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Heap Leach and Ion-Exchange FacilitiesThrough the years, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has licensed numerous uranium recovery facilities in the United States, which used a variety of extraction methods. In addition to conventional uranium milling and in situ leaching (which are currently used to extract uranium from mined ore), some NRC-licensed facilities used extraction methods known as heap leaching or ion-exchange. Such facilities no longer operate and are in the process of decommissioning. Nonetheless, heap leaching has also been used to extract uranium from ore at conventional mills, and ion-exchange procedures have been used to separate uranium from the liquid extract at both conventional mills and in situ leach facilities. Heap leach/ion-exchange operations involve the following process:
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