Autism
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Autismo
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What is autism?What is autism? Autism (sometimes called “classical autism”) is the most common condition in a group of developmental disorders known as the
autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Autism is characterized by impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and unusual, repetitive,
or severely limited activities and interests. Other ASDs include Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder
not otherwise specified (usually referred to as PDD-NOS). Experts estimate that three to six children out of every 1,000 will have autism. Males are four times more likely to have autism than females.
What are some common signs of autism? There are three distinctive behaviors that characterize autism. Autistic children have difficulties with social interaction,
problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors or narrow, obsessive interests. These behaviors
can range in impact from mild to disabling.
The hallmark feature of autism is impaired social interaction. Parents are usually the first to notice symptoms of autism
in their child. As early as infancy, a baby with autism may be unresponsive to people or focus intently on one item to the
exclusion of others for long periods of time. A child with autism may appear to develop normally and then withdraw and become
indifferent to social engagement.
Children with autism may fail to respond to their name and often avoid eye contact with other people. They have difficulty
interpreting what others are thinking or feeling because they can’t understand social cues, such as tone of voice or facial
expressions, and don’t watch other people’s faces for clues about appropriate behavior. They lack empathy.
Many children with autism engage in repetitive movements such as rocking and twirling, or in self-abusive behavior such as
biting or head-banging. They also tend to start speaking later than other children and may refer to themselves by name instead
of “I” or “me.” Children with autism don’t know how to play interactively with other children. Some speak in a sing-song
voice about a narrow range of favorite topics, with little regard for the interests of the person to whom they are speaking.
Many children with autism have a reduced sensitivity to pain, but are abnormally sensitive to sound, touch, or other sensory
stimulation. These unusual reactions may contribute to behavioral symptoms such as a resistance to being cuddled or hugged.
Children with autism appear to have a higher than normal risk for certain co-existing conditions, including fragile X syndrome
(which causes mental retardation), tuberous sclerosis (in which tumors grow on the brain), epileptic seizures, Tourette syndrome,
learning disabilities, and attention deficit disorder. For reasons that are still unclear, about 20 to 30 percent of children
with autism develop epilepsy by the time they reach adulthood. While people with schizophrenia may show some autistic-like
behavior, their symptoms usually do not appear until the late teens or early adulthood. Most people with schizophrenia also
have hallucinations and delusions, which are not found in autism.
How is autism diagnosed? Autism varies widely in its severity and symptoms and may go unrecognized, especially in mildly affected children or when
it is masked by more debilitating handicaps. Doctors rely on a core group of behaviors to alert them to the possibility of
a diagnosis of autism. These behaviors are:
Doctors will often use a questionnaire or other screening instrument to gather information about a child’s development and
behavior. Some screening instruments rely solely on parent observations; others rely on a combination of parent and doctor
observations. If screening instruments indicate the possibility of autism, doctors will ask for a more comprehensive evaluation.
Autism is a complex disorder. A comprehensive evaluation requires a multidisciplinary team including a psychologist, neurologist,
psychiatrist, speech therapist, and other professionals who diagnose children with ASDs. The team members will conduct a
thorough neurological assessment and in-depth cognitive and language testing. Because hearing problems can cause behaviors
that could be mistaken for autism, children with delayed speech development should also have their hearing tested. After a
thorough evaluation, the team usually meets with parents to explain the results of the evaluation and present the diagnosis.
Children with some symptoms of autism, but not enough to be diagnosed with classical autism, are often diagnosed with PDD-NOS.
Children with autistic behaviors but well-developed language skills are often diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Children
who develop normally and then suddenly deteriorate between the ages of 3 to 10 years and show marked autistic behaviors may
be diagnosed with childhood disintegrative disorder. Girls with autistic symptoms may be suffering from Rett syndrome, a
sex-linked genetic disorder characterized by social withdrawal, regressed language skills, and hand wringing.
What causes autism? Scientists aren’t certain what causes autism, but it’s likely that both genetics and environment play a role. Researchers have identified a number of genes associated with the disorder. Studies of people with autism have found irregularities in several regions of the brain. Other studies suggest that people with autism have abnormal levels of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in the brain. These abnormalities suggest that autism could result from the disruption of normal brain development early in fetal development
caused by defects in genes that control brain growth and that regulate how neurons communicate with each other. While these findings are intriguing, they are preliminary and require further study. The theory that parental practices are responsible for autism has now been disproved.
What role does inheritance play? Recent studies strongly suggest that some people have a genetic predisposition to autism. In families with one autistic child,
the risk of having a second child with the disorder is approximately 5 percent, or one in 20. This is greater than the risk
for the general population. Researchers are looking for clues about which genes contribute to this increased susceptibility.
In some cases, parents and other relatives of an autistic child show mild impairments in social and communicative skills or
engage in repetitive behaviors. Evidence also suggests that some emotional disorders, such as manic depression, occur more
frequently than average in the families of people with autism.
Do symptoms of autism change over time? For many children, autism symptoms improve with treatment and with age. Some children with autism grow up to lead normal or near-normal lives. Children whose language skills regress early in life, usually before the age of 3, appear to be at risk of developing epilepsy
or seizure-like brain activity. During adolescence, some children with autism may become depressed or experience behavioral problems. Parents of these children should be ready to adjust treatment for their child as needed.
How is autism treated? There is no cure for autism. Therapies and behavioral interventions are designed to remedy specific symptoms and can bring
about substantial improvement. The ideal treatment plan coordinates therapies and interventions that target the core symptoms
of autism: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and obsessive or repetitive routines
and interests. Most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention, the better.
What research is being done? The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is one of the federal government’s leading supporters
of biomedical research on brain and nervous system disorders. The NINDS conducts research in its laboratories at the National
Institutes of Health in
As part of the Children’s Health Act of 2000, the NINDS and three sister institutes have formed the NIH Autism Coordinating
Committee to expand, intensify, and coordinate NIH’s autism research. Eight dedicated research centers across the country
have been established as “Centers of Excellence in Autism Research” to bring together researchers and the resources they need.
The Centers are conducting basic and clinical research, including investigations into causes, diagnosis, early detection,
prevention, and treatment, such as the studies highlighted below:
For more information on neurological disorders or research programs funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, contact the Institute's Brain Resources and Information Network (BRAIN) at:
BRAIN
P.O. Box 5801
Bethesda, MD 20824
(800) 352-9424
http://www.ninds.nih.gov
Information also is available from the following organizations:
Association for Science in Autism Treatment P.O. Box 188 Crosswicks, NJ 08515-0188 info@asatonline.org http://www.asatonline.org Tel: 781-397-8943 Fax: 781-397-8887 |
Autism National Committee (AUTCOM) P.O. Box 429 Forest Knolls, CA 94933 http://www.autcom.org |
Autism Network International (ANI) P.O. Box 35448 Syracuse, NY 13235-5448 jisincla@mailbox.syr.edu http://ani.autistics.org |
Autism Research Institute (ARI) 4182 Adams Avenue San Diego, CA 92116 director@autism.com http://www.autismresearchinstitute.com Tel: 619-281-7165 Fax: 619-563-6840 |
Autism Society of America 7910 Woodmont Ave. Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814-3067 http://www.autism-society.org Tel: 301-657-0881 800-3AUTISM (328-8476) Fax: 301-657-0869 |
MAAP Services for Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and PDD P.O. Box 524 Crown Point, IN 46308 info@maapservices.org http://www.maapservices.org Tel: 219-662-1311 Fax: 219-662-0638 |
Autism Speaks, Inc. 2 Park Avenue 11th Floor New York, NY 10016 contactus@autismspeaks.org http://www.autismspeaks.org Tel: 212-252-8584 California: 310-230-3568 Fax: 212-252-8676 |
National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Special Education Programs P.O. Box 1492 Washington, DC 20013-1492 nichcy@aed.org http://www.nichcy.org Tel: 800-695-0285 Fax: 202-884-8441 |
National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development (NICHD) National Institutes of Health, DHHS 31 Center Drive, Rm. 2A32 MSC 2425 Bethesda, MD 20892-2425 http://www.nichd.nih.gov Tel: 301-496-5133 Fax: 301-496-7101 |
National Institute on Deafness and Other
Communication Disorders Information Clearinghouse 1 Communication Avenue Bethesda, MD 20892-3456 nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov http://www.nidcd.nih.gov Tel: 800-241-1044 800-241-1055 (TTD/TTY) |
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) National Institutes of Health, DHHS 6001 Executive Blvd. Rm. 8184, MSC 9663 Bethesda, MD 20892-9663 nimhinfo@nih.gov http://www.nimh.nih.gov Tel: 301-443-4513/866-615-NIMH (-6464) 301-443-8431 (TTY) Fax: 301-443-4279 |
NIH Publication No. 06-1877
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
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Last updated September 09, 2008