April 10, 2002
Statement of
Commissioner Kevin J. Martin and Commissioner Michael J. Copps
Re: National Association of Broadcasters and
Association of Local Television Stations Request for Modification or
Clarification of Broadcast Carriage Rules for Satellite Carriers, Declaratory
Ruling and Order, CSR-5865-Z (Media Bureau, April 4, 2002)
In 1999, Congress passed the Satellite Home Viewer
Improvement Act (“SHVIA”). SHVIA allowed
satellite carriers to carry local broadcast signals, but required that if a
provider carries any local broadcast
signals, it must carry all local
broadcast signals. Moreover, Congress
required that satellite carriers provide subscribers with access to those local
broadcast signals at a nondiscriminatory price and in a nondiscriminatory
manner.
The Media Bureau recently determined that EchoStar’s
“two-dish plan” failed to provide consumers with access to local broadcast
signals at a nondiscriminatory price or in a nondiscriminatory manner, and
failed to place these signals on contiguous channels.[1] We wholeheartedly agree with the Bureau Order’s conclusion that the
two-dish plan therefore violated the nondiscrimination provision of SHVIA and §
76.66(i) of the Commission’s rules.[2]
Unfortunately, and puzzlingly, the Bureau Order did not stop there. The Bureau
Order went on to propose several “options” regarding how EchoStar could
remedy the statutory and rule violations.
For instance, as discussed below, the Bureau Order states EchoStar could continue its two-dish plan
merely by providing “[i]mmediate and direct communication” to its subscribers
regarding the second dish option.
We find it implausible that EchoStar’s two-dish
policy would be permissible, and the above violations remedied, if EchoStar
merely provides consumers with better notice of its discriminatory actions and
the steps the consumer must take to alleviate the differential treatment. Such a “remedy” does not ensure consumers
have access to all local broadcast stations a nondiscriminatory manner, but
rather makes some stations unavailable to consumers
as a practical matter. Indeed,
unless individual consumers take the time to read or listen to the
“communication,” actually request the second dish, and then take the time off
work to wait for the dish to arrive and to have it installed, those consumers
certainly will not have access to the broadcast channels EchoStar chooses to
provide only through the second dish.
We do not see how this remedy is consistent with the
nondiscrimination requirement in §338(d), the Commission’s implementing rule,
or even the Bureau Order’s own
findings that such steps impose a discriminatory cost on certain local
broadcast channels. Such a “remedy”
effectively eviscerates the finding that EchoStar’s current policy is unlawful. We fear that the Bureau Order will allow EchoStar to continue its two-dish policy –
albeit with better notice – in a manner that continues to make some local
broadcast signals inaccessible to consumers as a practical matter.
SHVIA amended the copyright laws to greatly
facilitate satellite carriers’ ability to offer their subscribers access to the
local broadcast signals.[3] In exchange, Congress required that satellite
carriers that carry any local
broadcast signals must carry all local
broadcast signals.[4] This “carry one, carry all” requirement was
intended to prevent satellite carriers from choosing to carry only the most
popular broadcast stations and “effectively preventing many other local
broadcasters from reaching potential viewers in their service areas.”[5] Underlying the “carry one, carry all”
obligation is SHVIA’s nondiscrimination requirement, incorporated into § 338(d)
of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended.
Section 338(d) provides that:
the
satellite carrier shall retransmit the signal of the local television broadcast
stations to subscribers in the stations’ local market on contiguous channels
and provide access to such station’s signals at a nondiscriminatory price and
in a nondiscriminatory manner on any navigational device, on-screen program
guide, or menu.[6]
In November of 2000, the Commission issued a Report
and Order implementing the broadcast signal carriage provisions of SHVIA,
including the above nondiscrimination provision.[7] Parties had asked the Commission to interpret this provision as prohibiting satellite
carriers from requiring subscribers to obtain new equipment to access some, but
not all of the local signals in a market.
The Commission found that:
the language of Section 338(d) covers the
additional equipment concerns raised by the parties and bars satellite carriers from
requiring subscribers to purchase additional equipment [e.g., a satellite dish] when television stations from one market
are segregated and carried on separate satellites. However, we are not
prohibiting a satellite carrier from requiring a subscriber to pay for an
additional dish in order to receive all television
stations from a single market. For
example, DirecTV may require an additional dish to receive all television stations from the Baltimore market, but it may not
require subscribers to purchase the same to receive some Baltimore stations where the others are available using
existing equipment.[8]
The
Commission therefore promulgated the following rule prohibiting a satellite
carrier from requiring
subscribers to obtain additional equipment at their own expense in order to
access some, but not all, local television broadcast stations:
Within a market, no satellite carrier shall provide
local-into-local service in a manner that requires subscribers to obtain
additional equipment at their own expense or for an additional carrier charge
in order to obtain one or more local television broadcast signals if such
equipment is not required for the receipt of other local television broadcast
signals.[9]
DIRECTV petitioned the Commission to reconsider its
interpretation of the nondiscrimination provision.[10]
DIRECTV sought a broader finding that satellite carriers could provide local
broadcast signals from two different satellite dishes without violating §
338(d). Specifically, DIRECTV contended
that § 338(d) “does not prohibit satellite carriers from offering
local-into-local services from multiple locations, with multiple dishes if
necessary, where it makes business and technical sense to do so.”[11]
The Commission rejected this argument in the Order on Reconsideration released last
September.[12] Indeed, the Commission determined that:
a
limited prohibition on requiring subscribers to obtain a separate dish to
receive some local signals when other local signals are available without a
separate dish is necessary to give full effect to local station carriage
requirements.[13]
The
Commission continued to explain that:
Otherwise
… satellite carriers could structure local station packages and separate dish
requirements to discourage consumers from subscribing to certain local
stations, including local noncommercial stations.[14]
Indeed,
the Bureau Order yesterday expressly
re-affirmed these conclusions.[15]
When the “carry one, carry all” obligation became
effective this past January, EchoStar implemented a “two-dish plan.” It placed some local broadcast signals on a
second dish, but did not charge subscribers an additional fee for obtaining
that second dish.
The Bureau
Order yesterday determined that, as implemented, EchoStar’s policy violated
both the Communications Act and the Commission’s rules.[16] The Bureau
Order found that EchoStar committed three separate violations. First, EchoStar was “providing access to
certain stations at a discriminatory price.”[17] Second, EchoStar was not “retransmit[ing] the
signal of local television broadcast stations to subscribers on contiguous
channels.”[18] Third, EchoStar was not “providing access to
local television broadcast station signals in a nondiscriminatory manner on its
on-screen program guide or menu.”[19]
With respect to the finding of price discrimination,
the Bureau Order found that EchoStar
effectively required subscribers to obtain the second dish “at their own
expense,” even if that expense was not in the form of a price tag on the
equipment. As the Bureau Order explained:
From the subscriber’s point of view, the costs of
obtaining the “free” dish under EchoStar’s implementation of its two-dish plan
include the time, trouble, and inconvenience to the subscriber to obtain the
information concerning the need for the second dish, the procedures for
arranging to get the second dish (including overcoming any misinformation),
plus the time spent waiting for the second dish to be installed…. As such, EchoStar’s two-dish
plan results in discrimination based on price of the type Congress and the
Commission intended to prohibit.
In effect, the Bureau
Order found that, as implemented, EchoStar’s two-dish policy placed a
burden on the consumer to arrange to get the second dish and to wait to have
the dish installed. This burden
constituted an increased “cost” to the consumer to access certain local
stations in violation of SHVIA’s nondiscriminatory price requirement. We agree with this conclusion.
Similarly, the Bureau
Order concluded that “EchoStar’s manner of carriage for certain local
stations is discriminatory in terms of access to such stations on the on-screen
program guide and menu.”[20] The Bureau
Order found that:
EchoStar’s
on-screen electronic program guide unlawfully discriminates against
“disfavored” local signals because those stations do not appear on the program
guide unless and until a second dish is obtained and installed…. Thus, subscribers attempting to tune to all
the local stations that they have paid for as part of a package will be unable
to find certain local stations in some markets.[21]
Thus,
the Bureau Order also found that
EchoStar was unlawfully discriminating against “disfavored” local signals
because subscribers could not access all of the local signals until a second
dish was obtained and installed, again violating § 338(d). We agree with this conclusion, as well.
Having found that EchoStar’s
two-dish plan as implemented violated both Congressional statute and Commission
rules, the Bureau Order proceeded to
establish remedy options that EchoStar could take in order to prevent the
“unlawful discrimination” that has taken place.[22] Several options – each of which is
independent of the other – would result in consumers continuing to be unable to
access all of their local signals, in violation of SHVIA, Commission rules,
Commission language contained in the Report
and Order and the Order on Reconsideration,
and even the findings as to what constitutes “discrimination” that the Bureau Order made earlier in very same
document.
For example, the Bureau
Order concludes that “one approach” that EchoStar could take to come into
compliance with SHVIA and Commission rules and “address the unlawful
discriminatory actions” would be to undertake:
[i]mmediate
and direct communication with all affected local-into-local subscribers that
they are not receiving all the local stations for which they are paying unless
EchoStar has installed the necessary additional equipment, and that EchoStar
will provide the necessary equipment free of any charge.[23]
We
do not see how better notice of EchoStar’s 2-dish plan remedies the findings of
unlawfulness—price discrimination, non-contiguous channel placement, and lack
of access to signals in a nondiscriminatory manner.[24]
With respect to price discrimination, the Bureau Order found that the “costs of obtaining the ‘free’ dish” had included
three aspects: (1) obtaining the information that a second dish was needed, (2)
arranging to receive the second dish, and (3) waiting for the second dish to be
installed. Notice might mitigate
the first factor, if subscribers bother to read or listen to the
“communication” EchoStar transmits to them.
Yet it does nothing to rectify the
remaining steps, which most subscribers might consider the more “costly
aspects” since they likely require taking time off from work to wait for the
dish to arrive and be installed. Even
more fundamentally, we were not aware that effective notice of price
discrimination would be considered an effective remedy for that same
discrimination which was just found to have violated a statute. And we see no caveat in the statute that
indicates that satellite carriers must provide access to broadcast station’s
signals at a nondiscriminatory price … unless customers know the prices are
discriminatory. Indeed, if that were the
case, EchoStar could charge additional fees on a per-channel basis so long as
adequate notice was provided. We do not
believe that mere notice of any price discrimination is what Congress intended
by a requirement that satellite carriers “carry one, carry all” local broadcast
signals at a nondiscriminatory price.
Similarly, with respect to the findings that
EchoStar’s 2-dish plan “as implemented” also violated the statute’s contiguous
channel placement and nondiscriminatory access through the EPG requirements, we
fail to see how notice addresses these violations either.
Finally, we question whether the Bureau had the
authority to make such decisions as to permissible remedies. The Bureau cannot propose compliance measures
that leave in place conduct that violates express statutory requirements, violates
Commission rules, and is inconsistent with Commission language in the Order on
Reconsideration.
As specified in our rules, the Bureau has only that
authority delegated to it. Section 0.283
expressly prohibits the Bureau from deciding “matters that present novel
questions of law, fact or policy that cannot be resolved under existing
precedents and guidelines.”[25] It is clear to us that several of the
Bureau’s remedy options are inconsistent with “existing precedent and
guidelines.” The Commission stated in
the Order on Reconsideration that a
“limited prohibition on requiring subscribers to obtain a separate dish to
receive some local signals when other local signals are available without a
separate dish is necessary to give full effect to local station carriage
requirements.”[26] As the Bureau’s proposed remedy appears to
violate the statute and expressly contradicts Commission language, it can not
be implemented on delegated authority by the Bureau.
Indeed, the language in the Commission’s order
implies that EchoStar’s policy of requiring subscribers to obtain a second dish
to obtain some local signals may never be
consistent with SHVIA. We do not
prejudge here, however, whether the Commission could permit a “two dish plan”
in the context of the “carry one, carry all” requirements that would be
implemented in a non-discriminatory fashion consistent with the statute and the
Commission’s rules. That issue is
ambiguous. But even if ambiguous, it would be a novel issue, and thus the
Bureau could not resolve it on delegated authority.
There is nothing in the Commission’s Order, the Order on Reconsideration, or the implementing regulations that says
satellite carriers may require subscribers to obtain a second dish to obtain
some, but not all, local broadcast signals without violating § 338(d). Certainly the Commission has never discussed
exactly how such a policy could be non-discriminatory. The Bureau
Order’s discussion of the specific circumstances under which such a 2-dish
policy would be permissible, therefore, is without precedent and thus beyond
the scope of the Bureau’s authority. And
the Commission has issued no “precedent or guidelines” regarding how notice of
discriminatory conduct—no matter how prominent—could condone that conduct.
Again, that is a novel question of law.
Finally, the Bureau Order includes a discussion of EchoStar’s ability to seek a
waiver.[27] This paragraph is, at best, confusing. First, the Bureau Order states that “EchoStar may seek a short-term waiver
rather than terminate service in a market it is currently serving with
local-into-local service.”[28] A waiver of what? Of the nondiscriminatory pricing
requirement? No, because, as the Bureau Order notes, it “cannot consider or grant a waiver insofar as
EchoStar’s actions directly violate the statute.”[29] Of
the nondiscriminatory program guide treatment requirement? No,
because, again, that is in the statute. Of the preceding remedy
“options”? No, because the Bureau Order
notes that EchoStar could remedy its violations by choosing “some or all of
these approaches.”[30] That leaves only our one rule on point: § 76.66 (i)(4). Yet how could we waive this prohibition on
“requir[ing] subscribers to obtain
additional equipment at their own expense … in order to obtain one or more
local television broadcast signals” without also waiving the statutory obligation to “provide access to such
station’s signals at a nondiscriminatory price”?
In passing SHVIA, Congress ensured that a satellite
carrier choosing to offer any local
broadcaster would be required to carry all
local stations in a nondiscriminatory fashion.
The Bureau Order found that
EchoStar’s actions discriminated against some signals, in violation of the
statutory nondiscrimination requirement.
Yet the Bureau Order also
found that more effective notice of this discrimination would be sufficient to
remedy EchoStar’s actions and bring its two-dish plan into compliance. We believe the nondiscrimination requirements
of the statute, Congressional intent, and Commission rules all demand
more. But perhaps even more importantly,
DBS consumers deserve more.
[1] National Association of Broadcasters and Association of Local Television Stations Request for Modification or Clarification of Broadcast Carriage Rules for Satellite Carriers, Declaratory Ruling and Order, CSR-5865-Z (Media Bureau, April 4, 2002) (“Bureau Order”) at ¶ 2.
[2] See id. See also 47 U.S.C. § 338(d); 47 C.F.R. § 76.66(i).
[3] See 17 U.S.C. § 122(a).
[4] See 47 U.S.C. § 338(a).
[5] Joint Explanatory Statement of the Committee of Conference on H.R. 1554, 106th Cong., H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 106-464, at 101 (1999).
[6] 47 U.S.C. §338(d).
[7] See Implementation of the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999: Broadcast Signal Carriage Issues, Report and Order, 16 FCC Rcd 1918 (2000) (“Report and Order”).
[8] Id. at 16 FCC Rcd 1961 (emphasis added).
[9] See 47 C.F.R. § 76.66 (i)(4).
[10] See DIRECTV Petition for Reconsideration at 19-23 (filed Feb. 22, 2001). DIRECTV’s Petition requested reconsideration of other aspects of our original Report and Order, as well; those arguments are not relevant here.
[11] [Id. at 23.]
[12] See Implementation of the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999: Broadcast Signal Carriage Issues, Order on Reconsideration, 16 FCC Rcd 16544, 16565-16566 (2001) (“Order on Reconsideration”).
[13] Id. at 16566.
[14] Id.
[15] See Bureau Order at ¶ 5 (quoting the Order on Reconsideration, 16 FCC Rcd at 16566).
[16] Id. at ¶ 2 (citing 47 U.S.C. § 338(d) and 47 C.F.R. § 76.66(i)).
[17] Id.
[18] Id.
[19] Id.
[20] Id. at ¶ 27.
[21] Id. at ¶ 28.
[22] Id. at ¶ 32-33.
[23] Id. at ¶ 32.
[24] See id. at ¶ 2.
[25] 47 C.F.R. §0.283(c).
[26] Order on Reconsideration, 16 FCC Rcd at 16566.
[27] See Bureau Order at ¶ 34.
[28] Id.
[29] Id.
[30] Id. at ¶ 31.