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GLERL Publications Abstracts: FY 1990
Publications List Key |
Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. |
* = Not available from GLERL. |
** = Available in GLERL Library only. |
Barron, M.G., G.R. STEHLY, and W.L. Hayton. Pharmacokinetic modeling
in aquatic animals. I. Models and concepts. Aquatic Toxicology
17:187-212 (1990).
While clinical and toxicological applications of pharmacokinetics have
continued to evolve both conceptually and experimentally, pharmacokinetic
modeling in aquatic animals has not progressed accordingly. In this
paper we present methods and concepts of pharmacokinetic modeling in
aquatic animals using multicompartmental, clearance-based, non-compartmental
and physiologically-based pharmocokinetic models. These models should
be considered as alternatives to traditional approaches, which assume
that the animal acts as a single homogeneous compartment based on apparent
monoexponential elimination. Multicompartmental models are a necessary
increase in complexity when elimination is biphasic or when there is
a widely different distribution between high perfusion and low perfusion
tissues. Alternatives to traditional rate-constant based models are
clearance-based compartmental models, which have parameters that may
be interpreted in terms of the controlling physiological and biochemical
processes. Non-compartmental methods characterize uptake, distribution,
elimination, and persistence without making assumptions about the underlying
model topology. Development of physiologically-based models is highly
desirable because they allow extrapolation to other species, body sizes
and environmental conditions.
Bedford, K.W., and D.J. SCHWAB. Preparation of real-time Great Lakes
forecasts. Cray Channels Summer 1990:14-17 (1990).
No abstract.
Bedford, K.W., C.-C Yen, J. Kempf, D.J. SCHWAB, R. Marshall, and C.A.
Kuan. A 3D-Stereo graphics interface for operational Great Lakes forecasts.
Proceedings, Estuarine and Coastal Modeling Conference, Newport, RI, November
15-17, 1989. American Society of Civil Engineers, 248-257 (1990).
A system for real-time predictions of Great Lakes physics and transport
characteristics is now being implemented. The full 3-D nature of the
predictions demands accurate, high speed computer visualized representations
of the results and therefore this article presents the user interface
for this system which fully integrates a graphics philosophy at every
level of the forecasting system. Steering, tracking and pre- and post
processing are possible and the full use of 3-D stereo animations is
being exploited to the extent of its utility.
BRATKOVICH, A.W. NOAA ship requirements for fisheries oceanography. NOAA's
Ocean Fleet Modernization Study Phase 1: Mission Requirements. NOAA, Washington,
DC, A69-73 pp. (1990).
No abstract.
CARRICK, H.J., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Biomass, size structure, and composition
of phototrophic and heterotrophic nanoflagellate communities in Lakes
Huron and Michigan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
46(11):1922-1928 (1989).
The abundance and biomass of surface (5 m) and deep (20-45 m) nanoflagellate
communities in Lakes Huron and Michigan were determined during 1987.
Abundances (102-10-3cells.mL-1) were comparable between lakes
and similar to those reported from other oligotrophic environments.
Community composition was skewed towards the small end of the size spectrum
due to the prevalence of small chrysomonads. In general, heterotrophic
flagellates (Hnano) were more abundant that phototrophic flagellates
(Pnano), while standing stocks of Pnano carbon (average 24.7 mg C.L-1)
were greater than Hnano carbon (9.6 mg C.L-1) on nearly all
sample dates. The abundance of nanoflagellates in both Lakes Huron and
Michigan peaked in July, perhaps indicating increased growth at higher
temperatures and/or a response to higher abundance of prey. Nanoflagellate
communities in deep waters during thermal stratification were more abundant
(50-70% higher carbon) than surface communities and were dominated by
Pnano. High carbon standing stocks of deep communities did not correspond
with high prey abundances. Thus, deep communities seem to be influenced
by factors (e.g., light and nutrients) that maintain deep phytoplankton
communities in the upper Great Lakes. While Hnano are quantitatively
important in Lakes Huron and Michigan, representing nearly 20% of phytoplankton
biomass, their trophic role is largely unknown.
CARRICK, H.J., and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. Planktonic protozoa in Lakes Huron
and Michigan: Seasonal abundance and composition of ciliates and dinoflagellates.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 16(2):319-329 (1990). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1990/19900005.pdf
The abundance and biomass of surface (5m) and deep (30-45m) ciliate
and dinoflagellate protozoa in the offshore waters of Lakes Huron and
Michigan were determined from December 1986 to November 1987. Protozoan
(ciliates and dinoflagellates) abundance (4 to 15 cells.mL-1)
and biomass (13-140 mg.L-1, wet wt.) were comparable between
lakes and similar to those reported from other oligotrophic environments.
On average, ciliates comprised the majority of protozoan abundance (80%)
and biomass (73%). The mean size (ESD) of these communities was small
(20.6 mm) due to the numerical dominance of small choreotrichs, oligotrichs,
and species of Gymnodinium. Total biomass in both lakes peaked
during late June-July and again during the October-November period.
These seasonal changes in biomass were accompanied by species replacements:
tintinnids, strobilids, oligotrichs, and Gymnodinium species
were abundant in the spring isothermal period, shifting to oligotrich
dominance during summer stratification (May-July); a more diverse assemblage
followed during late stratification (October-November) in which haptorids,
prorodontids, and Peridinium species became more important. Deep and
surface communities were comparable in terms of abundance and biomass,
although deep community biomass decreased as stratification intensified.
Because the biomass of ciliates alone represents approximately 30% of
crustacean zooplankton biomass, protozoa may be more important grazers
than once thought.
Chin, Y.-P, W.J. Weber, and B.J. EADIE. Estimating the effects of dispersed
organic polymers on the sorption of contaminants by natural solids. 2.
Sorption in the presence of humic and other natural macromolecules. Environmental
Science and Technology 24(6):837-842 (1990).
A triphase distribution model was used in conjunction with experimental
observations to characterize the effects of humic polymers dispersed
in an aqueous phase on the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds
from that phase by natural solids. The organic compound-humic substance
binding constants employed in the model were estimated using a partition
equation that takes into account the solubility of the solute in both
the aqueous and organic polymer phases as developed in the first paper
of this two part series. Experimental results and model predictions
indicate that the sorption of moderately hydrophobic compounds by lacustrine
sediments is relatively unaffected by the presence of humic polymers,
but that the sorption of highly insoluble organic contaminants by the
same sorbents is sensitive to small amounts of background organic polymers.
The observations support earlier analyses by other investigators regarding
the impact of the organic subphases on the fate and transport of pollutants
in natural aquatic systems.
CROLEY, T.E.II. Great Lakes hydrological impacts of 2xCO2
climate change. Proceedings, International and Transboundary Water Resources
Issues, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, April 1-5, 1990. American Water Resources
Association, Minneapolis, MN, 595-604 (1990).
The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory considered climate
change impacts on North American Great Lakes hydrology by using recent
atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) simulations of a doubling
of atmospheric CO2, available from the Goddard Institute
for Space Studies. We made changes in historical meteorological data,
similar to the changes observed in the GCM, and observed the impact
of the changed data in hydrology models for basin moisture storage and
runoff, over-lake precipitation, and lake heat storage and evaporation.
While precipitation changes are uncertain, higher air temperatures generally
increase basin evapotranspiration which decreases the snowpack, lowers
runoff, shifts runoff peaks, and reduces soil moisture. There are larger
amounts of heat resident in the deep lakes reducing buoyancy-driven
turnovers of the water column, lowering ice formation, and increasing
lake evaporation.
CROLEY, T.E., II, and H.C. HARTMANN. GLERL's near real time hydrological
outlook package. Proceedings, Great Lakes Water Level Forecasting and
Statistics Symposium, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 17-18, 1990. Great
Lakes Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 63-72 (1990).
The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory developed a semiautomatic
software package for making deterministic or probabilistic outlooks
of basin moisture storage conditions, basin runoff, lake heat storage,
lake evaporation and other heat fluxes, net lake supplies, and lake
levels six or more full months into the future for large lakes. We designed
the package especially for use on small computers with a standard FORTRAN-77
compiler, 5-15 megabytes of disk storage (per application), and a minimum
of processor and memory resources. The package combines our Large Basin
Runoff Model applications on each of the subbasins about a-lake to represent
the entire basin's current moisture storage and our lake evaporation
model applications on each of the Great Lakes to represent each lake's
current heat storage. Our near-real-time data reduction system uses
new algorithms to efficiently determine daily areal averages of meteorologic
variables over each of the subbasins. We select historic meteorologic
sequences, representing anticipated meteorology, based on the National
Weather Service monthly and seasonal forecasts of precipitation and
air temperature probabilities, for use with the runoff and evaporation
models to generate our near real-time outlooks. The package construction
is presented and the use of its modules are detailed.
EADIE, B.J., N.R. MOREHEAD, and P.F. LANDRUM. Three-phase partitioning
of hydrophobic organic compounds in Great Lakes waters. Chemosphere
20(1-2):161-178 (1990).
Great Lakes waters were freshly collected, inoculated with radiolabelled
hydrophobic organic compounds and, after equilibration, separated into
particle bound, dissolved organic matter bound and freely dissolved
phases. In these ambient suspended matter (0.2-5 ppm) and dissolved
organic carbon (1-6 ppm) media, the freely dissolved phase generally
dominates and the amounts associated with dissolved organic matter rarely
exceeds 5% for most compounds. Solubility controls the constituent distribution
between particle bound and freely dissolved but plays a much smaller
role in mediating the binding to dissolved organic matter. Differences
observed in the binding to dissolved and particulate organic matter
support the need to consider the distribution of constituents among
three phases. Although the concentration and composition of the substrate
changes significantly, there is no apparent seasonal effect on the distribution
of compounds among the three phases in the Great Lakes.
EADIE, B.J., H.A. VANDERPLOEG, J.A. ROBBINS, and G.L. BELL. Significance
of sediment resuspension and particle settling. In Large Lakes: Ecological
Structure and Function, M.M. Tilzer and C. Serruya (eds.). Springer-Verlag,
New York, 196-209 (1990).
Seasonal particle characteristics and sediment-trap-measured resuspension
rates are examined for the Laurentian Great Lakes and compared with
other large, deep lakes. Results are used to estimate the influence
of particle-related processes on the current chemical composition of
these lakes. Even in deep systems, such as the Laurentian Great Lakes,
particle settling times are relatively short and compounds with a high
affinity for particulate matter are efficiently scavenged and removed
to the sediments. After reaching the bottom, the settled materials are
mixed by the feeding activities of bottom-dwelling organisms into an
homogenized pool representing years-to-decades of recent sedimentation.
It is apparent from the relatively slow decline of the concentrations
of these particle-associated constituents in water and biota that sediments
are a leaky sink; small concentrations persist for decades because of
processes that can remobilize materials from the bottom.
Edgington, D.N., and J.A. ROBBINS. Time scales of sediment focusing in
large lakes as revealed by measurement of fallout Cs-137. In Large
Lakes: Ecological Structure and Function, M.M. Tilzer and C. Serruya
(eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, 210-223 (1990).
The sediments of large lakes provide a sink for many of the trace contaminant's
that have been mobilized in the environment. Several models have been
developed to describe the resultant concentration profiles in sediment
cores in terms of input fluxes, sedimentation rates, and mixing depths.
Implicit in these models are the assumptions that sedimenting particles
are disconnected from prior input events and that transport is only
by vertical advection, even though the measured integrated fluxes indicated
that there had been considerable sediment focusing. Recent measurements
of Cs-137 and Pb-210 in sediment cores from Green Bay in Lake Michigan
and least-squares best fits for sedimentation rates and mixing depths
from these data suggest that these simple models are incorrect and do
not adequately reflect the resuspension, horizontal transport, and redeposition
of bottom sediments. Furthermore, such processes are not confined to
shallow water; a comparison of total Cs-137 content, sedimentation rates,
and mixing depths measured in a series of cores taken from Lake Michigan
at the same locations ten years apart indicate that while the overall
integrated Cs-137 content of the sediments, corrected for radioactive
decay, has remained constant, there has been an increase within and
a decrease at the periphery and outside of the depositional zones over
the same period there was, as would be predicted from the simple models,
an increase in the thickness of the measured mixing depth.
FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., C.L. Schelske, and M.J. McCORMICK. Phytoplankton photosynthesis
and biomass in Lake Superior: Effects of nutrient enrichment. Verhandlugen
Internationale Vereinigung Fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie
24:371-377 (1990).
No abstract.
FONTAINE, T.D., III, and D.J. Stewart. Trophic dynamics and ecosystem
integrity in the Great Lakes: Past, present, and possibilities. In An
Ecosystem Approach to the Integrity of the Great Lakes in Turbulent Times,
C.J. Edwards and H.A. Regier (eds.). Great Lakes Fishery Commission Special
Publication 90-4, 153-167 (1990).
The Great Lakes are perhaps unique among large lakes of the world in
the degree to which fish population dynamics and water quality resources
can be influenced by management at the bottom of the food web or from
the top of the food web. Nonmanagement factors known to affect fish
quality and quantity and water quality include toxic contaminants, short-term
weather events and long-term climatic changes, exotic species invasions,
and evolutionary changes of existing species. Because fisheries-based
revenues to the Great Lakes region are presently estimated at $2-4 billion
per year, it would seem prudent to determine the extent to which management
and nonmanagement factors influence fish quality and quantity, as well
as water quality. Here we present a comprehensive, yet preliminary,
conceptual and mathematical modeling approach that describes causal
relationships among fish food web, nutrient cycling, and contaminant
processes in the southern basin of Lake Michigan. Our approach identifies
weaknesses in the data base that are important to the predictive usefulness
of such a model. We suggest that our comprehensive modeling approach
will be useful in transforming some surprises into expected events.
For instance, the model predicts that contaminant concentrations in
salmonines will decrease by nearly 20% if Bythotrephes, an exotic carnivorous
zooplankton, successfully establishes itself in Lake Michigan.
GARDNER, W.S., P.F. LANDRUM, and J.F. CAVALETTO. Lipid-partitioning and
disposition of benzo(a)pyrene and Hexachlorobiphenyl in Lake Michigan
Pontoporeia hoyi and Mysis relicta. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 9:1269-1278 (1990).
Two Lake Michigan macroinvertebrates, Pontoporeia hoyi and Mysis
relicta, exhibited major differences in the disposition of the lipophilic
contaminants, [3 H]benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and [14C]2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
(HCB). Interactions of these contaminants with major lipid classes (triacylglycerols
and phospholipids) were examined by centrifuging aqueous whole organism
homogenates of labeled animals into three discrete layers that were
operationally defined as "buoyant-lipid," "particle" and "aqueous" fractions.
The buoyant-lipid fraction contained most of the energy storing triacylglycerols,
whereas the particle and aqueous fractions contained most of the membrane
phospholipids. During 2 to 4 d experiments, unmodified BaP and HCB partitioned
among the three fractions in proportion to the distribution of total-lipids
in both species, but in M. relicta most of the BaP was biotransformed
into polar metabolites that were selectively found in the aqueous and
particle fractions. Apparently HCB was not substantially biotransformed
in either species but took longer (ca. 2 d) to reach steady state among
lipid pools in M. relicta than it did in P. hoyi (<
1 d). Although the contaminants did not always completely reach steady
state in the organisms with respect to the external environments during
these relatively short experiments, they appeared to reach steady state
among lipid pools within the organisms.
GARDNER, W.S., M.A. QUIGLEY, G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, D. SCAVIA, and W. Frez.
Pontoporeia hoyi--a direct trophic link between spring diatoms
and fish in Lake Michigan. In Large Lakes: Ecological Structure and
Function, M.M. Tilzer and C. Serruya (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New
York, 632-644 (1990).
Several lines of evidence suggest that the Lake Michigan benthic amphipod,
Pontoporeia hoyi (an important fish prey in large, temperate,
low-nutrient lakes), may obtain a large portion of its annual energy
directly from the spring diatom bloom: 1) Energetic considerations suggest
that P. hoyi must assimilate a large fraction of energy from
incoming organic material, but that summer input rates are not sufficient
to support observed annual production of P. hoyi. 2) The weight-specific
lipid content of P. hoyi at some locations in Lake Michigan doubles
within a few weeks after the spring diatom bloom. 3) Lipids accumulate
in P. hoyi primarily as the storage products, triglycerides.
4) P. hoyi feeds intermittently and can survive for months without
food. 5) The dominant spring diatom in Lake Michigan, Melosira, is not
significantly cropped by zooplankton and settles rapidly through the
water column in the spring and early summer. 6) After the spring diatom
bloom, the phytoplankton changes to a dominance of flagellates that
are mostly eaten by pelagic zooplankton and therefore largely unavailable
to benthic organisms. The ability of P. hoyi to rapidly accumulate
and store energy from spring diatom blooms may help explain why this
amphipod thrives in many temperate, oligotrophic/mesotrophic lakes.
This apparently direct trophic linkage between spring diatoms and P.
hoyi is energetically important because it involves a minimum of
trophic energy loss between primary production and fish.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Annual Report for the
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 1988. Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 64 pp. (1990).
No abstract.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Annual Report for the
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 1989. Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 53 pp. (1990).
No abstract.
HARTMANN, H.C., and M.J. Donahue. The institutional morass: Constraints
and opportunities for issue management. Proceedings, International and
Transboundary Water Resources Issues, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, April
1-5, 1990. American Water Resources Association, 329-338 (1990).
A critical link exists between government policies and the institutional
milieu which exists to fulfill those policies. Ostensibly, the large
number of institutions which influence use of the Great Lakes leads
to public confusion and a perception of institutional unresponsiveness.
However, the current institutional setting is actually a rational response
to several characteristics inherent to the Great Lakes system and government
behavior; elimination of institutions simply to reduce the number of
players is inappropriate. Rather, the exclusive and adversarial nature
of traditional agency decision making processes appears to be a pivotal
problem. Future planning must incorporate Alternative Dispute Resolution
(ADR) processes, which seek to build consensus among the various interest
groups (agencies included) that have some state in Great Lakes management
decisions. For many contentious Great Lakes issues, ADR uniquely offers
the potential for mutual learning by groups as their assumptions and
perceptions are evaluated by other groups during facilitated policy
dialogues, collaborative problem-solving, or negotiations.
HAWLEY, N., and J.E. ZYREN. Transparency calibrations for Lake St. Clair
and Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 16(1):113-120
(1990). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1990/19900001.pdf
Extensive measurements of water transparency using a Sea Tech transmissometer
and total suspended solids (TSM) were made in the southern basin of
Lake Michigan and in Lake St. Clair. The relationship between transparency
and TSM in each lake can be expressed very well by a single equation.
The similarity in the slopes of the lines for the two lakes suggested
that the physical properties of the particles suspended in the water
are very similar, while the large difference between the intercepts
is due to the presence in Lake St. Clair of very fine material (particle
diameter less that one micron) which is not present in Lake Michigan.
Attempts to use the transparency measurements to identify different
particle populations in Lake Michigan as a function of time, station,
and sample depth were unsuccessful. Limited data from northern Lake
Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior suggest that the material in
Lake Huron is similar to that in the southern basin of Lake Michigan
while the observations in northern Lake Michigan more closely resemble
those from Lake Superior.
JOHENGEN, T.H., A.M. BEETON, and R.E. Holland. Saline Valley rural clean
water project interim report on monitoring during 1989. Contract Report,
Michigan Department of Agriculture, Washtenaw County Board of Commissioners,
the Monroe County Board of Commissioners, the Washtenaw County Soil Conservation
District, and the Monroe County Soil and Water Conservation District,
78 pp. (1990).
No abstract.
KEILTY, T.J. Note. Evidence for Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
predation on the European cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi
in northern Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 16(2):330-333
(1990). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1990/19900006.pdf
Stomach contents of 10 alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), 3 bloaters
(Coregonus hoyi), 1 rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), 4
chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and 1 lake trout (Salvelinus
namaycush) were examined for the presence of the European cladoceran,
Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Fish were collected commercially (by gillnetters
and sport charters) in July and August of 1988 in the North Manitou
Island area of Lake Michigan when B. cederstroemi were abundant.
The zooplankter was found in all alewife examined and its remains normally
filled the entire stomach cavity. The only other evidence for fish predation
on B. cederstroemi was found in the stomach from a 0.5 kg chinook
salmon. A few caudal spine fragments were found in the stomach of one
bloater yet because the stomach was full of the benthic amphipod, Pontoporeia
hoyi, it was hypothesized that the fish acquired the remains from
the sediments. Stomachs of other fish were either empty or did not contain
B. cederstroemi. Although limited, these data are the first conclusive
evidence that the economically important alewife prey upon the exotic
B. cederstroemi in the open waters of the Great Lakes.
KEILTY, T.J., and P.F. LANDRUM. Population-specific toxicity responses
by the freshwater oligochaete, Stylodrilus heringianus, in natural
Lake Michigan sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
9:1147-1154 (1990).
Sediment reworking rate, mortality and organism dry weight were measured
for Stylodrilus heringianus in laboratory microcosms. The experiments
were designed to identify potential population-specific response differences
to mixed (stirred to obtain a more uniform particle size distribution
over depth) and unmixed (passively settled) microcosm sediments. Lake
Michigan sediments and worms were collected offshore Benton Harbor,
Michigan and Grand Haven, Michigan. The mixed Benton Harbor sediments
were toxic to S. heringianus collected from Grand Haven, whereas there
were no significant differences in measured responses between mixed
and unmixed sediment microcosms for Grand Haven-collected worms exposed
to Grand Haven sediments or Benton Harbor-collected worms exposed to
Benton Harbor sediments. Note that the mixing of sediments resulted
in increased availability of contaminants sorbed to the fine sediment
fraction. Because contaminant and oligochaete population density data
suggest that Grand Haven sediments are less contaminated, the population-specific
response suggests that S. heringianus may adapt to the low level
long-term stressful conditions (chemical or otherwise). Results also
suggest caution and consideration of the history of test organisms in
the design and interpretation of toxicity tests.
LAIRD, G.A., and D. SCAVIA. Distribution of labile dissolved organic
carbon in Lake Michigan. Limnology and Oceanography 35(2):443-447
(1990). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1990/19900008.pdf
Bioassay-measured, labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC) concentrations
were compared in near-bottom and near-surface Lake Michigan water between
April and October 1986. In five of seven experiments, the LDOC concentration
was higher in near-bottom water. LDOC reached 40.2% of the total DOC
pool in the near-bottom water in late May and 13.8% in the near-surface
water in early July. Concentration in near-bottom water was highest
during early stratification; concentration in surface water varied less
but was highest in early July. The data suggested that an allochthonous
source of labile organic C may be important.
LANDRUM, P.F., and J.A. ROBBINS. Bioavailability of sediment-associated
contaminants to benthic invertebrates. In Sediments: Chemistry and
Toxicity of In-Place Pollutants, R. Baudo, J. P. Giesy, and H. Muhtau
(eds.). Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 237-263 (1990).
No abstract.
LANG, G.A., and T.D. FONTAINE. Modeling the fate and transport of organic
contaminants in Lake St. Clair. Journal of Great Lakes Research
16(2):216-232 (1990). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1990/19900004.pdf
Despite the rapid hydraulic turnover time of Lake St. Clair, inputs
of organic contaminants to the lake are a cause for concern because
of their potential long-term storage in the lake's surficial sediments.
In order to understand and predict the transport and fate of organic
contaminants in Lake St. Clair, a multisegment, contaminant mass balance
model was developed. The model was calibrated and tested against four
data sets that describe the behavior of the conservative chloride ion,
and against two data sets that describe the fate and distribution of
sediment-bound cesium-137. Model applications included simulations of
octachlorostyrene (OCS) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dynamics
in the lake. The model predicted that during 1971-83, 3.8 MT of OCS
entered the lake, 2.8 MT were flushed from the system, 0.8 MT were lost
due to biological degradation and volatilization, and 0.2 MT remained
in the system. The model also predicted that during 1970-74, 3.4 MT
of PCB entered the lake, 2.1 MT were flushed from the system, 2.2 MT
were lost due to biological degradation and volatilization, and the
system mass of PCB decreased from 1.9 to 1.0 MT.
LESHKEVICH, G.A., D.W. Deering, T.F. Eck, and S.P. Ahmad. Diurnal patterns
of the bi-directional reflectance of fresh-water ice. Annals of Glaciology
14:153-157 (1990).
To improve the interpretation of surface cryospheric albedo from satellite
sensor data, diurnal measurements of the spectral bi-directional reflectance
of a commonly-found fresh-water ice type were made, from which hemispherical
reflectance can be derived. The purpose of this study is to document
its clear-sky, bidirectional reflectance characteristics in the visible
(650-670 nm) and near-infrared (810-840 nm) region, assess the diurnal
nature of the reflectance, and quantify the surface anisotropy. Bi-directional
reflectances of the re-frozen slush ice measured show a spectral dependence
and change significantly with solar zenith angle. Considerable variation
occurs at each view angle and among view angles throughout the day.
Although diurnal reflectance patterns were similar in both bands, the
magnitudes varied greatly, being highest in the visible and lowest in
the near-infrared region. With the exception of peak saturated (specular)
values in the forward scatter direction, bi-directional reflectance
was generally highest in the morning when the surface and the illumination
were most diffuse in character. The exitance (pN) computed from nadir
radiance (N) is compared to the measured hemispheric exitance (M). The
pN/M ratio, an index of anisotropy, reveal an anisotropy that increases
with increasing solar zenith angle and is more pronounced in the near-infrared
region.
LINDNER, S.R. Sorption of volatile organic compounds and their mixtures
on synthetic and natural soils. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, 230 pp. (1990).
Although sorption can have a profound influence on the fate of chlorinated
hydrocarbon solvents and hydrocarbon fuels, the sorptive behavior of
volatile organic compounds in unsaturated soils is relatively untested.
A headspace analysis technique was used to measure the partitioning
of 15 volatile organic compounds between the vapor phase and a synthetic
soil sorbent made by coating aluminum oxide with Aldrich humic acid.
The sorptive behavior of the 15 organic compounds was related to their
physical/chemical properties to deduce sorbate properties which influence
sorption from the vapor phase. since fuels and solvents are commonly
introduced to the environment as component mixtures, a second objective
was to study the behavior of sorbate mixtures. The effect of sorbent
moisture content on observations was also considered.
PERNIE, G.L., D. SCAVIA, M.L. Pace, and H.J. CARRICK. Micrograzer impact
and substrate limitation of bacterioplankton in Lake Michigan. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:1836-1841 (1990).
We estimated Lake Michigan epilimnetic heterotrophic bacterial loss
rates, predator size, and substrate limitation in 1986 and 1987. The
bacterial growth rates were always enhanced by organic substrate additions
indicating that bacterial growth is limited, to some degree, by substrate
availability. In this study we obtained loss rates and intrinsic growth
rates each between 0.32 and 1.45 d-1. The grazers were predominantly
picoplankton-size organisms, presumably heterotrophic flagellates. Using
radiolabeled bacteria, only a small percentage (2-3%) of bacterial cells
were incorporated in larger size fractions after 24 h. These results
indicate that during our experiments heterotrophic bacteria were not
a direct, significant, carbon source for t he upper trophic levels.
QUIGLEY, M.A., J.F. CAVALETTO, and W.S. GARDNER. Lipid composition related
to size and maturity of the amphipod Pontoporiea hoyi. Journal
of Great Lakes Research 15(4):601-610 (1989).
Micro-gravimetric determination of the lipid content of amphipods (Pontoporeia
hoyi) obtained from a 45-m-deep Lake Michigan sampling site indicated
that the mean lipid content of adult females was 30% on a non-lipid
dry weight (NLDW) basis, and that juveniles and adult males contained
21 and 10% lipid (NLDW basis), respectively. Thin layer chromatography-flame
ionization detection (TLC-FID) analyses revealed that lipids of females
were composed primarily of triacylglycerols (81%), the principal energy
storage lipid of amphipods. Lipids of juveniles were composed largely
of triacylglycerols (41%) and phospholipids (44%). Adult male P.
hoyi lipids consisted mostly of phospholipids (64%) and, secondarily,
of triacylglycerols (12%). The relatively low triacylglycerol concentrations
in males may be associated with the minimal requirements for energy
stores to support metabolic needs during the male's brief (10 day) life
span. By contrast, the high lipid content and marked abundance of triacylglycerols
in adult females represents an important energy store supporting subsequent
egg development, particularly since females appear to halt all feeding
upon maturation. In juvenile P. hoyi, increased individual size
(NLDW) was accompanied by increased lipid dry weight, implying that
juveniles accumulate lipids during growth. Overall, the results demonstrated
the importance of considering P. hoyi size, life stage, and sex
when describing a population's lipid content or composition. This consideration
is particularly critical when evaluating the role of P. hoyi
in the transfer of energy and/or organic contaminants within the Great
Lakes food web.
QUINN, F.H. Great Lakes water levels statistics and decision making.
Proceedings, Great Lakes Water Level Forecasting and Statistics Symposium,
Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 17-18, 1990. Great Lakes Commission, Ann
Arbor, MI, 205-209 (1990).
The Laurentian Great Lakes comprise one of the major water resources
of North America. Planning for the future use and development around
the Great Lakes requires a knowledge of past and potential future water
level fluctuations. An excellent database of monthly water levels exists
from 1860 to present with some additional data back to 1800. This data
can be used to derive statistics to assist in decision making for varying
planning horizons into the future. Statistical analysis of Great Lakes
water levels is different from riverine systems because of long term
persistence due to the large lakes surface areas and limited outlet
capacity. The lake level variability and range are also dependent upon
the climatic regime that is in effect. In addition, for about 12 years
into the future, lake levels are conditionally dependent upon the current
lake level. A major challenge is to analyze and present lake level statistics
in such a way as to provide meaningful data for engineers, planners,
water resource managers and others who are responsible for decisions
based on future water level fluctuations.
QUINN, F.H., and C.E. SELLINGER. Note. Lake Michigan record levels of
1838, a present perspective. Journal of Great Lakes Research 16(1):133-138
(1990). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1990/19900002.pdf
Record high lake levels for this century, set for all lakes but Ontario
in 1985 and 1986, caused extensive economic losses and were a major
concern of riparian interests. An analysis of early Lake Michigan-Huron
water levels recorded at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, beginning in 1819 revealed
an extremely high lake level regime peaking in 1838. To provide a valid
comparison with recent data, the 19th century data were first adjusted
to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1955 and corrected for differential
isostatic rebound between Milwaukee and the outlet water level gage
for Lake Michigan-Huron at Harbor Beach, Michigan. A comparison of the
1838 lake levels with the recent records indicates the former to be
approximately 50 cm higher than the record set in 1986. A future recurrence
of the climatic conditions causing the 1838 high lake levels would have
a severe outcome for riparian interests throughout the Great Lakes region.
ROBBINS, J.A., A. Mudroch, and B.G. Oliver. Transport and storage of
137Cs and 210Pb in sediments of Lake St. Clair. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47(3):572-587 (1990).
In 1985 cores were collected by diver from areas with fine-grained
sediments in Lake St. Clair. Although the lake is shallow, rapidly flushed,
and possesses only a thin layer of postglacial sediment (ca. 30 cm max.),
8% of the estimated 137Cs loading from atmospheric nuclear testing in
the mid-1960s and 13% of the potential standing crop of excess 210Pb
were retained. A sediment column transport model including eddy diffusive
mixing, advection, and resuspension, acceptably described the vertical
distribution of these radionuclides as well as stable lead and implied
that such efficient retention may be of recent origin, occurring with
the onset of net sedimentation about 100 yr ago. The model showed that,
at selected sites, the history of lake loading by particle-associated
contaminants can be reconstructed from sediment profiles. Horizontally
averaged characteristics of the deposit indicate a surface mixed layer
mass of 5 g cm-2 and tracer residence time of 3 yr in accord with residence
times of surficial Hg, PCBs, and DDT. Trap-collected materials from
two sites show markedly contrasting seasonal variations in 137Cs activity
reflecting differing proportions of particles derived from inflow (ca
300 mBqlg-1) and resuspension (<30 mBq g-1).
Shabman, L., B. Smit, W. Shoots, L. Ludlow, K. O'Grady, H.C. HARTMANN,
and C. Stewart. Living with the Lakes: Challenges and Opportunities,
Annex C, Interests, Policies, and Decision Making: Prospects for Managing
the Water levels Issue in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Basin.
International Joint Commission, Washington, DC, 153 pp. (1990).
No abstract.
STEHLY, G.R., and W.L. HAYTON. Effect of pH on the accumulation kinetics
of pentachlorophenol in goldfish. Archives of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology 19:464-470 (1990).
The kinetics of accumulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) at various
pH values were investigated to explore how pH-dependent accumulation
might influence PCP toxicity. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed
to 5 mg PCP/L in a static system buffered with 7.5 uM bicine or N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane
sulfonic acid (BES) at pH 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0. The amount of PCP in the
fish, concentration of PCP in water, and the total amount of metabolites
in the system were measured after exposure of fish from 1 to 96 h. Equations
for these variables based on a two compartment pharmacokinetic model
were fitted simultaneously to the data using NONLIN, which uses an iterative
nonlinear least squares computer technique. Uptake clearance, metabolic
clearance, and apparent volume of distribution of PCP decreased as pH
increased. The decrease in PCP accumulation with increased pH was not
due solely to a pH induced decrease in uptake. In addition, the distribution
of PCP within the fish was altered by changes in the external pH. The
pH-associated changes in distribution may have altered access of PCP
to sites of metabolism, thereby altering the metabolic clearance. The
pH-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of PCP resulted in a decrease
in its bioconcentration factor with an increase in pH and account both
for the decreased capacity of the fish to accumulate PCP and for its
reduced LC50.
STEHLY, G.R., P.F. LANDRUM, M.G. Henry, and C. Klemm. Toxicokinetics
of PAHs in Hexagenia. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
9:167-174 (1990).
The accumulation kinetics of two water-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) and phenanthrene (PHE), were studied in
the mayfly nymph (Hexagenia limbata). The uptake clearance decreased
while the bioconcentration of BAP increased with an increase in the
weight of the H. limbata nymph. The relationship between uptake clearance
and bioconcentration for PHE was variable, and bioconcentration was
greater for the heavier animals. Two kinetic models were used to evaluate
the nymph weight on disposition of PAHs: (a) the amount-uptake clearance
model, similar to models most frequently used in environmental toxicology;
and (b) a clearance-volume model, similar to models used in clinical
pharmacology. The two models gave similar predictive results but were
different in a few cases. These differences in common parameter estimation
probably resulted from methodologies used and high data variability
rather than the models themselves, since they are mathematically equal.
Some of the parameters are unique to each of the models defined and
described. The clearance of oxygen from water is inversely and linearly
related to the weight of the mayfly nymphs, but oxygen clearances were
always much less than the uptake clearances of the PAHs. The high PAH
uptake clearance compared to oxygen clearance implies a greater surface
area or efficienty for PAH accumulation from water.
TARAPCHAK, S.J., and R.A. Moll. Phosphorus sources for phytoplankton
and bacteria in Lake Michigan. Journal of Plankton Research 12(4):743-758
(1990).
Size-fractionation experiments on the uptake of phosphate (PO4)
and recently excreted dissolved organic phosphorus (E-DOP) from phytoplankton
suggest that algae and bacteria rely on different forms of phosphorus
(P) in the epilimnion of P-limited Lake Michigan. Rate constants for
PO4 uptake on 0-1 mm fractions generally were low relative
to those measured in wholewater, suggesting that most of the uptake
was by algae. Uptake of 33E-DOP in 0-1 mm fractions approximated uptake
in wholewater, indicating uptake principally by bacteria. Concurrent
experiments showed that (i) E-DOP and PO4 were taken up by
different transport systems; (ii) bacteria have transport systems for
E-DOP compounds; and (iii) cell-surface phosphatase-mediated PO4
supply to phytoplankton from E-DOP was negligible. Results suggest that
pathways of PO4 and E-DOP flux in microplankton communities
of P-limited large and small lakes may differ. The use of different
sources of P by algae and bacteria in Lake Michigan supports the classical
concept of algal-bacterial freshwater P cycling. These findings are
consistent with a proposed hypothesis that, in large lakes with low
allochthonous nutrient inputs, phytoplankton are P-limited and use PO4,
while bacteria obtain P primarily from dissolved organic compounds and
are limited by a nutrient other than P.
VANDERPLOEG, H.A., G.-A Paffenhofer, and J.R. LIEBIG. Concentration-variable
interactions between calanoid copepods and particles of different food
quality: Observations and hypotheses. In Behavioural Mechanisms of
Food Selection, R.N. Hughes (ed.). Springer-Verlag, NATO ASI Series,
Berlin Heidelberg, G20:595-613 (1990).
No abstract.
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