Publications: The Wealth Effects of OCC Preemption Announcements After the Passage of the Georgia Fair Lending Act
by Gary Whalen
Abstract
Rapid growth in subprime lending over the past decade has led to rising concerns about abusive practices by subprime lenders. By early 2004, those concerns prompted Georgia and more than 30 other states to pass laws designed to eliminate abusive or predatory lending practices by the financial services firms, including those with federal charters, operating within their boundaries. In 2003, the OCC concluded that federal law preempts the provisions of the Georgia Fair Lending Act (GFLA) that would otherwise affect national banks' real estate lending. In early 2004, the OCC adopted a final rule providing that state laws that regulate the terms of credit are preempted.
The OCC has asserted that the growing number of state anti-predatory lending
laws impose substantial compliance costs on banks, especially smaller,
multistate banking organizations that must spread them over smaller levels of
output. If these arguments are correct, preemption should reduce expected costs,
increase expected revenue, and boost expected bank profitability, especially for
smaller banking firms with multistate operations. Opponents of preemption have
argued that material preemption benefits for national banks imply a significant
competitive disadvantage for state banks and could induce enough state bank
charter conversions to endanger the dual banking system.
In this study, an event study approach is used to obtain empirical evidence
on the performance effects of preemption. The sample consists of 43 national
bank-dominated and 75 state bank-dominated holding companies observed over the
October 2002 - January 2004 time period. Briefly, there is not strong evidence
of preemption benefits when all national bank-dominated holding companies are
viewed as a single group. The univariate tests of portfolio returns and
cross-sectional regression results reveal that preemption benefits are larger
for smaller, multistate national bank holding companies than they are for both
larger national bank companies and similarly sized peers that operate in a
single state. This finding is consistent with the view that state anti-predatory
lending laws like the GFLA impose a proportionately greater compliance burden on
smaller, multistate companies unable to realize economies of scale, which is
reduced by preemption. The evidence does not strongly support the notion that
preemption places state banking companies at a significant competitive
disadvantage. In fact, the excess returns of smaller state banking companies,
which comprise the bulk of the state bank holding company sample, tend to be
positive rather than negative and typically do not differ significantly from
national bank companies with similar characteristics.
Disclaimer
Any whole or partial reproduction of material in this paper should include the following citation: Gary Whalen, "The Wealth Effects of OCC Preemption Announcements After the Passage of the Georgia Fair Lending Act," Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, E&PA Working Paper 2004-4, December 2004.
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