, 2003 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event welcomed twenty distinguished lecturers and forty graduate and post-doctoral students, half from the US (including Puerto Rico) and half from outside the US (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, CanADA, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Panama, and Venezuela.) Eight Pan-American student research groups were formed, each with a clearly defined plan to perform collaborative research on a topic related to Fuel Cells and Catalysis for Emissions Control. The innovative program maximized interactive learning. Students were assigned into international teams of five, each led by a US co-leader and a Pan-American co-leader. Teams made contact before the PASI to identify potential research topics based on their common interests. Lecturers from industry, academia, and government mentored the students, helping them set goals, make budgets, and plan effective use of facilities. One-hour technical and policy lectures were followed by 30 minute question- and-answer periods. Each afternoon, students met with lecturers during 90-minute roundtable discussions. Students made their presentations and received feedback regarding project feasibility, budget planning, challenges, and additional methods of approach. Students are currently seeking funding for their proposed collaborative research.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A431752
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Test and Evaluation
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Unger, Robert J Kenner, ScottBinder, Michael J Holcomb, Franklin H
2004 Oct 177 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ENERGY CONSERVATION, *FUEL CELLS, TEST AND EVALUATION, ARMY RESEARCH, REDUCTION, COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, RELIABILITY, OPERATION, LIFE CYCLES, PHOSPHORIC ACIDS
ABSTRACT: Fuel cell power plants can provide improvements in energy conservation and reduced environmental impacts for many DOD applications. Currently, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC/CERL) Fuel Cell Technology Program facilitates the development of Fuel Cell Technology. This work provided testing and evaluations of fuel cells in support of life-cycle-cost reduction and performance improvement goals. This program also undertook to provide the capability for independent design assessments of alternative technology fuel cell system configurations and components to achieve lower life cycle cost either through reduced capital cost, reduced operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, or increased performance and reliability.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A431880
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
Results of Source Emissions Testing. UTC Fuel Cell Model PC25C
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): White, MelissaTaylor, William R
2004 Sep 18 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*TEST AND EVALUATION, *EMISSION, *FUEL CELLS, ARMY RESEARCH, SPECIFICATIONS, ENERGY, EFFICIENCY, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, ELECTRICITY, DIRECT CURRENT
IDENTIFIERS:*PC25C FUEL CELLS
ABSTRACT: Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process that combines hydrogen and oxygen to generate direct current (DC) electricity. Fuel cells are an environmentally clean, quite, and a highly efficient method for generating electricity and heat from natural gas and other fuels. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) has actively participated in the development and application of advanced fuel cell technology since fiscal year 1993 (FY93), and has overseen the purchase, installation, and ongoing monitoring of fuel cells in the "DOD Fuel Cell Demonstration Program." This report documents a source emission study done on fuel cells at Fort Huachuca, in Tempe, AZ. This report describes the testing methods used to measure source emissions from the PC25C system, the conditions during the process, and the test results. Results are tabulated with the manufacturer's emissions ratings.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430696
DAYTON UNIV OH RESEARCH INST
Fuel Cell Support Testing. Delivery Order 0029: Fuel Cells for Aerospace Power
Final technical rept. 26 Sep 2003-25 Sep 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Kumar, Binod
2004 Sep 48 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FUEL CELLS, *YTTRIUM OXIDES, *ZIRCONIUM OXIDES, AEROSPACE SYSTEMS, GRAIN GROWTH, GRAIN BOUNDARIES
IDENTIFIERS:SOLID OXIDE, ELECTROLYTE, ELECTRICAL, CONDUCTIVITY, SCANDIA, PE62203F, WUAFRL3145229X
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this effort was the basic advancement of high temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte technology. This paper reports the effects of heterogeneously doped Al2O3 on the ionic conductivity of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). At lower dopant concentration, grain growth occurred and the grain boundaries were re-formed. Subsequent increases in the dopant concentration decreased the transport of oxygen ions. the presence of Al2O3 also leads to a blocking effect. the net result of the two antagonistic influences is small and reflected by a relatively minor influence on conductivity.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A428170
SURREY UNIV GUILDFORD (UNITED KINGDOM)
Solar Thermal Propulsion for Microsatellite Manoeuvring
Doctoral thesis
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Kennedy, F G
2004 Sep 381 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SOLAR ENERGY, *LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES, *THERMAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS, *MANEUVERING SATELLITES, TEST AND EVALUATION, HEAT TRANSFER, FIBER OPTICS, MIRRORS, MANEUVERABILITY, MISSION PROFILES, THESES, OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS, AMMONIA, CERAMIC MATERIALS, DECOUPLING, LIQUID HYDROGEN, RAY TRACING, CRYOGENIC PROPELLANTS, SOLAR COLLECTORS
IDENTIFIERS:*SOLAR THERMAL PROPULSION, *SOLAR ENGINES, ORBIT TRANSFER, SLP(SOLAR THERMAL PROPULSION), MICROSATELLITES, SOLAR CONCENTRATORS, SOLAR CAVITY RECEIVERS, FOREIGN REPORTS
ABSTRACT: The thesis will trace the development of the microsatellite solar thermal engine from conception through mission analysis design, modelling, fabrication, component, and system testing. On-sun testing of 14-cm and 56-cm diameter solar concentrating mirrors has clearly validated initial optical ray trace modelling and suggests that there is significant performance margin built into test concentrators. Electrical heating tests on two solar cavity receivers the Mk. I and Mk. II, have demonstrated the designs robustness at temperatures approaching 2,000 K. over many thermal cycles. Flow testing in nitrogen, helium and ammonia demonstrated the Mk. I's excellent heat transfer capability and the Mk. II's survivability over multiple firing cycles. A novel solar thermal engine concept, utilizing low-attenuation optical fibre for power transfer to a remote receiver has been shown to permit the decoupling of the receiver from the concentrating mirror's focus, permitting multiple mirror inputs to heat a single receiver and allowing the receiver to be placed anywhere on the host spacecraft, minimizing design and operational impacts. A variant of this engine is intended to fly aboard a Surrey satellite by 2006.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A426846
CORNELL UNIV ITHACA NY DEPT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Nanogel Polymer Electrolytes
Final rept. 1 Dec 2000-31 May 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Giannelis, Emmanuel P
2004 Sep 13 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*POLYMERS, *MEMBRANES, *ELECTROLYTES, *FUEL CELLS, PERMEABILITY, HIGH RATE, CONDUCTIVITY, HIGH TEMPERATURE, PROTONS, GASES, METHANOLS, ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, HUMIDITY
IDENTIFIERS:*NANOGEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES, *NANOHYBRID PROTON MEMBRANES, HIGH PROTON CONDUCTIVITY, REMOTE POWER GENERATION
ABSTRACT: Fuel cells based on proton exchange membranes have the potential to provide the core of all Air Force power production, from aircraft ground support equipment to unmanned aerial vehicle and remote power generation. The objective of our program is to develop nanohybrid proton membranes and new proton conductors, which combine high proton conductivity (especially at high temperature/low relative humidity), low gas permeability and methanol crossover, decreased swelling and mechanical robustness for fuel cell applications. High temperature/low relative humidity operation, although desirable, is currently not possible as high temperature gives rise to water evaporation and decreased conductivity. One of the big challenges facing the scientific community is to engineer a membrane material that fulfills all materials requirements, is inexpensive and endures the aggressive fuel-cell environment for a long period of time. Our initial results suggest that nanostructuring can indeed be exploited to circumvent the trade-offs typically found in conventional (composite) membranes.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A432046
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
Application of Thermoelectric Devices to Fuel Cell Power Generation: Demonstration and Evaluation
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Huston, JohnWyatt, ChrisNichols, ChrisBinder, Michael J Holcomb, Franklin H
2004 Sep 145 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *FUEL CELLS, *THERMOELECTRICITY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, COST EFFECTIVENESS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENERGY CONVERSION, ELECTRIC POWER
ABSTRACT: The Department of Defense (DOD) is concerned with reliable and cost-effective power generation of on-site power generators as well as minimizing the environment impact of these generators. Thermoelectric (TE) devices offer the opportunity to generate power without additional fuels, without moving parts, and with negligible environmental impact. An electrical energy conversion efficiency of approximately 15% would be required to obtain an acceptable return on investment for TE devices. A feasibility study to was performed to determine how, assuming a 16% efficiency, TE devices could impact the DOD's power generation capabilities. Based on research indicating energy conversion efficiencies of 20%, TE devices were built and tested. Of 27 TE devices supplied, only 8 were functional; each device produced only 1 Watt of power. Current manufacturing processes and design parameters were assessed and recommendations made. Three locations were prepared as demonstration sites for TE devices, site evaluation criteria were outlined, and process results given. Control an Data Acquisition (CDAQ) Systems for single and multiple test stands were developed to gather all necessary data variables during the demonstrations, and a portable technology system was developed to enable personnel to demonstrate the technology in any location.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A427236
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
Evaluation and Testing of the Naval Postgraduate School Satellite (NPSAT1) Solar Cell Measurement System
Master's thesis
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Lo, Benson W
2004 Sep 123 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*SOLAR CELLS, ELECTRONICS, MEASUREMENT, THESES, MISSIONS, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, ELECTRIC CURRENT, MILITARY SATELLITES, RADIATION HARDENING
IDENTIFIERS:TRIPLE JUNCTION
ABSTRACT: The Naval Postgraduate School Spacecraft Architecture and Technology Demonstration Satellite. NPSATI launching in the fall of 2006, will include a system to measure the performance of new experimental triple- junction solar cells. The measuring circuit in the Solar Cell Measurement System (SMS) is based on a circuit developed at the Naval Postgraduate School many years ago. It will trace the cells' current-voltage (I-V) curves while in orbit. The SMS consists of a radiation-hardened microcontroller that uses a radiation-hardened FPGA to monitor a collection of sensors. A current-sink circuit is used to measure the current and voltage on the test cells. Prior to launch, extensive testing is being performed on the system to ensure proper operation. The tests consist of subjecting solar cells and the measuring circuit electronics under conditions modeling the space environment while taking cell measurements. This thesis presents the mission information, system design, test setup, and test results of the SMS measuring circuit.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A430107
WARSAW UNIV POLAND
International Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes (9th) Held in Mragowo, Poland, on August 22-27, 2004
Conference proceedings
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Florjanczyk, ZbigniewKrok, FranciszekPlocharski, Janusz
2004 Aug 27 234 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*IONS, *POLYMERS, *ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *TRANSPORT, *ELECTROLYTES, *ENERGY STORAGE, SIMULATION, SYMPOSIA, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, THEORY, ABSTRACTS, DISPLAY SYSTEMS, MULTISENSORS, BIOMEDICINE, POLAND, POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS
IDENTIFIERS:FOREIGN REPORTS, PROCEEDINGS, ION TRANSPORT
ABSTRACT: This is the Final Proceedings for the 9th Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes (ISPE 9), 22 August 2004 - 27 August 2004. This is an interdisciplinary conference. Topics include: 1) basic theory, including modeling and simulation techniques; 2) physical and electrochemical methods of characterization; 3) structural studies; 4) investigations of ion transport mechanisms; 5) new polymer electrolytes; 6) existing and expected engineering applications in electrochemical energy storage systems, fuel cells, display systems, multipurpose sensors, and electrochemical devices of potential importance for medicine biology.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A426354
SOUTH CAROLINA UNIV COLUMBIA OFFICE OFSPONSORED PROGRAMS
Thermal and Electrochemical Models for Batteries During High Rates of Discharge
Final rept. 1 May 1998-31 Dec 2001
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Van Zee, John W
2004 Aug 15 232 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*COMPUTER PROGRAMS, *ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS, *FUEL CELLS, THERMAL PROPERTIES, TRANSIENTS, STORAGE BATTERIES, COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT, ACCELERATED TESTING
ABSTRACT: The first of the three pans of this work documents the effort toward the original objective of the grant: understanding how commercial software could be modified to understand the three dimensional thermal and electrochemical gradients in a silver/zinc battery during high rates of discharge. This objective had broad applications for accelerated design of new batteries if we could use the mathematical solvers in commercial software packages because these software packages have automatic grid generation procedures. Unfortunately the state of the an of those software packages in 2000 required extensive custom modification and we concluded that the complex models of battery required too much computation time to be useful for transient behavior of the Ag/Zn system. The second pan documents where an understanding of the 3-D transient behavior can be obtained with commercial software modified to account for the electrochemistry. The third pan of this report documents the experimental work on transient behavior of fuel cells. In this third pan, we were able to demonstrate how complete 3-D models may lead to improved design and operation.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020166
NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER DIV NEWPORT RI
Method to Accelerate Wetting of an Ion Exchange Membrane in a Semi-Fuel Cell
Patent application, Filed 11 Aug 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Carreiro, Louis G
2004 Aug 11 10 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*WETTING, *FUEL CELLS, *ION EXCHANGE, *GLYCEROLS, PATENT APPLICATIONS, ACCELERATION, ELECTROLYTES, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
IDENTIFIERS:*NAFION(REGISTERED), SEMI-FUEL CELLS
ABSTRACT: A new treatment method for ion exchange membranes used in semi-fuel cells that accelerates the wetting of the membranes by aqueous electrolyte solutions, thus reducing the start up time for metal/hydrogen peroxide-based semi-fuel cells. Specifically, a Nafion(registered) membrane that is intended for dry a storage in a semi-fuel cell is treated with glycerin (glycerol) to enhance its rate of absorption of electrolyte solution when the semi-fuel cell is activated.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020186
NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER DIV NEWPORT RI
A Bipolar Electrode for Use in a Semi Fuel Cell
Patent application, Filed 11 Aug 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Patrissi, Charles J Medeiros, Maria G Carreiro, Louis G Tucker, Steven P Atwater, Delmas W
2004 Aug 11 16 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, *ELECTRODES, PATENT APPLICATIONS, CATHODES, FOILS(MATERIALS), ANODES
IDENTIFIERS:*BIPOLAR ELECTRODES, *SEMI-FUEL CELLS
ABSTRACT: A bipolar electrode fabricated with a combination of materials that will physically separate the catholyte from the metal anode of the electrode while providing high electrical conductivity between the metal anode and the catalyst cathode. This is accomplished by layering the catalyst cathode over a composite of conductive adhesive and conductive foil that is then affixed to the metal anode.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
ADD020202
NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER DIV NEWPORT RI
High Efficiency Semi-Fuel Cell Incorporating an Ion Exchange Membrane
Patent application, Filed 11 Aug 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Medeiros, Maria G Dow, Eric G Bessette, Russell R Yan, Susan G Dischert, Dwayne W
2004 Aug 11 13 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *ELECTROLYTES, *SEA WATER, *FUEL CELLS, *CATHODES(ELECTROLYTIC CELL), UNDERWATER VEHICLES, PATENT APPLICATIONS, UNMANNED, OXIDIZERS, MEMBRANES, ION EXCHANGE, ENERGY DENSITY
IDENTIFIERS:*CATHOLYTES, SEMI-FUEL CELLS
ABSTRACT: It is a general purpose and object of the present invention to eliminate the parasitic direct reaction of the catholyte with the metal anode in a semi-fuel cell, thereby improving the overall energy yield of the semi-fuel cell. This general purpose and object is accomplished with the present invention by using a semi-permeable membrane capable of ion exchange placed between the anode and cathode compartment of a semi-fuel cell in order to isolate the anolyte and catholyte solutions.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A432205
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration. Volume 1. Literature Review of Current Reformer Technologies
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): AD-Ams, John W Cassarino, CraigLindstrom, JoelSpangler, LeeBinder, Michael J Holcomb, Franklin H
2004 Aug 29 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*OILS, *FUEL CELLS, FUEL SYSTEMS, DEMONSTRATIONS, EFFICIENCY, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, DIESEL FUELS, BIOMASS CONVERSION
IDENTIFIERS:*CANOLA OIL, RAPESEED OIL, ENERGY EFFICIENT, FUEL PROCESSING, FUEL ALTERNATIVES
ABSTRACT: This literature review identifies fuel reformer technologies that may be pertinent for reforming canola/rapeseed oil and other agricultural biomass including biodiesel. A description of candidate reformers is presented, noting characteristics generally inherent to each configuration. A comparison of the identified reformers is accomplished by rating each reformer against a set of specific criteria, which is essential for attaining operating characteristics desired for canola/rapeseed oil given applications.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A426231
YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIV OH
Radiation Source for the Study of X-Ray Driven Gamma Emission
Final rept. 15 Jun 2002-14 Dec 2003
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Carroll, James J
2004 Jul 26 10 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FEASIBILITY STUDIES, *RADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES, HAFNIUM, ENERGY TRANSFER, GAMMA EMISSION, NUCLEAR ISOMERS
ABSTRACT: Nuclear isomers can store tremendous amounts of energy for long times - for example, the 31-year metastable excited state of (178)(subm2)Hf stores 2.445 MeV per nucleus, or 1.2 GigaJoules per gram. These special states of certain isotopes may therefore prove useful as nuclear batteries, provided that a means is found by which to control (trigger) their energy release upon demand. The concentration of current research is on the use of externally-produced photons to serve as such a trigger. At this point, much research must be conducted to test this process and measure the important physical parameters, from which an evaluation of the feasibility of applications may be conducted. The x-ray generating and support equipment purchased through this award are permitting improved investigations of triggered gamma emission from nuclear isomers and have created a unique facility for these studies.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A428755
ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY BRUSSELS (BELGIUM)
A Fuel Cell Propulsion System for a for a Mini-UAV
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Hendrick, P Muzzalupo, D Verstraete, D
2004 Jul 23 38 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*UNMANNED, *DRONES, *MINIATURIZATION, *ELECTRIC PROPULSION, *AIRCRAFT DESIGN, *HYDROGEN AIR FUEL CELLS, VELOCITY, TEST BEDS, SPECIFICATIONS, FEASIBILITY STUDIES, CONFIGURATIONS, AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS, GERMANY, RANGE(DISTANCE), WINGS, WORKSHOPS, MINIATURE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, BELGIUM, BRUSHLESS ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
IDENTIFIERS:*UAV(UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES), HYDROGEN STORAGE, BRIEFING CHARTS, FOREIGN REPORTS, COMPONENT REPORTS
ABSTRACT: This conference paper focuses on a reconfiguration of the Dragon Eye mini unmanned air vehicle (UAV) produced by the U.S. Navy in 2001. The vehicle's wingspan is 1.14 meters, its speed 19 m/s, and it has an electric propulsion system that uses batteries. The mission specification is to modify the Dragon Eye to carry a payload of 1.0 kg with a brushless DC motor that has a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). This presentation describes the working principles of fuel cells, the types of fuel cells available for the mission, various designs for a mini-UAV aircraft, wing design, internal elements, internal architecture, PEMFC stack configuration, the aircraft's longitudinal stability, how it compares with the Dragon Eye, and specific characteristics of the fuel cell used in this modification. The presentation encompasses 37 briefing charts.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A425961
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB TYNDALL AFB FL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING DIRECTORATE
A Mini-channel Heat Exchanger System for Heating, Boiling, and Superheating Water by Radiant Combustion
Technical rept. Mar 2002-Nov 2003
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Sawyer, Mikel L Shaaban, Aly H Salavani, Reza
2004 Jun 15 10 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*HEAT EXCHANGERS, *STEAM GENERATORS, SUPERHEATING, HEAT FLUX, FUEL CELLS, REYNOLDS NUMBER, HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS, BOILING, EXHAUST GASES
ABSTRACT: A mini-channel steam generator was developed for a fuel reformer to convert jet to a hydrogen-rich stream for a 10 kW fuel cell. Exhaust gases produced saturated liquid in its first section. The second section surrounded a radiant burner. The system heated 1.2 to 2.6 gm/s of water to more than 650 deg C at exit pressures from 106 to 240 kPa, as required. The mini-channel system operated across three regimes: liquid heating, boiling, and superheating. At certain locations, the number of the parallel channels was increased changed to restrain the total pressure drop. The channel hydraulic diameter was 0.14 Cm. The Reynolds number for the water ranged from 620 to 1,260 in the boiling section and from 1,260 to 3,140 in the superheating section, based on averaged fluid properties. The water absorbed heat fluxes ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 W/cm2 in the single-phase regions and 4.7 to 9.8 W/cm2 in the boiling region, based on the wetted wall area. The absorbed heat flux increased as coolant mass flux or Reynolds number increased.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A435181
MAINE MARITIME ACADEMY CASTINE
Marine Fuel Cell Technology Verification Trainer Program: Operator Curriculum Development
Final rept. 2 Feb 2003-1 Jun 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Walk, Steven R Libby, MarkWade, Laurence V
2004 Jun 01 170 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*NAVAL PERSONNEL, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *COURSES(EDUCATION), *FUEL CELLS, *NAVAL TRAINING, *POWER ENGINEERING, MAINTENANCE, SIMULATORS, NAVAL VESSELS, MONITORING, TEACHING METHODS, SAFETY, SHIPBOARD, ENGINEERS, OPERATORS(PERSONNEL), MARINE ENGINEERING, SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
IDENTIFIERS:SSFC(SHIP SERVICE FUEL CELLS), MARINE FUEL CELLS, OPERATOR TRAINING, CURRICULA, ONSHORE OPERATION, AT SEA OPERATION, LESSON PLANS, CLASSROOM TRAINING, LABORATORY TRAINING, SIMULATOR TRAINING, SHIPBOARD TRAINING
ABSTRACT: This report describes the results of tasks completed by Maine Maritime Academy engineering and marine transportation faculty to investigate and develop stationary and ship service fuel cell (SSFC) power plant course work for United States Navy (USN) operators, engineers, and marine integrators, under Office of Naval Research (ONR) grant number N00014-03-1-0240. This work has been performed within a broad multi-year program to confirm the viability of fuel cell-based marine power plants through the operation and monitoring of equipment ashore and at-sea. The report provides detailed lesson boards of comprehensive modules for classroom, laboratory, training simulator, and shipboard training. The modules include suggested topics, content, and supplemental learning materials. Recommended instructor resources and references for module presentations and exercises are provided for each training area. Results of research into emerging learning technologies, in the forms of recommended hardware, software, communications networks, supplemental materials, and simulator specifications are reported with recommendations and reference sources. The report includes a description of the application of operator training module content in support of development of an engineering course in fuel cell power plants at the University of Maine developed under a parallel separate proposal. Sources of information to configure and deliver the operator training curriculum in accord with navy training content guidelines and standards are provided. With the anticipation that up to several years' delay will occur between the time of this report and the maturity of the SSFC technology and its plant operations, suggestions for use of the information in this report and steps toward future curriculum development are provided throughout.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A429505
ROME UNIV (ITALY)
Novel, Solvent Free, Single Ion Conductive Polymer Electrolytes (Rome-2001)
Final rept. 23 May 2001-23 May 2004
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Scrosati, Bruno
2004 May 23 15 Page(s)
ESCRIPTORS:*CONDUCTIVITY, *ELECTROCHEMISTRY, *ELECTROLYTES, *SALTS, *CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS, OPTIMIZATION, POLYMERIZATION, SYNTHESIS(CHEMISTRY), LITHIUM, ITALY, LITHIUM BATTERIES
IDENTIFIERS:FOREIGN REPORTS, LITHIUM ION TRANSFERENCE, POLYMER ELECTROLYTES
ABSTRACT: This report results from a contract tasking Universita di Roma La Sapienza as follows: The main task of this project is to design and characterize novel types of lithium conducting polymer electrolytes. This task will be pursued by the combined efforts of three academic groups having world-wide recognized experience in polymer electrolyte science, namely, the Group of Professors Wladyslaw Wieczorek and Florjanczyks of the Warsaw University of Technology in Poland, the Group of Professor Emanuel Peled at the University of Tel Aviv, Israel, and the Group of Professor Bruno Scrosati at the University La Sapienza' of Rome, Italy. Broadly, the Polish Group will be involved in the synthesis of the new polymer electrolytes; the Italian Group will act as the coordinator of the Project, in their basic electrochemical characterization; and the Group in Israel in the fabrication and test of laboratory cell prototypes. The work plan to be carried out at the Chemistry Department of the University La Sapienza of Rome will involve the following items: 1) Determination of the conductivity of the samples of polymer in salt electrolytes provided by the Warsaw Group; and 2) Determination of the electrochemical properties of the optimized polymer in salt electrolytes synthesized by the Warsaw Group. The electrochemical characterization will involve the determination of the ionic conductivity of the lithium-ion transference number and of the characteristics of the lithium metal interface.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A425009
NAVAL ACADEMY ANNAPOLIS MD
Complex Impedance Studies of Electrosprayed and Extruded Nafion Membranes
Trident Scholar project rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Mueller, Joshua M
2004 May 05 69 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FUEL CELLS, CONDUCTIVITY, POLYMERS, PROTONS, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, MEMBRANES, IMPEDANCE
IDENTIFIERS:TRIDENT SCHOLAR PROJECT, PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE), ELECTROSPRAYING, NAFION
ABSTRACT: Fuel cells and other alternate forms of power and power generation have recently become a focal point of increased technological interest. One promising type of fuel cell is based on the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM). Nafion 117 is one of the current benchmark membranes being used in these fuel cells. The aim of this study was to conduct fundamental scientific research into the proton transport properties of Nafion polymer membranes produced using various deposition techniques. The main focus was a comparison between electrosprayed and traditional extruded films. In addition, a study of the orientation effects in extruded Nafion membranes was conducted. Although the deposition technique of electrospraying has been used for nearly a century, it has only recently been applied to PEM fuel cell membranes. In this application, the method of deposition is designed to reduce the fabrication costs of fuel cells. Tests including measurements of conductivity, swelling effects, and activation volumes in relation to changing environmental pressures and relative humidities were performed on samples formed by the two deposition techniques. Conductivity is a measurement of the ease of passing charge carriers, while activation volume is a parameter that is helpful in determining proton transport mechanisms. Activation volumes in certain regimes are indicative of either polymer side chain deformation, Grotthuss transport, or vehicular transport of protons. These studies found a close correlation in the results comparing bulk conductivities for the two deposition techniques. The activation volumes found for the electrosprayed and extruded membranes followed the same response to changing water contents.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A428713
QINETIQ LTD GOSPORT (UNITED KINGDOM) HASLER MARINE TECHNOLOGY PARK
The Role of Fuel Cells in the Supply of Silent Power for Operations in Littoral Waters
Conference paper
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Lakeman, J B Browning, D J
2004 Apr 19 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*UNDERWATER VEHICLES, *LITTORAL ZONES, *FUEL CELLS, *LOW NOISE, HYDRIDES, SYMPOSIA, CARBON, OXIDATION, UNMANNED, DIESEL FUELS, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, BELGIUM, UNITED KINGDOM
IDENTIFIERS:*HYDROGEN STORAGE, METAL HYDRIDES, PEMFC(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS), CARBON NANOFIBERS, OXYGEN STORAGE, METAL OXIDANT SEMI FUEL CELLS, METHANOL REFORMATION, DIESEL REFORMATION, NATO FURNISHED, FOREIGN REPORTS, COMPONENT REPORTS
ABSTRACT: Stealth is an important factor in littoral operations. Stealthy power sources for underwater vehicles include air-independent propulsion technologies, such as fuel cells, perhaps hybridized with an energy store such as an advanced battery. The hybrid combination provides the most covert solution, with good underwater endurance. Of the fuel cell technologies examined, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) currently offers the best performance. For the very long transit patrols of large submarines, nuclear power must be a component of the solution, but perhaps as part of an integrated hybrid power source system rather than as the sole main power source. (5 tables, 10 figures, 6 refs.)
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A431855
ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
DOD Residential Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Demonstration Program. Volume 1. Summary of the Fiscal Year 2001 Program
Final rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): White, Melissa K Holcomb, Franklin H Josefik, Nicholas M Lux, Scott M Binder, Michael J
2004 Feb 01 62 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*FUEL CELLS, *ION EXCHANGE, THERMAL PROPERTIES, MAINTENANCE, REQUIREMENTS, PRODUCTION, VALIDATION, DEMONSTRATIONS, EFFICIENCY, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, PROTONS, ELECTRICITY, OPERATION, CIRCUIT INTERCONNECTIONS, STANDARDS, HEAT RECOVERY, WASTES
IDENTIFIERS:ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, PEM(PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE)
ABSTRACT: Beginning in Fiscal Year 2001 (FY01), Congress funded the DOD Residential PEM Demonstration Program to demonstrate domestically-produced, residential Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells at military facilities. The objective of the program was to assess PEM fuel cells in supporting sustainability in military installations, increasing efficiency in installation, operation, and maintenance of fuel cells at these sites, and assessing the role of PEM fuel cells in DOD training, readiness, and sustainability missions. Other objectives were to provide: a military base market for this technology, evaluation and feedback to promote commercialization and market growth, operational product testing and validation, grid interconnection standards, and system operation in diverse environmental conditions. For this program, researchers developed and advertised a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA), which outlined a core set of requirements for proposals. Twelve pre-proposals were received from the FY01 Program BAA solicitation. After review and evaluation of full proposals, six contracts were awarded, representing 22 fuel cells at 10 military installations. The awardees are required to report operational performance of each of the fuel cell power plants in the DOD program, including total operating hours, total electricity production, total fuel usage, total waste heat recovery, availability, electrical efficiency, and thermal efficiency.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A429166
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB TYNDALL AFB FL
JP-8 Catalytic Cracking for Compact Fuel Processors
Journal article
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Campbell, Timothy J Shaaban, Aly H Holcomb, Franklin H Salavani, RezaBinder, Michael J
2004 Jan 10 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*PROCESSING EQUIPMENT, *FUEL CELLS, *CATALYTIC CRACKING, *HEAVY FUELS, REPRINTS, ADSORPTION, HYDROGEN, ZINC OXIDES, HYDROCARBONS, CATALYSTS, SULFUR, JET ENGINE FUELS, DIESEL FUELS, KEROSENE, RESIDUES, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, DISTILLATES, COKE
IDENTIFIERS:FUEL PROCESSORS, REFORMING, JP-8 JET FUEL, PE63112F, WUAFRL4918D13A
ABSTRACT: In processing heavier hydrocarbons such as military logistic fuels (JP-4, JP-5, JP-8 and JP-100), kerosene, and diesel to produce hydrogen for fuel cell use, several issues arise. First, these fuels have high sulfur content, which can poison and deactivate components of the reforming process and the fuel cell stack; second, these fuels may contain non-volatile residue (NVR), up to 1.5 vol. %, which could potentially accumulate in a fuel processor; and third is the high coking potential of heavy hydrocarbons. Catalytic cracking of a distillate fuel prior to reforming can resolve these issues. Cracking using an appropriate catalyst can convert the various heavy organosulfur species in the fuel to lighter sulfur species such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), facilitating subsequent sulfur adsorption on zinc oxide (ZnO). Cracking followed by separation of light cracked gas from heavies effectively eliminates non-volatile aromatic species. ... Cracking conversion results, as well as sulfur and hydrocarbon distribution in the light cracked gas, are presented for the two catalysts to provide a performance comparison.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A422073
SWISS FEDERAL INST OF TECHNOLOGY LAUSANNE (SWITZERLAND)
Development of a Flexible Molecular Photocell With Up to 20% Conversion Efficiency
Final rept. 30 Aug 2000-30 Aug 2003
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Thampl, K R Graetzel, M G
2004 Jan 134 Page(s)
ESCRIPTORS:*SOLAR CELLS, MOLECULES, POLYMERS, ENERGY CONVERSION, ELECTROLYTES, PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT, SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS, PHOTOELECTRIC CELLS(SEMICONDUCTOR), SWITZERLAND
IDENTIFIERS:FOREIGN REPORTS, DYE SENSITIZED NANOCRYSTALLINE SEMICONDUCTOR, SOLAR POWER, MOLECULAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
ABSTRACT: This document reports on the main activities and outputs originated under this research project over a period of 3 years. The program was targeted at first realizing a molecular photovoltaic cell based on a dye sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor film employing a hole conductor, a conducting polymer or a polymer electrolyte reaching an AM 1.5 solar-to electric conversion efficiency of at least 2.5 %, within the first 9 months itself. This milestone was achieved within 9 months by producing solid-state solar cells containing hole conductors, with 2.56% efficiency. Further, a new type of solar cell based on polymer electrolytes was also developed. A typical cell of this type showed 5.06% solar conversion efficiency. All efficiency figures were certified by NREL, USA. In the second and the third years the aims were to reach conversion efficiencies reaching 5 and 10% respectively and these targets have been achieved. Three annual progress meetings to review the progress of the project have been organized during the project duration.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
AD-A435360
INDUSTRIAL COLL OF THE ARMED FORCES WASHINGTON DC
Energy Industry 2004
Seminar rept.
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S): Sullivan, PaulKramer, StevenMahoney, BobAhern, KevinAllen, RichardAltynbayev, MuslimDahl, LindaElkins, HaroldGarrison, MargieHill, David
2004 Jan 33 Page(s)
DESCRIPTORS:*POLICIES, *NATIONAL SECURITY, *UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, *ENERGY, *ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION, *DEMAND(ECONOMICS), *ECONOMIC FORECASTING, TRANSPORTATION, MILITARY REQUIREMENTS, UNITED STATES, SYMPOSIA, INDUSTRIES, HYDROGEN, FUELS, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NUCLEAR ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NORWAY, IRELAND, LEGISLATION, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, COAL, NATURAL GAS, HYDROELECTRICITY, GEOTHERMY, IMPORTS, ICELAND, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IDENTIFIERS:TREND ANALYSIS, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENERGY POLICY, ELECTRICITY DEREGULATION, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ABSTRACT: Ensuring the security of America's energy resources is complicated due to U.S. dependence on foreign fuel sources, environmental and political obstacles within the United States, and a limited surge capability to counteract geopolitical realities. As U.S. domestic production of energy resources decreases, projected increases in economic growth will drive increases in energy demand that can currently only be met through imports. Also, inconsistent deregulation of the electricity industry has caused instability in the electric market that was highlighted by California's electricity crisis in 2000-2001. These realities make policies -- those that promote diversity in fuel types and sources, create incentives for new transport technologies, and guarantee a future stable and reliable electric system -- the cornerstone for energy security. This paper summarizes the findings from the authors' semester-long study of the energy industry. They look at current conditions, trends, and challenges in electricity production using natural gas, coal, nuclear power, and renewable energy. They also examine the current conditions, trends, and challenges in transportation energy using oil, alternative fuels, and hydrogen. Broad industry challenges include establishing a hydrogen economy, electricity deregulation, and establishment of liquefied natural gas terminals. The Federal Government's role in these ventures is delineated and policy recommendations are presented. The report concludes with three essays on the following major issues: energy and the environment, including the harm of burning fossil fuels, prospects for coal as the fuel of the future, and the role of various federal agencies in energy strategy; the innovative energy policies of Norway and Iceland, which include reliance on hydroelectricity and geothermal energy, and the energy policy of Ireland, a huge net importer of energy; and surge and U.S. military requirements for energy and fuels.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
