Oral FTI treatment leads to increased levels of the biomarker non-farnesylated HDJ-2. (A) Protein was extracted from mouse livers at the time of euthanasia. Western blotting of liver protein extracts demonstrates a dose-related increase in levels of non-farnesylated HDJ-2 (Upper) in comparison with farnesylated HDJ-2 (Lower) with FTI treatment. (B) All study mice are represented on a plot demonstrating the increasing levels of non-farnesylated HDJ-2 with increasing dose of FTI. Triangles represent transgenic G608G LMNA mice and circles represent non-transgenic WT controls.

FTI treatment begun at weaning prevents VSMC loss in G608G LMNA transgenic mice. (A) Analysis of the sections of the descending aortas of 9- to 12-month-old mice treated with 0, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day of FTI beginning at 1 month of age (blue, DNA; green, smooth muscle α-actin; red, lamins A/C; lamin A/C appears pink due to the overlay with the blue DAPI staining; white scale bar in upper left is 20 μm). The dose-dependent protective effect of the FTI is evident in the greater abundance of VSMCs displayed by the treated mice, as the 450 mg/kg/day treated (450 tg) mice appear virtually indistinguishable from the untreated WT mice (0 wt). (B) Scatter plots depicting average pathology scores (0–5 scale) given by five blinded observers scoring immunofluorescent (IF) descending aorta histological images from G608G LMNA transgenic mice for VSMC loss based upon smooth muscle α-actin staining loss and the loss of DAPI-positive nuclei versus levels of non-farnesylated HDJ-2. The trend lines demonstrate the significant prevention with increasing levels of FTI activity (P = 0.0079 and P = 0.0014). The circled mouse represents the one transgenic mouse in the studies that demonstrated epigenetic silencing of the transgene by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence and thus had no disease.

FTI treatment begun at weaning prevents VSMC loss and proteoglycan accumulation in G608G LMNA transgenic mice. (A) Analysis of the sections of the Movat-stained descending aortas of 9- to 12-month-old mice treated with 0, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day of FTI beginning at 1 month of age (red, VSMCs; green, proteoglycan; black, elastin layers). The dose-dependent protective effect is clearly seen in the greater cellularity and reduced proteoglycan staining in the treated transgenic animals (150 tg and 450 tg) in comparison with the untreated animals (0 tg). (B) Scatter plots depicting average pathology scores (0–5 scale) given by five blinded observers scoring the Movat descending aorta histological images from G608G LMNA transgenic mice for pathology in the forms of proteoglycan accumulation and VSMC loss versus levels of non-farnesylated HDJ-2. The circled mouse represents the one transgenic mouse in the studies that demonstrated epigenetic silencing of the transgene by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence and thus had no disease. The trend lines became significant upon removal of this outlier transgenic mouse from the analysis.

FTI treatment begun at 9 months of age prevents the late progression of VSMC loss and proteoglycan accumulation in G608G LMNA transgenic mice. (A) Movat-stained sections of the descending aortas of four 15-month-old transgenic mice treated with 0 or 450 mg/kg/day of FTI beginning at 9 months of age (red, VSMCs; green, proteoglycan; black, elastin layers). Whereas untreated 15-month-old transgenic mice display a complete lack of VSMCs and abundant proteoglycan accumulation as well as marked adventitial thickening (black arrowhead), treated mice appear virtually identical to age-matched untreated WT controls. (B) Immunofluorescence of the sections of the descending aortas of four 15-month-old mice treated with 0 or 450 mg/kg/day of FTI (blue, DNA; green, smooth muscle α-actin; red, lamins A/C; lamin A/C appears pink due to the overlay with the blue DAPI staining; white scale bar in upper left is 20 μm). Both sets of sections demonstrate complete protection in mice beginning treatment at the late age of 9 months. Untreated vessels are almost completely devoid of any VSMCs in the media, and proteoglycan has accumulated to replace them. In contrast, FTI-treated mice appear quite similar to untreated WT control mice with the vessel media well populated by VSMCs. (C) A sampling of scatter plots depicting average pathology scores (0–5 scale) given by five blinded observers scoring Movat descending aorta, ascending aorta, carotid artery, and abdominal aorta images from G608G LMNA transgenic mice treated from 9 to 15 months of age. The trend lines demonstrate the highly significant prevention trend with increasing levels of FTI activity in all plots.