| 100 most dangerous invaders to keep out |
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| Micro-Organisms |
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poplar canker (Xanthomonas populi)
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| Aquatic plants |
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European water chestnut (Trapa natans)
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| Land plants |
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African Rue
| Peganum harmala**
| camelthorn
| Alhagi pseudalhagi
| coltsfoot (not Petasities frigidus)
| Tussilago farfara** | giant hogweed
| Heracleum mantegazzianum** | goatgrasses (barbed, ovate)
| Aegilops triuncialis , A. ovata
| | goat's rue | Galega officinalis | hawkweeds (king-devil, meadow, mouse-ear, orange, yellow)
| Hieracium piloselloides , H. pratense **, H. pilosella , H. aurantiacum **, H. floribundum
| | giant reed grass | Arundo donax**
| | kudzu | Pueraria lobata**
| matgrass
| Nardus stricta**
| | oblong spurge | Euphorbia oblongata | Paterson's curse
| Echium plantagineum**
| silverleaf nightshade
| Solanum elaegnifolium
| skeletonleaf bursage
| Ambrosia tomentosa
| squarrose knapweed
| Centaurea virgata**
| starthistles (Iberian, purple)
| Centaurea iberica **, C. calcitrapa **
| Syrian bean-caper
| Zygophyllum fabago
| Texas blueweed
| Helianthus ciliaris
| thistles (plumless, smooth distaff, woolly distaff, taurian thistle)
| Carduus alanthoides **, Carthamus baeticus , Carthamus lanatus **, Onopordum tauricum
| | white bryonia | Bryonia alba |
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| Aquatic invertebrates |
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mitten crab (Eriocheir spp.)
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| Land invertebrates |
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Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica)
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| Africanized honey bee | Apis mellifera scutellata
| Argentine ant
| Linepithema humile*
| Asian longhorned beetle
| Anoplophora glabripennis, A. chinensis
| brown spruce longhorn beetles
| Tetropium fuscumm, T. castaneum*
| emerald ash borer
| Agrilus planipennis
| European chafer
| Rhizotrogus majalis
| European corn borer
| Ostrinia nubilalis
| European woodwasp
| Sirex noctilio | granulate ambrosia beetle
| Xylosandrus crassiusculus*
| gypsy moths (European, Asian, pink, nun moth)
| Lymantria dispar*, L. mathura*, L. monacha
| imported fire ants (red, black)
| Solenopsis invicta*, S. richteri
| Japanese beetle
| Popillia japonica*
| Japanese wax scale
| Ceroplastes japonicus | | light brown apple moth | Epiphyas postvittana | khapra beetle
| Trogoderma granarium
| Mexican bean beetle
| Epilachna varivestis
| old world bollworm
| Helicoverpa armigera
| Oriental beetle
| Anomala orientalis
| plum curculio
| Conotrachelus nenuphar
| Siberian moth
| Dendrolimus superans
| silver Y moth
| Autographa gamma
| spruce bark beetle
| Ips typographus
| Swede midge
| Contarinia nasturtii
| White garden snail, vineyard snail, and heath snail (terrestrial snails)
| Theba pisana, Cernuella virgata, Xerolenta obvia
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| Fish |
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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
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Amur goby, round goby, Shimofuri goby
| Rhinogobius brunneus, Neogobius melanostomas, Tridentiger bifasciatus
| | Asian carp (bighead, silver), black carp | Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, H. molitrix, Mylopharyngodon piceus
| | Atlantic salmon | Salmo salar | | golden Shiner | Notemigonus crysoleucas
| | muskellunge, northern pike, tiger muskie | Esox spp.* | | round goby | Neogobius melanostomas | | ruffe | Gymnocephalus cernuus | | snakeheads | Channa spp. | threadfin Shad (yellow tails, shad and
shad minnow
| Dorosoma petenense |
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| Birds |
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| Mammals |
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| Reptiles |
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| Details and printable version of 100 Worst List |
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* Detected previously in Oregon, but eradicated or did not establish.
** Currently under eradication or restricted to a small area in Oregon.
100 Most Dangerous Invaders To Keep Out of Oregon in 2009 (pdf format)
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| Changes that were made for 2009 |
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Changes that were made in the 100 Worst List from 2008 to 2009
Micro-organisms
The following were removed from the list:
1. cherry leaf roll nepovirus (CLRV)is found in Oregon, although on an alternate host. It has failed to move to cherries. Also, like pear trellis rust, the damage it is capable of causing is significantly less than the new species we added to the list
2. pear trellis rust (Gymnosporangium fuscum) is established in WA and is a manageable disease. Also, it is not fatal to its host, unlike the others.
The spelling was corrected:
1. sudden oak death Phytophthora ramorum** (corrected spelling)
There was a name change for:
1. Sheep pen hill virus blueberry hill carlavirus - New Jersey strain (BBScV-NJ) carlavirus (BBScV-NJ) (corrected name change)
The following were added to the list:
1. blackberry yellow vein disease, blackberry yellow vein-associated virus (BYVaV) and blackberry virus Y (BVY) (this disease is caused by the two viruses acting synergistically) (Nancy K. Osterbauer, ODA)
2. bacterial blight of grape Xylophilus ampelinus
Aquatic Plants
The following was added to the list:
1. Flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus—Montana is asserting that this plant could eventually spread through much of the Columbia Basin. It's not far from the northeast and southeast Oregon borders
Land Plants
The following were removed from the list:
1. Mile-a-minute weed (Polygonum perfoliatum)* This species is not listed in either Oregon or Washington.
2. Portugese broom (Cytisus striatus)** (Note: *Note this would be a removal because it "got away," and therefore would count against our benchmark.) This plant is a “B” rated plant in Oregon. Though Portuguese broom is a high priority for protection of our forest lands in the state, programs implementing control projects have moved from eradication mode into containment mode with this plant.
The following were added to the list:
1. White bryoniaBryonia alba—White bryonia is a vigorous herbaceous perennial vine resembling kudzu in appearance and growth habit. Infestations will overgrow and smother small trees and shrubs forming dense mats which shade out all the vegetation it grows upon. If established in areas with no structure to climb, it will form a dense mat covering the ground. Vines emerge each spring from a large fleshy parsnip-shaped tuber and grow rapidly, sometimes to 30 feet. Populations are documented from south-east Washington State, Idaho, Utah and Montana. Should white byronia become established in Eastern Oregon it poses a huge threat for forest and range land, not to mention ecosystems of the Hells Canyon/Snake River area.
2. Goat's rue, Galega officinalis—Goat’s rue, Galega officinalis.L. is a USDA federally listed noxious weed. A member of the legume family, it was introduced into Utah in 1891 as a potential forage crop. Escaping cultivation, it now occupies in excess of 60 square miles in Cache, County, Utah. Within this area, goat’s rue infests cropland, fence lines, pastures, roadsides, waterways, and wet, marshy areas (Evans and Ashcroft 1982). The plant's stems and leaves contain a poisonous alkaloid, galegin, which renders the plant unpalatable to livestock, and toxic in large quantities. It is particularly lethal to sheep. Because of these issues, goat's rue invasion can reduce forage availability and quality.
3. Oblong spurge, Euphorbia oblongata—Oblong spurge is a weedy escaped ornamental species of Euphorbia known from only one site in Salem, Oregon. Suspected to have been introduced from California in contaminated flax or machinery that was used at the State Penitentiary flax mill in the early part of the 1900’s, it has slowly expanded its territory on the penitentiary property. Growing up to 3’ tall, this species is capable of forming dense stands in more arid climates and could be expected to be a troublesome weed to control should it spread and establish in eastern Oregon.
Aquatic Invertebrates
The following were removed from the list:
1. Unnamed estuarine snail (Coos Bay), Assiminea sp. (Increasingly widespread establishment is one of our criteria for bumping a species off the 100 worst list. The small brackish water snail we saw on the rip-rap of the Yaquina river, capable of carrying the human liver flukes parasite is Assiminea parasitological.
The following was added to the list (with other nonnative crayfish):
1. Red swamp crayfish (Louisiana crayfish), Procambarus clarkia— Native to south central United States, this species has been found in California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Noted for its burrowing activity which could damage dams, levees, and water control structures. Introduced into Oregon as a bait species and releases from classroom science experiments.
Land Invertebrates
The following were removed from the list:
1. Pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) PSB does not appear to present a threat to forest ecosystems, primarily being a threat to Christmas tree plantations. Granted, the latter commodity is important, but pines are being phased out as Christmas trees in favor of other species which are not hosts known to support PSB reproduction.
2. Sawyers (Monochamus urussovi*, M. alternatus)* (I think there is too little information to support the two Monochamus spp. as major threats to our forests).
The following were added to the list with the other terrestrial snail:
1. vineyard snail, Cernuella virgata and heath snail, Xerolenta obvia—These two snails have the potential to be pests of many more commodities (cereals, forage crops, grapes, orchards, etc.) and would greatly increase molluscicide use. They are certainly much more difficult to control or eradicate than PSB and probably more so than Monochamus species. The technologies for detection and delimitation are also much less effective (try "primitive"). At least one of these species can also vector human and animal parasites and both can vector plant diseases.
Fish
The following was grouped with other non-native carp:
1. black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (Move black carp with Asian carp to group like species).
The following were added to the list:
1. Threadfin Shad (yellow tails, shad and shad minnow), Dorosoma petenense— Native to the south-central United States and introduced into parts of the northern United States. Arizona and California as a forge and baitfish for warm water fish species such as largemouth bass, crappie and walleye. Feeds on zooplankton, and breeds quickly.
2. Golden Shiner, Noteigonus crysoleucas— Native to eastern United States. Introduced as a baitfish, ornamental and forage fish. Impact to Oregon is through competition with native fish for food and habitat. Lays up to 200, 000 eggs and may spawn more than once during a breeding season.
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| Criteria for placement on the OISC 100 Worst List |
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To be placed on the list, species must be non-native to Oregon and absent from the State or limited to a small, contained range within the state. Note: by statutory definition (ORS 561.685) humans, domestic livestock and nonharmful exotic organisms are not invasive species. Diseases of humans and domestic animals are also not included in the purview of the Council.
- Species prohibited by regulation are eligible including species listed as weeds on the state "A" list; pest species for which the state maintains an external quarantine or is protected by a federal quarantine; and species prohibited by the wildlife integrity rules.
- Species which meet at least three of the following additional criteria are also eligible:
- Has a history of invasiveness in the Pacific Northwest or similar Ecoregions
- Likely to cause ecological harm to native species or their habitats in Oregon
- Likely to cause significant economic loss in Oregon
- Capable of harming the health of humans or beneficial plants and animals in Oregon
- Reasonably susceptible to intentional or inadvertent introduction into Oregon
- Capacity to spread via natural reproduction in Oregon
- Difficult to eradicate based on past global history
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| Criteria for removing species from the OISC 100 Worst list |
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- Has become established in Oregon beyond a small, contained range; or
- Lower priority than another eligible species not currently on the list
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