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Exploration of the Seas: Interim Report
Exploration of the Seas
Interim Report
Committee on Exploration of the Seas
Ocean Studies Board
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu
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Exploration of the Seas: Interim Report
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. 56-DKNA-1-95107 and 56-DGNA-1-00001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This paper is funded “in part” by a contract from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-0-309-08631-0
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Exploration of the Seas: Interim Report
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council
www.national-academies.org
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Exploration of the Seas: Interim Report
COMMITTEE ON EXPLORATION OF THE SEAS
JOHN ORCUTT (Chair),
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
SHIRLEY A. POMPONI (Vice-Chair),
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida
TUNDI AGARDY,
Sound Seas, Bethesda, Maryland
GEORGE F. BASS,
Texas A&M University, College Station
EARL H. DOYLE,
Shell Oil (ret.), Sugar Land, Texas
TERRY GARCIA,
National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
BRUCE GILMAN,
Sonsub Inc. (ret.), Houston, Texas
SUSAN HUMPHRIS,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ISAO KOIKE,
University of Tokyo, Japan
RICHARD LUTZ,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
MARCIA MCNUTT,
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California
JOHN NORTON MOORE,
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville
WALTER PITMAN III,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York
JÖRN THIEDE,
Foundation for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
VICTOR M. VICENTE-VIDAL LORANDI,
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Morelos, Mexico
Staff
JENNIFER MERRILL, Program Officer
MORGAN GOPNIK, Director
JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant
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Exploration of the Seas: Interim Report
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
NANCY RABALAIS (Chair),
Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin
ARTHUR BAGGEROER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JAMES COLEMAN,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
LARRY CROWDER,
Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina
RICHARD B. DERISO,
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California
EARL DOYLE,
Shell Oil (ret.), Sugar Land, Texas
ROBERT DUCE,
Texas A&M University, College Station
WAYNE R. GEYER,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
MIRIAM KASTNER,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
RALPH S. LEWIS,
Connecticut Geological Survey, Hartford
JULIAN P. MCCREARY, JR.,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
JACQUELINE MICHEL,
Research Planning, Inc., Columbus, South Carolina
SCOTT NIXON,
University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
JON G. SUTINEN,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston
NANCY TARGETT,
University of Delaware, Lewes
Staff
MORGAN GOPNIK, Director
SUSAN ROBERTS, Senior Program Officer
DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer
JOANNE BINTZ, Program Officer
JENNIFER MERRILL, Program Officer
TERRY SCHAEFER, Program Officer
ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer
JOHN DANDELSKI, Research Associate
SHIREL SMITH, Administrative Associate
JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant
NANCY CAPUTO, Senior Project Assistant
DENISE GREENE, Senior Project Assistant
SARAH CAPOTE, Project Assistant
BYRON MASON, Project Assistant
JULIE PULLEY, Project Assistant
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Exploration of the Seas: Interim Report
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the three workshops held as part of this study. The Committee would first like to acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations at the meetings: Joe Baker, Patricio Bernal, Steven Bohlen, Bryndis Brandsdottir, Harry Breidahl, Mario Caceres, Tommy Dickey, Rene Drucker-Colin, Sylvia Earle, Paul Egerton, John Field, Montserrat Gorina-Ysern, J. Frederick Grassle, Jeremy Green, James Greenwood, Stephen Hammond, Su Jilan, Robert Knox, Suzanne Lacasse, Larry Mayer, Craig McLean, Michael Meredith, Jean-Francois Minster, Alain Morash, Rob Murdoch, Nii Odunton, Annelies Pierrot-Bults, Fangli Qiao, Muthukamatchi Ravindran, Shubha Sathyendranath, Sergey Shapovalov, Sunil Murlidhar Shastri, Victor Smetacek, Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Tamaki Ura, and James Yoder. These talks helped set the stage for fruitful discussions in the closed sessions that followed. Edward Urban, Jr., Elizabeth Gross, and Maria Hood were a great assistance to the committee and staff in planning the International Global Ocean Exploration Workshop. The Committee is also grateful to Margot Bohan who provided important material for this report.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in their review of this report:
VERA ALEXANDER, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
FRANCIS A. DAHLEN, JR., Princeton University, New Jersey
RUSS DAVIS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
SCOTT DONEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
SYLVIA EARLE, Deep Ocean Exploration and Research, Inc., Oakland, California
ROGER LUKAS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
STEPHEN OLSEN, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
KARL TUREKIAN, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
DONALD WALSH, International Maritime, Inc., Myrtle Point, Oregon
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by William Fenical, appointed by the Divison on Earth and Life Studies, and Carl Wunsch, appointed by the Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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CONTENTS
Executive Summary
1
Introduction
3
Comparison of Ocean Exploration and Ocean Research
3
Key Features of an Ocean Exploration Program
5
Benefits to the United States from Initiating an International Ocean Exploration Program
7
Priority Areas for Ocean Exploration
8
Marine Biodiversity
8
The Polar Oceans
10
Marine Archaeology
12
Deep Water and Its Role in Climate Change
13
Exploring the Ocean Through Time
14
Proposed Organization of an Ocean Exploration Program
14
The Program in the United States
14
Funding a U.S. Program
15
International Structure
16
Voluntary Information Sharing
19
Ocean Exploration as a Tool for Public Education
19
Conclusion
20
References
21
Appendixes
A
Committee and Staff Biographies
22
B
Congressional Request
26
C
Committee Timeline and First Meeting’s Agenda
31
D
International Global Ocean Exploration Workshop: Agenda and Participants
33
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