Black holes: don't get sucked in

Following the discovery of two supermassive black holes, a quick reminder of the dangers of getting too close to a collapsing star

Centaurus A galaxy black hole
A supermassive black hole in the Centaurus A galaxy. Photograph: Nasa/UPI Photo / eyevine

Astronomers have announced the discovery of the two biggest black holes ever seen, each one around 300m light years from Earth and with a combined mass equivalent to more than 30bn Suns.

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These cosmological objects are some of the strangest in our known universe, where the laws of physics seem to break down and space gets very strange. One thing we know, however, is that getting close to one is a bad idea.

Black holes begin as giant stars (at least six times the mass of our Sun) and, after billions of years they collapse in on themselves into a point smaller than the full-stop at the end of this sentence. Nothing nearby can escape the pull of the resulting gravity.

Even at some distance outside the edge, it would take all the effort in the universe to resist getting pulled into orbit around the hole. Closer still, because of the sharp rate of increase of the forces, if your head was nearer the hole than your feet, the atoms in your hair would feel a stronger force than those in your toes. This difference would quickly tear you apart, turning you into a spaghetti-like line of atoms.

But a black hole would not need to suck the Earth in to cause us trouble. If one wandered within a billion miles of our solar system, its gravity could knock the Earth into a dangerous elliptical path around the Sun, where winters would drop to -50C and summers would reach hundreds of degrees Celsius. Or, if one knocked us out of the solar system, our planet would wander through deep space. Without our Sun, life on Earth would freeze to death within months.

There are probably more than 10m dead stars in the Milky Way that could be candidates for black holes, but the chances of our solar system running into one of them is small, because space is vast. Who knows how many planets have been destroyed in the vicious maw of a black hole, but it is safe to say that they were the extremely unlucky ones.

Alok Jha is the author of The Doomsday Handbook: 50 Ways to the End of the World (Quercus, £9.99)


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Comments

94 comments, displaying oldest first

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  • readerinn

    11 December 2011 9:46PM

    Without our Sun, life on Earth would freeze to death within months.

    I would say it takes just some days - if there were days without a sun.

    Are you going to publish your book here step by step?

  • scubadoc

    11 December 2011 10:44PM

    Wow "super-massive black holes in galactic cores" shock exposure...

    ... for heaven's sake, it's hardly a slow news day!

  • WeHappyFew

    11 December 2011 11:02PM

    "But a black hole would not need to suck the Earth in to cause us trouble. If one wandered within a billion miles of our solar system".

    Why if?

  • siff

    11 December 2011 11:04PM

    If you have trouble imagining everything being sucked in to nothingness, just think of the Euro in six months time........................................................

  • ShaneDanielsen

    11 December 2011 11:08PM

    'Without our Sun, life on Earth would freeze to death within months.'

    You're joking, aren't you?

  • JamesPond

    11 December 2011 11:10PM

    Astronomers have announced the discovery of the two biggest black holes ever seen

    I just discovered two of the quietest silences ever heard!

  • readerinn

    11 December 2011 11:19PM

    Most things in the universe move as steadily as a clockwork. But not all of them. There also are always some ricochets, some turbulences. You can't be absolutely sure about what happens.

  • falkenberg

    11 December 2011 11:28PM

    " Black holes begin as giant stars (at least six times the mass of our Sun) and, after billions of years they collapse in on themselves into a point smaller than the full-stop at the end of this sentence" Really? To quote "Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when massive stars collapse in a supernova at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses may be formed.
    Does this happen with full stops?

  • DrewGold

    11 December 2011 11:48PM

    Is it just me, or does this article suffer a lack of both scientific and journalistic rigour?

    each one

    = both

    These cosmological objects are some of the strangest in our known universe, where the laws of physics seem to break down and space gets very strange.

    'Cosmological', 'known universe' and 'space' are weasel words in this context.

    Even at some distance outside the edge

    Some distance? This can vary greatly depending on the mass of the black hole. And do you mean the event horizon?

    it would take all the effort in the universe to resist getting pulled into orbit around the hole

    I don't think it would take all the effort in the universe (whatever that means), especially if you hadn't crossed the EH.

    because of the sharp rate of increase of the forces

    Forces? Do you means that gravity increases hugely?

    if your head was nearer the hole than your feet, the atoms in your hair would feel a stronger force than those in your toes

    Like if you did a handstand on Earth.

    This difference would quickly tear you apart, turning you into a spaghetti-like line of atoms.

    This was cliche in the 70s (although some bores use noodles), and is quite an understatement of what would happen.

    but the chances of our solar system running into one of them is small, because space is vast

    Non sequitur.

    but it is safe to say that they were the extremely unlucky ones

    I give up.

    How on Earth can someone mangle a mere 350-word article quite so badly. Give me a call some time Grauniad; I'll write you something better for free.

  • Dormant4

    12 December 2011 12:08AM

    First two paragraphs - news?

    The rest - cut and paste from a book? The content of which is an insult to my intelligence, not expected from The Guardian.

  • Langman42

    12 December 2011 12:19AM

    I like the idea of being stringed into a line of atoms...

  • JoeMcCann

    12 December 2011 12:27AM

    Black holes begin as giant stars (at least six times the mass of our Sun) and, after billions of years they collapse in on themselves into a point smaller than the full-stop at the end of this sentence.

    No. For an object like a sun to become a black hole, its' radius must shrink to its' Schwarzschild radius.

    If earth became a black hole it would need to shrink to have a radius of 9 mm, our sun 3 kilometres. The super massive black hole at the centre of the milky way, has a radius of 13.3 million kilometres. Which is bigger than the full-stop at the end of this sentence.

    We only notice the big black holes. If a black hole the size of a full stop passed through our solar system, we wouldn't notice it.


    Without our Sun, life on Earth would freeze to death within months.

    I'd say most life would freeze to death within a few days. We'd probably all freeze to death within the first day (or night - as there just would be night). Some of the seas might stay liquid under the ice - life around the underwater volcanic vents would go on.

  • abendintheroad

    12 December 2011 12:31AM

    spaghetti? is this article aimed at complete berks?
    space is vast indeed. jesus wept.

  • limu

    12 December 2011 12:31AM

    The inside of a Black Hole is somewhat akin to the Magic Roundabout.
    You'll see a stoned rabbit, a hairy dog and a snail wearing a hat.

  • limu

    12 December 2011 12:32AM

    I'm not entirely sure why I said "hairy dog". Perhaps I just wanted to make it clear that the dogs were not shaved. hmm.

  • JoeMcCann

    12 December 2011 12:33AM

    if your head was nearer the hole than your feet, the atoms in your hair would feel a stronger force than those in your toes. This difference would quickly tear you apart, turning you into a spaghetti-like line of atoms.

    If it was a spinning black hole before you got anywhere near the event horizon, you would have been atomised into hot gas. Most of you would be sucked into the black hole and some of you would be spun so fast, you would fuse into other elements, like gold, and then be shot out into space at near the speed of light.

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 2:11AM

    In response to:
    "DrewGold
    11 December 2011 11:48PM
    Is it just me, or does this article suffer a lack of both scientific and journalistic rigour?"


    Hello DrewGold,

    Personally, I don't give a wotsit about "scientific & journalistic rigour" , . they are things that ........you would probably find in NEW SCIENTIST, if that's what you're after.

    I liked this article because I LEARNED SOMETHING NEW that I didn't know before, & because it was WELL WRITTEN, in an INTERESTING way, very similar, in fact, to GOOD TEACHING...........something which...........

    Those who are OBSESSED with things like "SCIENTIFIC RIGOUR/JOURNALISTIC RIGOUR are often totally useless at & THUS present their SUBJECT in a VERY BORING WAY

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 2:23AM

    These BLACK HOLES remind me a lot of those old films I used to watch on the telly in the 60's and 70's, in which PEOPLE were SUCKED into DEADLY BOGS & they just COULD NOT STOP SINKING!

    Scarey but fascinating!

  • robinr22

    12 December 2011 3:40AM

    You don't care about scientific and journalistic rigour? In an article about science, you don't think those things are important? So, what you are saying is that you don't care whether the information you read in your newspaper is accurate or whether it is presented in a clear comprehensible way. So why bother reading anything at all? Just make it up. The moon is made of marmalade! Yeah!! The Higg's Boson is actually a jaffa cake! Woo! Is it true? Who cares??

    It's funny that you then go on to say you liked the article because you learned something new today. As has been pointed out by others, you've actually been exposed to a small amount of inaccurate badly presented information and so have actually learnt nothing new.

    As a side note, when you spell a word in capitals, it implies that you are shouting. Try reading your comment and shouting the words in capital letters and see how sensible it sounds.

  • mitchellkiwi

    12 December 2011 3:43AM

    Isn't Time itself a black hole into which everything is falling? Regardless of apparent change, i.e. the universe evolving, the wave patterns of matter remain the same, these wave patterns being like the DNA of the universe. Some suggest that these wave patterns are preserved, smeared 2 dimensionally at the mouth of the vortex by the gravitational winds pulling all matter, time and space into it. Memory itself can only be wave patterns which we retrieve to give ourselves consistency. As one slips down the funnel towards the black hole, due to the exponential and infinite rise in gravity, physical information becomes smeared across the surface of its crushing gravitational whirlwind. A trace would be left at the edge, which itself would become infinitely thin; universal knowledge preserved two-dimensionally, a page of all recorded time in the book of cosmic forgetting. A ghost, a spirit, a phantom. Then what? Cosmic remembering?

  • justanobody

    12 December 2011 3:43AM

    If a black hole is a collapsed star, then initially it will have the same mass as the original star, albeit occupying a smaller volume. Anything in orbit around it would then presumably continue to orbit around it.

    As stars are much more numerous than black holes, shouldn’t we be more concerned about one of them knocking the earth out of orbit?

  • difjuz

    12 December 2011 3:57AM

    Black Holes are really soooo yesterday. But, Mr Higgs-Bosun has turned up in my front room, trying to distract me from watching the American Football...F"ck Off.,

  • batman1948

    12 December 2011 4:11AM

    Strangely no one ever explains where the extra gravity comes from. The simple act of a star collapsing doesn't increase it's mass so there can be no increase in gravity.

    This is pathetic alarmist, ignorant, reporting.

    The size of the star changes but not it's gravitational effect. Therefore it is no more of a hoover than before.

  • dthree

    12 December 2011 6:14AM

    you would have been atomised into hot gas. Most of you would be sucked into the black hole and some of you would be spun so fast, you would fuse into other elements, like gold, and then be shot out into space at near the speed of light.

    Wow, that sounds like one hell of a ride! Alton Towers eat your heart out...

  • XRaySpex

    12 December 2011 6:19AM

    DrewGold - no, it's not just you. This article is hopelessly poorly researched and written and can only misinform its' readership. I'm not sure whether Alok Jha or Charlie Brooker wins the prize for funniest article this Monday.

    Even at some distance outside the edge

    - you missed "edge", by the way. Edge of what, a toasted crumpet a billion miles wide?

    Anyway, this article is about what exactly? Two massive black holes have been discovered (but not seen, since you can't see them - they're black, don't you know), duhh... and that's it. So why don't we get Alok to write a scary piece about these whatchamacallits and he can promote his new book which is about scary (cosmological - nice big word) things. Just the thing for your Crimble stocking - just don't fall into it, right?

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 6:57AM

    In response to:
    "robinr22
    12 December 2011 3:40AM
    Response to chocolata3100, 12 December 2011 2:11AM
    You don't care about scientific and journalistic rigour? In an article about science, you don't think those things are important? So, what you are saying is that you don't care whether the information you read in your newspaper is ACCURATE or whether it is presented in a clear comprehensible way. So why bother reading anything at all? Just make it up."

    Hello ROBINR22

    In fact , ALL SCIENCE is SCIENCE FICTION. (& almost as thrilling)

    NO SCIENCE can be said to be ACCURATE, as such.


    We only create our LAWS OF SCIENCE etc, based on the little we know.

    We can't be SURE about ANYTHING.

    For example, nobody has ever actually SEEN MAGNETISM, what it IS can only be GUESSED from its VISIBLE EFFECTS.

  • hardatwork

    12 December 2011 7:14AM

    Wow. Wo that's what they look like. Spectacular.

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 7:20AM

    The NIGHT SKY looks so wonderfully CHRISTMASSY, with all those glittery, twinkling STARS, how lovely it is.

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 7:23AM

    The NIGHT SKY is so BIG & TWINKLY.

    Take care! Mind you don't fall into it!

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 7:26AM

    TWINKLE TWINKLE LITTLE STAR
    HOW I WONDER WHAT YOU ARE

  • ElmerPhudd

    12 December 2011 7:37AM

    Spaghetti?

    I expect other forms of long, thin foodstuffs are available.
    Just that culturally we are more used to spaghetti.
    Noodles would be good or (my own favourite) cheese strings.
    Is spaghetti too thick - should it be vermicelli?
    Could it even be like the mozarella strings from a pizza?

    It's this sort of inaccuracy that really bugs me with some articles. More research is required, sod all this 'LHC' and 'Higgs' nonsense -- we need real answers to real questions!

  • ElmerPhudd

    12 December 2011 7:40AM

    TWINKLE TWINKLE LITTLE STAR
    HOW I WONDER WHAT YOU ARE

    Usually some rather uninviting and unhealthy exotic forms of radiation which would give a nice tan from several million miles away.

  • sedan2

    12 December 2011 7:45AM

    If earth became a black hole it would need to shrink to have a radius of 9 mm, our sun 3 kilometres. The super massive black hole at the centre of the milky way, has a radius of 13.3 million kilometres. Which is bigger than the full-stop at the end of this sentence.

    Well, you're defining the 'radius' of the black hole as that of its event horizon, but the article is clearly talking about the matter inside the black hole, which becomes a singularity.

  • giantmoth

    12 December 2011 8:01AM

    interesting about life lasting a while without the sun. a quick google seems to back this up.

  • ElQuixote

    12 December 2011 8:01AM

    There's a much bigger third Black Hole looming to effectively swallow us all and the other two black holes too : The American Debt.

  • racetosavetheplanet

    12 December 2011 8:08AM

    Author is merely plugging his book.
    But it provided some entertaining comments...

  • Iskra1903

    12 December 2011 8:25AM

    What a piss-poor article, designed to shift copies of a piss-poor book.

  • blairsnemesis

    12 December 2011 8:36AM

    Competition for the bankers then. Which can suck our money away fastest?

  • robinr22

    12 December 2011 8:50AM

    Oh, I see. You're trolling. Oh well.

    I could give you the whole "of course science isn't science fiction" spiel and explain how the scientific method has utterly shaped the world around us, and how your statement that science can't be sure about anything is essentially nonsense and the same argument used by supporters of intelligent design, and that no one has ever seen the centre of the earth yet we are pretty sure it's there, yaddah yaddah yaddah and so on.

    But you're just trolling, so what's the point.

  • CybilWrights

    12 December 2011 9:18AM

    If you want a really super-massive black hole, try my son's bedroom. Nothing that goes into it is ever seen again. Trust me.

  • chocolata3100

    12 December 2011 9:19AM

    In response to:
    "robinr22
    12 December 2011 3:40AM
    Response to chocolata3100, 12 December 2011 2:11AM
    You don't care about scientific and journalistic rigour? In an article about science, you don't think those things are important? So, what you are saying is that you don't care whether the information you read in your newspaper is ACCURATE
    or whether it is presented in a clear comprehensible way. So why bother reading anything at all? Just make it up. The moon is made of marmalade! Yeah!! The Higg's Boson is actually a jaffa cake! Woo! Is it true? Who cares??"

    Hello ROBINR22,

    How do YOU know that all that stuff they told you is ACCURATE? Maybe they made it all UP? Or maybe they made a mistake. Only GOD really knows the TRUTH .

    "So why bother reading anything at all?" you ask. Well, because all SCIENCE FICTION is quite thrilling

  • HappyKillmore

    12 December 2011 9:32AM

    Whatever mental drugs chocolata3100 is on, I want some.

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