University of Texas Medical Branch

Cell Biology Graduate Program

Rough endoplasmic reticulum bears the ribosomes during protein synthesis. The newly synthesized proteins are sequestered in sacs, called cisternae . The system then sends the proteins via small vesicles to the Golgi Complex , or, in the case of membrane proteins, it inserts them into the membrane. As shown in this diagram, rough endoplasmic reticulum may either be vesicular or tubular. Or it may consist of stacks of flattened cisternae (like sheets) that may have bridging areas connecting the individual sheets. The Ribosomes sit on the outer surfaces of the sacs (or cisternae). They resemble small beads sitting in rosettes or in a linear pattern.

Menu

Test yourself!! What do you already know about ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi Complex and Lysosomes?

Where are ribosomes produced and how do they get to the cytoplasm?
What key events occur at the site of the ribosome?
As translation of mRNA begins, where is the mRNA placed ?
What are polyribosomes and what is their function? How would you recognize them?
How do ribosomes interact with the rough endoplasmic reticulum ? What is the site called? Where is the growing polypeptide placed?
What peptide is produced at the beginning of translation and what is the significance of this peptide? Why wouldn't you find such a peptide in a set of polyribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm? What happens to the peptide after it is produced?
How and where are membrane proteins inserted in the membrane?
How are multipass transmembrane proteins inserted and aligned in the membrane? What factors might regulate or dictate the direction of the alignment?
How do proteins destined for secretion or insertion into the plasma membrane get to the Golgi complex ? What coats the vesicles and what is the vesicular-tubular complex?
Define the regions of the Golgi complex What histochemical markers would you use?
Distinguish the types of secretory pathways through the Golgi Complex.
How does the Golgi complex regulate or maintain the orientation of membrane proteins ?
Where are carbohydrates added to glycoproteins?
Can proteins be transported back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the Golgi Complex? What would happen to rough endoplasmic reticulum proteins if this process were blocked?
What are lysosomes and how do they function in the cell?
How and where are lysosomal enzymes sorted ?
What are major distinguishing features of lysosomes and peroxisomes ?
How would you distinguish smooth endoplasmic reticulum from rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Identify several functions played by smooth endoplasmic reticulum
For fun: Use the Links to outside web pages to learn more about the role of chaperones in protein synthesis. What are they? Give one example and state where it works in the process.
Extra credit question: Use the Links to outside web pages to answer the following: What distinguishes a protein that permanently resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum from one that is destined for secretion? How does this help prevent the loss of these proteins during transfer to the Golgi complex? Give a couple of examples of these proteins and their functions in the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

By the end of this unit, you should be able to give examples of how signal sequences and patches help with the sorting and transport of proteins. 

• Signal sequence and a receptor protein facilitate specific binding/docking of ribosome to ER receptor and translocation of protein to ER lumen through the membrane.
• Signal patches dictate direction and placement of proteins in the membranes themselves. This is also controlled by:
  • Positive charged amino acids in cytosolic region of protein
  • Length of hydrophobic signal anchor sequence.
• •Signal sequences promote return of resident ER proteins to ER via COPI coated vesicles.
• •Signal sequences allow sorting of lysosomal enzymes by a special receptor in Golgi complex to appropriate compartment
• •Peroxisomal enzymes are also sorted to new peroxisomes by signal.