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Rhodamine WT Reader
Readings on the Reactivity and Transport Characteristics of this
Tracer
Compilation by
Ken Bencala
<kbencala@usgs.gov> &
Marisa Cox <mhcox@usgs.gov>
original: 3/21/1999
revised: 9/24/1999, 2/18/2000, 8/23/2000, 2/18/2001, 5/16/2001, 11/07/2001,
10/07/2002, 3/12/2004, 9/30/2004
last update: 9/23/2005
This reading list also may be downloaded as a
Word document [54 Kb].
Regulatory Standards
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The standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency in
the Federal Register (Vol. 63, No. 40) state the maximum Rhodamine WT
concentrations to be 10 micrograms per liter for water entering a drinking
water plant (prior to treatment and distribution) and 0.1 micrograms per
liter in drinking water.
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The standards established by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)
in the NSF Standard 60 state the maximum use concentration of Rhodamine
WT to be 0.0001 milligrams per liter.
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The US Geological Survey provides the regulatory standard references for
information purposes ONLY. This information was obtained in August of 2004.
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Background for Any Application
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Characterization of fluorescence background in dye tracing. CC Smart, KC
Karunaratne, Environmental Geology, 42, 492, 2002.
DOI: 10.1007/s00254-001-0510-y
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Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the
Willamette Basin, Oregon. A Laenen, KE Bencala, Journal of the American
Water Resources Association, 37(2): 367-377, 2001.
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Fluorometric procedures for dye tracing. JF Wilson, ED Cobb, FA Kilpatrick,
USGS TWRI, Book 3, Chap. A12, Revised 1986.
[available online]
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A review of the toxicity of twelve fluorescent dyes used for water tracing.
PL Smart, The National Speleological Society Bulletin,
46, 21, 1984.
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An evaluation of some fluorescent dyes for water tracing. PL Smart,
IMS Laidlaw, Water Resources Research, 13(1), 15, 1976.
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Reactivity & Transport in Field Conditions
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An evaluation of two tracers in surface-flow wetlands: rhodamine-WT and
lithium. FE Dierberg, TA DeBusk, Wetlands, 25(1):
8-25, 2005.
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Use of rhodamine water tracer in the marshland upwelling system.
SD Richardson, CS Wilson, and KA Rusch, Ground Water,
42(5): 678-688, 2004.
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A continuous dye injection system for estimating discharge in snow-choked
streams. M Russell, P Marsh, and C Onclin, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine
Research, 36(4): 539-554, 2004
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Conservative and reactive solute transport in constructed wetlands. S.H.
Keefe, L.B. Barber, R.L. Runkel, J.N. Ryan, D.M. McKnight, and R.D. Wass,
Water Resources Research, 40 W01201. 2004,
doi:10.1029/2003WR002121.
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Conservative and reactive solute transport in constructed wetlands. SH Keefe,
LB Barber, RL Runkel, JN Ryan, DM McKnight, and RD Wass, Water Resources
Research, 40: W01201. 2004, doi:10.1029/2003WR002121.
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Comparison of rhodamine WT and bromide in the determination of
hydraulic characteristics of constructed wetlands. AY-C Lin, J-F
Debroux, JA Cunningham, and M Reinhard, Ecological Engineering,
20: 75-88, 2003, doi:10.1016/S0925-8574(03)00005-3.
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Comparing transient storage modeling and residence time distribution
(RTD) analysis in geomorphically varied reaches in the Lookout Creek
basin, Oregon, USA. MN Gooseff, SM Wondzell, R Haggerty, and J Anderson,
Advances in Water Resources, 26(9): 925-937, 2003.
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Evaluation of tracer tests completed in 1999 and 2000 on the Upper Santa
Clara River, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California. MH Cox, GO Mendez,
CR Kratzer, EG Reichard, US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report, 03-4277, 2003.
[Online at
http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wrir034277/]
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Description of flow through a natural wetland using dye tracer tests. DA
Stern, R Khanbilvardi, JC Alair, W Richardson, Ecological Engineering,
18(2), 173, 2001. PII: S0925-8574(01)00076-3
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Limitations and potential of commercially available rhodamine WT as a
groundwater tracer, DJ Sutton, ZJ Kabala, A Francisco, D Vasudevan, Water
Resources Research, 37(6), 1641, 2001.
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The use of photolytic rhodamine WT and sulpho G as conservative tracers of
dispersion in surface waters. RC Upstill-Goddard, JM Suijlen, G Malin, PD
Nightingale, Limnology and Oceanography, 46(4), 927,
2001.
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Tracer-grade rhodamine WT: structure of constituent isomers and their sorption
behavior, D Vasudevan, RL Fimmen, AB Francisco, Environmental Science and
Technology, 35(20), 4089, 2001.
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Sorption and intraparticle diffusion of fluorescent dyes with consolidated
aquifer media, DA Sabatini, Ground Water, 38, 651,
2000.
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Numerical model of a tracer test on the Santa Clara River, Ventura County,
California. T Nishikawa, KS Paybins, JA Izbicki, EG Reichard, Journal
of the American Water Resources Association, 35(1):
133-141.
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Fluorescent dye and media properties affecting sorption and tracer selection.
T Kasnavia, D Vu, DA Sabatini, Ground Water, 37(3),
376, 1999.
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Dye adsorption in a loam soil as influenced by potassium bromide.
SE Allaire-Leung, SC Gupta, JF Moncrief, J Environmental Quality,
28, 1831, 1999.
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Evaluation of Rhodamine WT as an adsorbed tracer in an agricultural soil.
CJ Everts, RS Kanwar, Journal of Hydrology, 153, 53,
1994.
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Cosolvency effects on sorption of a semipolar, ionogenic compound (Rhodamine
WT) with subsurface materials. TS Soerens, DA Sabatini, Environmental
Science and Technology, 28, 1010, 1994.
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Potentials of photolytic rhodamine WT as a large-scale water tracer assessed
in a long-term experiment in the Loosdrecht lakes. JM Suijlen, J J Buyse,
Limnology and Oceanography, 39(6), 141, 1994.
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Influence of Rhodamine WT properties on sorption and transport in subsurface
media. BJ Shiau, DA Sabatini, JH Harwell, Ground Water,
31, 913, 1993.
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Characteristics of Rhodamine WT and Fluorescein as adsorbing ground-water
tracers. DA Sabatini, TA Austin, Ground Water, 29,
341, 1991.
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Submersed plants and algae as factors in the loss of Rhodamine WT dye.
EG Turner, MD Netherland, KD Getsinger, J. Aquat Plant Manage,
29, 113, 1991.
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Fluorescent dyes: a search for new tracers for hydrology. ML Viriot, JC
Andre, Analusis, 17, 97, 1989.
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Tracing ground-water movement in abandoned coal mined aquifers using
fluorescent dyes. PJ Aldous, PL Smart, Ground Water,
26, 172, 1988.
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Photolysis of Rhodamine-WT dye. DY Tai, RE Rathbun, Chemosphere,
17(3), 559, 1988.
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Practical aspects of tracer experiments in acidic, metal enriched
streams. GW Zellweger, KE Bencala, DM McKnight, RM Hirsch, BA Kimball,
in USGS OFR 87-764, 125, 1988.
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Soil water dye tracing, with special reference to the use of Rhodamine
WT, Lissamine FF and Amino G acid. ST Trudgill, Hydrological Processes,
1, 149, 1987.
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The stability of Rhodamine WT dye in trial studies of solute transport
in an acidic and metal-rich stream. KE Bencala, DM McKnight, GW
Zellweger, J Goad, in USGS WSP 2310, 87, 1986.
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Rhodamine WT dye losses in a mountain stream environment. KE Bencala,
RE Rathbun, AP Jackman, VC Kennedy, GW Zellweger, and RJ Avanzino, Water
Resources Bulletin, 19(6), 943, 1983.
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Use of tracers to confirm ground-water flow. DB Aulenbach, JH Bull, BC
Middlesworth, Ground Water, 16, 149, 1978.
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Sampling and Analysis
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Detection of fluorescent compounds in the environment using granular activated
charcoal detectors. C Smart, B Simpson. Environmental Geology,
42, 538, 2002. DOI: 10.1007/s00254-001-0517-4
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Capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence in groundwater migration
determination. WC Brumley, ClL Gerlach, American Laboratory, January
1999. [available
online.]
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Analysis of fluorescent water tracers using on-line pre-concentration in
Micro HPLC. REJ Van Soest, JP Chervet, M Ursem, JM Suijlen, LC-GC
International, 9(9), 586, 1996.
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A HPLC-based detection method for fluorescent sea water tracers using on-line
solid phase extraction. JM Suijlen, W Staal, PM Houpt, A. Draaier,
Continental Shelf Research, 14(13/14), 1523, 1994.
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Identification and separation of water tracing dyes using pH response
characteristics. R.G. Lyons, Journal of Hydrology, 152
13-29, 1993.
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Determination of Rhodamine WT in surface water by solid-phase
extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection. JW Hofstratt, M
Steendijk, G Vriezekolk, W Schreurs, GJAA Broer, N Wijnstok, Water
Research, 25, 883, 1991.
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Analytical problems arising from the use of bromide and Rhodamine WT as
co-tracers in streams. DR Jones, RF Jung, Water Research,
24, 125, 1990.
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A procedure for enriching and cleaning up Rhodamine B and Rhodamine WT
in natural waters, using a Sep-pak C18 cartiridge. RWPM Lane, MW
Manuels, W Staal, Water Research, 18, 163, 1984.
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Aquatic Effects
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Toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment of water tracers. H Behrens,
U Beims, H Dieter, G Dietze, T Eikmann, T Grummt, H Hanisch, H Henseling,
W Käß, H Kerndorff, C Leibundgut, U Müller-Wegener, I Rönnefahrt,
B Scharenberg, R Schleyer, W Schloz, and F Tilkes, Hydrogeology
Journal, 9:321-325, 2001
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An assessment of the potential adverse properties of fluorescent tracer
dyes used for groundwater tracing. MS Field, RG Wilhelm, JF Quinlan,
TJ Aley, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 38,
75, 1995.
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Effects of Rhodamine water tracer on Escherichia Coli densities. M
Jensen, KK Kristennsen, Water Research, 23, 257, 1989.
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Nitrosamine Formation
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Potential for nitrosamine formation in seven fishery chemicals, SL Abidi,
VK Dawson, RC Huber, The Progressive Fish-Culturist,
48, 301, 1986.
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Investigation of the possible formation of diethylnitrosamine
resulting from the use of Rhodamine WT dye as a tracer in river waters.
TR Steinheimer, SM Johnson, USGS WSP 2290, 37, 1986.
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Detection of diethylnitrosamine in nitrate-rich water following
treatment with Rhodamine flow tracers. SL Abidi, Water Research,
16, 199, 1982.
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Commercial Product Information
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The U.S. Geological Survey does NOT endorse or recommend commercial
products. The following is provided ONLY for identification and
information purposes.
Rhodamine WT
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Sensient Corporation
http://www.sensient-tech.com/solutions/industrial_colors.htm
800-558-9892
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Keystone Corporation
http://www.dyes.com
800-522-4dye
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Fluorometers
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Seapoint Sensors, Inc
http://www.seapoint.com/srf.htm
603-642-4921
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Turner Designs
http://turnerdesigns.com
877-316-8049
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Opti-Sciences
http://www.optisci.com/ps.htm
603-883-4400
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YSI Inc.
Model 6130 Rhodamine WT Sensor
800-897-4151
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International Chemical Safety Cards
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http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/osh/ic/37299898.htm
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http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0325.htm
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Stewart Rounds, SMIG coordinator
<sarounds@usgs.gov>
U.S. Geological Survey
http://smig.usgs.gov/SMIG/rhodamine_reader.html
Last modified Wednesday, 21-Nov-2007 12:57:39 EST
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