The Office of Railroad Policy & Development (RPD) is a dynamic and forward-thinking organizational component of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). RPD actively conceptualizes, sponsors and conducts applied and theoretical research; develops, tests, and evaluates analytical frameworks, methodologies, technologies, systems and processes in support of the FRA’s core safety mission; and produces knowledge to enhance and optimize operation of the nation’s rail transportation system. RPD’s programs and work products are an integral part of the FRA’s safety assurance and oversight activities, and contribute directly to the development and refinement of rules, regulations, standards and best practices. Beneficiaries of RPD’s work include freight and passenger railroads, railroad employees and passengers, manufacturers, suppliers, shippers, communities and the public at-large. Research and development projects are undertaken both independently and in partnership with public or private organizations, including institutions of higher learning, through the provision of grant funding, cooperative agreements, memoranda of understanding, and contracts. This collaborative approach is mutually beneficial and advantageous because it,