Desertec

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DESERTEC Project
Duration 2009 – till date
Goal "To develop an Euro-Mediterranean electricity network, primarily from a massive network of solar and wind farms stretching across the MENA region"
Organization Dii GmbH
Established 30 October 2009
Estimated completion 2050
Estimated budget €400 billion
(US$526 billion)
Key people Paul van Son,
CEO of Dii GmbH
Shareholders and partners See consortium
Website DESERTEC Foundation
Dii GmbH
Sketch of possible infrastructure for a sustainable supply of power to Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (EU-MENA) (Euro-Supergrid with a EU-MENA-Connection proposed by TREC)

DESERTEC, is a mega renewable energy project, which aims to setup a massive network of solar and wind farms stretching across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and connect to Europe via a Euro-Mediterranean electricity network, primarily made up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cables. The project, estimated at €400bn (US$526bn); will provide 15% of Europe's electricity by 2050.[1]

The project was conceptualized by the Munich based 'Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii) GmbH' - a consortium founded on 30 October 2009 by the non-profit 'DESERTEC foundation' and a group of 12 European companies led by 'Munich Re'.[2] The inspiration for the project came from the 'Desertec concept' - harness solar and wind energy from the deserts of North Africa - which was initiated under the auspices of the Club of Rome and the German Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC).[1]

On 24 November 2011, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between the Medgrid consortium and Dii to study, design and promote an interconnected electrical grid linking Desertec and the Medgrid projects.[3][4][5][6] The Medgrid together with Desertec would serve as the backbone of the European super grid and the benefits of investing in HVDC technology are being assessed to reach the final goal – the supersmart grid.[7] The activities of Dii and Medgrid are covered by the Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP), a political initiative within the framework of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM).

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Background : TREC and DLR studies

The DESERTEC concept was originally developed by Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC) - founded in 2003 by the Club of Rome and the National Energy Research Center Jordan, based on the scientific work done by the German Aerospace Center (DLR).[8] A key finding of the studies - illustrated in the statement made by Dr Gerhard Knies, a German particle physicist and founder of the TREC network of researchers - "The world’s deserts collect more energy from the sun in six hours than mankind consumes in an entire year.”[9], ultimately led to the ambitious Desertec project.[10]

The concept was mainly based on three satellite-data supported studies[11][12][13] by the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR) - commissioned and funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The studies, conducted between 2004 and 2007[14][15], evaluated the following as shown in the table below;

Study Description Duration Evaluation Conclusion
MED-CSP[11] study on concentrated solar power (CSP) for the Mediterranean Basin 2004 - 2005 evaluate the potential for renewable energy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and availability of resources and demand for energy in the region
TRANS-CSP[12] study on trans-Mediterranean interconnection and infrastructure 2004 - 2006 evaluate the potential for an integrated electric power transmission grid connecting the three regions - Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the assessment of solar energy imports to Europe
AQUA-CSP[13] study on CSP for the desalination of sea water 2004 - 2007 evaluate the anticipated water and power needs through 2050 in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the possibility to generate fresh water along with the electricity generation by the CSP
The red squares represent the area that would be enough for solar power plants to produce a quantity of electricity consumed by the world today (Welt), in Europe (EU-25) and Germany (D). (Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), 2005)
Extent of Sahara Desert ecoregion

The studies concluded that the high solar radiation in the deserts of the Middle East and North Africa outweighs the 10–15% transmission losses between the desert regions and Europe. This means that solar thermal power plants in the desert regions are more economical than the same kinds of plants in southern Europe. The German Aerospace Center has calculated that if solar thermal power plants were to be constructed in large numbers in the coming years, the estimated cost of electricity would come down from 0.09–0.22 euro/kWh to about 0.04–0.05 euro/kWh[9][16].

Sahara desert was chosen as an ideal location for solar farms[10] as they enjoy strong direct sunlight for much of the year (3,000 to 3,500 hours of sunlight per year). In addition, the deserts are sparsely populated, making it possible to set up large solar farms. Lastly, sand deserts can provide silicon, a raw material that is essential in the production of solar panels.

[edit] Inception of Dii Gmbh and DESERTEC project : July 2009 - till date

To promote the DESERTEC concept globally, the Hamburg based nonprofit organisation - DESERTEC foundation signed a MOU on 13 July 2009 with a group of twelve companies from Europe and North Africa, led by Munich Re.[2] The other companies, included Deutsche Bank, E.ON, RWE, Abengoa.[17] On 30 October 2009, the Dii GmbH was founded in Munich by these companies and the DESERTEC foundation. Paul van Son, previously energy manager in different companies, was appointed as the CEO of Dii GmbH.[2][18][19] Dii now (April 2012) consists of 56 shareholders and associate partners from 15 countries from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe.

Dii is developing a strategic framework for a fully integrated and decarbonized power system based on renewable energies for the entire North Africa, Middle East and Europe (EUMENA) region in 2050. Therefore Dii researches from the viewpoint of technology and geography what is the optimal mix of renewable energies to provide the EUMENA region with sustainable energy.[20] Dii announced to introduce a roll-out-plan in late 2012 which includes concrete recommendations how to enable investments in renewable energy and interconnected power grids. Dii claims working with all key stakeholders from the international scientific and business communities as well as policy-makers and civil society to enable two or three concrete reference projects to demonstrate the feasibility of the long-term vision.[21]

Talks with the Moroccan government had been successful and the Dii confirmed their first reference project would be in Morocco.[22] As a partner in a beginning partnership between Europe and MENA Morocco is especially well-suited since a grid connection from Morocco via Gibraltar to Spain already exists. Also the Moroccan government enact a program to support renewable energies.[23] In June 2011, Dii signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN).[24] MASEN will act as a project developer and will be responsible for all important project steps in Morocco. Dii will promote the project and its financing in the European Union in Brussels as well as in national governments. This reference project, with a total capacity of 500 MW, will be a combination of concentrated solar power plants (400 MW) and photovoltaics (100 MW). The first available power from the joint Dii/MASEN project could be fed into the Moroccan and Spanish grids between 2014 and 2016, depending on the selected technology. On the current estimate the total costs are €2 billion.[25][26]

In April 2010, Dii emphasized, that the power plant won’t be installed in the region of Western Sahara which is occupied by Morocco. An officially spokeperson of Dii made the following confirmation: "Our reference projects will not be located in the. When looking for project sites, Desertec Industrial Initiative will also take political, ecological or cultural issues into consideration. This procedure is in line with the funding policies of international development banks."[27]

In Tunisia, STEG Énergies Renouvelables, a subsidiary of the Tunisian state utility company STEG, and Dii are currently working on a pre-feasibility study. The study focuses on substantial solar and wind energy projects in Tunisia. Research will address the technical and regulatory conditions for the supply of energy in local networks for the export of power to neighboring countries as well as Europe.[28] Besides financing of the project will be analyzed.[29]

Algeria, which offers excellent conditions for renewable energy, is considered as a potential location for a further reference project. In December 2011, the Algerian energy supplier Sonelgaz and Dii signed a Memorandum of Understanding on their future collaboration in the presence of EU Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger and the Algerian Minister for Energy and Mining Youcef Yousfi. The focus of this cooperation will be the strengthening and the exchange of technical expertise, joint efforts in market development and the progress of renewable energy in Algeria as well as in foreign countries.[30]

Since the Euro-Mediterranean projects, Medgrid and Desertec are both attempting to generate solar energy from deserts and complement each other, a MoU was signed on 24 Nov 2011 between Medgrid and Dii to study, design and promote an interconnected electrical grid linking both projects.[3][4][5] The plan is to build five interconnections at a cost of around 5 billion euros ($6.7 billion), including between Tunisia and Italy.[6][31] The activities of Dii and Medgrid are covered by the Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP), a political initiative within the framework of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM).

In March 2012 Dii, Medgrid, Friends of the supergrid and Renewables Grid Initiative signed a joint declaration to support the effective and complete integration, in a single electricity market, of renewable energy from both large-scale and decentralised sources, which shall not be played out against each other in Europe and in its neighbouring regions.[32]

[edit] Project details

[edit] Description

DLR studies: hypothetical and existing HVDC transmission lines.
Key:
Blue: before 2020.
Red: after 2020.
●: interconnections to alternating current distribution systems

The DESERTEC concept aims at promoting the generation of electricity in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe using renewable sources, such as solar power plants, wind parks; and develop a Euro-Mediterranean electricity network, primarily made up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cables.[33] The original and first region for the assessment and application of this concept is the EU-MENA region (European Union, Middle East and Northern Africa).[34] Despite its name, Desertec's proposal would see most of the power plants located outside of the Sahara Desert itself, in the more accessible southern and northern steppes and woodlands, as well as the relatively moist Atlantic coastal desert.

Under the DESERTEC proposal, concentrating solar power systems, photovoltaic systems and wind parks would be spread over the desert regions in Northern Africa like the Sahara desert.[35][36] The generated electricity would be transmitted to European and African countries by a super grid of high-voltage direct current cables.[36][37] It would provide a considerable part of the electricity demand of the MENA countries and furthermore provide continental Europe with 15% of its electricity needs.[35][38] By 2050, investments into solar plants and transmission lines would be total €400 billion.[36] The exact plan, including technical and financial requirements, will be designed by 2012.[39]

An international network of scientists, experts and politicians from the field of renewable energies form the core of the DESERTEC network, coordinated by the non-profit DESERTEC Foundation. One of the most famous members is Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan.[8]

[edit] Technology

Concentrated solar power

Concentrated solar power (also called concentrating solar power and CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area. Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator. Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. Since solar fields feed their heat energy into a conventional generation unit with a steam turbine, they can be combined without any problem with fossil fuel hybrid power plants. This hybridization secures energy supply also in unfavorable weather and at night without the need of accelerating costly compensatory plants. A technical challenge is as for every heating power system necessary cooling. Dii so is reliant either on adequate water supply, coastal facilities or improved cooling technology.[40][41]

Photovoltaics

Dii also considers photovoltaics as technology for desert power plants. Photovoltaics is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured. In 2010 First Solar, producer of thin film solar panels, joined Dii as associated partner.[42] The US based company already has experiences with huge pv installations, currently it constructs the 550 megawatt Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in California, which is supposed to be the biggest pv installation of the world.[43]

Wind energy

As also parts of the MENA region come with high wind potential, Dii examines in which geographic regions the installation of wind farms is suitable. Wind turbines produce electricity by wind turning the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator which produces the electricity.

High-voltage direct current (HVDC)

  Existing links
  Under construction
  Proposed
See also the annotated version.

To export renewable energy produced in the MENA desert region high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system is needed. High Voltage DC (HVDC) technology is proven and economical power transmission over very long distances and also a trusted method to connect asynchronous grids or grids of different frequencies. With HVDC energy can also be transported in both directions.[44] For long-distance transmission HVDC suffer lower electrical losses than alternating current (AC) transmission. Because of the higher solar radiation in MENA the produce of energy even with included transmissions losses still is in advantage over the production in South Europe.[45] Also very long distance projects are alreday realized: In June 2010, State Grid Corporation of China commissioned the 800 kV HVDC Xiangjiaba-Shanghai transmission system. The high-voltage direct-current transmission link (HVDC) is the most powerful and longest transmission of its kind to be implemented anywhere in the world at that time, transmitting 6,400 MW of power over a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometers.[46] This is longer than the length which would be needed to link MENA and Europe. Siemens Energy has equipped the sending converter station Fulong for this link with ten DC converter transformers, including five rated at 800 kV. Also for the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) ABB realized in 2010 in the northeastern part of China, a new HVDC link of 3 000 MW over 920 kilometers from Hulunbeir, in Inner Mongolia, to Shenyang in the province of Liaoning.[47] For 2014 the construction of an ±800 kV North-East UHVDC link from the North-Eastern and Eastern region of India to the city of Agra across a distance of 1,728 kilometers is planned.[48] Both, ABB and Siemens, are shareholder of Dii.

[edit] Projects

The Ouarzazate solar power plant in Morocco, with an initial capacity of 160 MW, should start construction in 2012.[49][50]

The TuNur solar power plant in Tunisia is planned to have 2 GW of capacity. Construction is planned to begin in 2014, and export power to Italy by 2016.[51][52]

[edit] Consortium

The project company - Dii GmbH, is incorporated in Munich under German law, and formed on 30 October 2009 by the non-profit organisation - DESERTEC foundation and a consortium of 12 European and MENA companies led by Munich Re.[37][39] The consortium initially consisted of (as of October 2009),[36][37][39][53][54]

In October 2009, there were newspaper reports that there are more interested partners in the venture – among them ENEL, EDF, Red Eléctrica de España and companies from Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt.[55]

Dii now (as of April 2012) consists of 56 shareholders and associate partners from 15 countries from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe - which include IBM Deutschland, HSBC, Morgan Stanley, Terna SA, Red Electrica SA, ENEL, NAREVA Holding (Morocco) and Commerzbank.

The CEO of Dii GmbH is Paul van Son, a senior international energy manager.[56]

[edit] Benefits

See also: Earth's energy budget

More energy falls on the world's deserts in six hours than the world consumes in a year, and the Saharan desert is virtually uninhabited and is close to Europe. Supporters say that the project will keep Europe "at the forefront of the fight against climate change and help North African and European economies to grow within greenhouse gas emission limits".[57] DESERTEC officials say the project could one day deliver 15 percent of Europe's electricity and a considerable part of MENA's electricity demand.[57] According to the DESERTEC Foundation, the project has strong job creation potential and could improve the stability in the region.[58] According to the report by Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy and the Club of Rome, the project could create 240,000 German jobs and generate €2 trillion worth of electricity by 2050.[59]

[edit] Obstacles

Centralized solar energy plants and transmission lines may become a target of terrorist attacks.[36] Some experts—such as Professor Tony Day, director of the Centre for Efficient and Renewable Energy in Building at London South Bank University,[60] Henry Wilkinson of Janusian Security Risk Management,[57] and Wolfram Lacher of Control Risks consultancy[57] – are concerned about political obstacles to the project. Generating so much of the electricity consumed in Europe and in Africa would create a political dependency on North African countries which had corruption before Arab Spring and a lack of cross-border coordination. Moreover, DESERTEC would require extensive economic and political cooperation between Algeria and Morocco, which is at risk as the border between the two countries is closed due to a disagreement over the Western Sahara. Cooperation between the states of Europe and the states of the Middle East and North Africa is also certain to be challenging. Large scale cooperation necessary between the EU and the North African nations the project may be delayed due to bureaucratic red tape and other factors such as expropriation of assets.[57]

There are also concerns that the water requirement for the solar plant to clean dust off panels and for turbine coolant may be detrimental to local populations in terms of the demand it will place on the local water supply.[57] Opposed to this, studies point out the generation of fresh water by the solar thermal plants.[13] Furthermore, no significant amount of water is needed for cleaning and cooling, since alternative technologies can be used (dry cleaning, dry cooling[61]). However, dry cooling is more expensive, technologically challenging and less efficient than the water cooling currently planned. Plans for water desalination for cooling purposes are not part of the Desertec business plan or cost estimates as proposed.

The late Hermann Scheer (Eurosolar) pointed out that the doubled solar radiation in the Sahara can not be the only criterion especially with its continuous trade winds there being problematic.[62]

Transmitting energy over long distances has been criticized[who?], with questions raised over the cost of cabling compared to energy generation, and over electricity losses. However, the study and current operating technology show that electricity losses using High-voltage direct current transmission amount to only 3% per 1,000 km (25% per 10,000 km).[63]

Investment may be required within Europe in a 'supergrid'.[64] In response, one proposal is to cascade power between neighbouring states so that states draw on the power generation of neighbouring states rather than from distant desert sites.[65]

One key question will be the cultural aspect, as Middle Eastern and African nations may need assurance that they will own the project rather than it being imposed from Europe.[66]

[edit] See also

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[edit] References

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  55. ^ Desertec lines up partners for massive solar project
  56. ^ "Paul van Son". EFETnet. http://www.efetnet.org/efetnet/content/e10/e93/e244/index_en.html. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  57. ^ a b c d e f Pfeiffer, Tom (23 August 2009). "Europe's Saharan power plan: miracle or mirage?". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57N00920090824?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=11613. Retrieved 24 April 2011. 
  58. ^ "Jobs and prospects for young North Africans" (Press release). DESERTEC Foundation. 28 September 2011. http://www.desertec.org/press/press-releases/110928-01-jobs-and-prospects-for-young-north-africans/. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 
  59. ^ Kirschbaum, Erik (2 July 2009). "German study sees job boom from Sahara solar project". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE56153V20090702?sp=true. Retrieved 3 July 2009. 
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  62. ^ interview with Hermann Scheer by correspondent de:Stefan Schulze-Hausmann, TV contributions "Zukunftsstadt Masdar" and "Desertec", de:nano (Sendung), 3sat, 10. May 2010
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