May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Duluth, MN-WI


For metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area definitions used by the OES survey, see the MSA definitions page.

These estimates are calculated with data collected from employers in all industry sectors in Duluth, MN-WI, a metropolitan statistical area that includes parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin.

Additional information, including the hourly and annual 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentile wages and the employment percent relative standard error, is available in the downloadable Excel files (XLS).

Links to OES estimates for other areas and States

Major Occupational Groups in Duluth, MN-WI (Note--clicking a link will scroll the page to the occupational group):

All Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
00-0000 All Occupations 126,210 $15.12 $18.20 $37,850 1.4 %
 
Management Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
11-0000 Management Occupations 4,370 $35.11 $37.38 $77,760 1.4 %
11-1011 Chief Executives 100 $53.03 $63.15 $131,340 5.5 %
11-1021 General and Operations Managers 1,220 $36.65 $41.45 $86,210 2.8 %
11-1031 Legislators 160 (4) (4) $20,740 9.6 %
11-2022 Sales Managers 180 $32.02 $33.58 $69,850 4.0 %
11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 170 $35.60 $35.74 $74,330 2.1 %
11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 90 $43.44 $42.68 $88,780 2.4 %
11-3031 Financial Managers 290 $42.65 $46.07 $95,820 5.9 %
11-3049 Human Resources Managers, All Other 40 $43.37 $43.67 $90,840 3.4 %
11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 90 $38.14 $42.90 $89,230 5.5 %
11-3061 Purchasing Managers 40 $39.19 $44.49 $92,540 8.4 %
11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 60 $34.36 $37.01 $76,970 5.6 %
11-9021 Construction Managers 120 $38.81 $39.90 $82,980 5.0 %
11-9031 Education Administrators, Preschool and Child Care Center/Program 60 $19.19 $19.64 $40,840 4.5 %
11-9032 Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School 130 (4) (4) $79,020 2.0 %
11-9033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary 130 $38.50 $40.83 $84,930 6.6 %
11-9039 Education Administrators, All Other 40 $30.52 $33.01 $68,660 9.8 %
11-9041 Engineering Managers 110 $45.99 $45.90 $95,470 3.0 %
11-9051 Food Service Managers 290 $18.86 $19.87 $41,320 3.5 %
11-9061 Funeral Directors 40 $28.65 $35.70 $74,260 9.5 %
11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers 310 $35.45 $36.87 $76,680 3.0 %
11-9121 Natural Sciences Managers 30 $43.51 $44.38 $92,310 2.8 %
11-9131 Postmasters and Mail Superintendents 50 $28.32 $28.03 $58,300 2.1 %
11-9141 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers (8) $21.87 $24.13 $50,190 9.3 %
11-9151 Social and Community Service Managers 140 $31.73 $31.64 $65,810 4.1 %
11-9199 Managers, All Other 290 $38.38 $40.19 $83,600 2.2 %
 
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 5,510 $21.59 $22.88 $47,590 1.8 %
13-1022 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products 210 $18.80 $20.40 $42,430 5.6 %
13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 150 $25.24 $25.47 $52,970 1.9 %
13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators (8) $15.60 $18.75 $38,990 3.0 %
13-1041 Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation 100 $25.14 $25.37 $52,770 5.3 %
13-1051 Cost Estimators 160 $24.86 $26.10 $54,290 2.8 %
13-1071 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists 60 $22.31 $23.81 $49,520 4.2 %
13-1072 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 60 $25.58 $25.95 $53,980 2.3 %
13-1073 Training and Development Specialists 180 $23.08 $24.15 $50,230 2.2 %
13-1079 Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other 220 $24.00 $24.08 $50,100 2.5 %
13-1081 Logisticians 40 $27.77 $29.31 $60,960 7.8 %
13-1111 Management Analysts 100 $33.29 $36.28 $75,460 12.8 %
13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 2,050 $20.59 $21.25 $44,200 2.3 %
13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 620 $25.24 $26.94 $56,040 1.6 %
13-2021 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate 80 $24.08 $23.96 $49,840 3.6 %
13-2051 Financial Analysts 50 $29.82 $30.35 $63,130 3.3 %
13-2052 Personal Financial Advisors 60 $18.63 $22.50 $46,790 4.9 %
13-2072 Loan Officers 220 $23.15 $26.35 $54,800 6.8 %
13-2081 Tax Examiners, Collectors, and Revenue Agents 120 $24.27 $24.55 $51,060 2.4 %
13-2082 Tax Preparers (8) $14.31 $14.34 $29,830 5.2 %
13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other 80 $26.29 $27.25 $56,670 3.6 %
 
Computer and Mathematical Science Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Science Occupations 1,290 $26.56 $27.51 $57,210 1.7 %
15-1021 Computer Programmers 100 $24.82 $27.36 $56,900 4.7 %
15-1031 Computer Software Engineers, Applications 200 $34.05 $33.33 $69,320 3.3 %
15-1032 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software 50 $27.92 $29.72 $61,820 5.1 %
15-1041 Computer Support Specialists 300 $19.59 $19.45 $40,450 1.9 %
15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts 170 $29.90 $29.79 $61,960 2.0 %
15-1061 Database Administrators 40 $27.51 $27.76 $57,750 4.1 %
15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators 220 $27.88 $29.17 $60,670 2.4 %
15-1081 Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts 90 $30.85 $31.61 $65,740 3.4 %
15-1099 Computer Specialists, All Other 90 $28.59 $27.07 $56,310 5.3 %
 
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 1,840 $27.72 $28.70 $59,700 1.7 %
17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 70 $34.59 $39.53 $82,230 7.4 %
17-1022 Surveyors 50 $26.65 $30.65 $63,740 6.0 %
17-2051 Civil Engineers 210 $31.61 $32.44 $67,470 1.4 %
17-2071 Electrical Engineers 140 $39.31 $38.80 $80,700 2.4 %
17-2081 Environmental Engineers 40 $36.89 $37.67 $78,360 2.9 %
17-2112 Industrial Engineers 60 (8) (8) (8) (8)
17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 110 $30.82 $32.45 $67,500 3.6 %
17-2199 Engineers, All Other (8) $28.06 $24.71 $51,390 3.8 %
17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters 100 $19.77 $20.60 $42,840 4.0 %
17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 90 $23.81 $23.96 $49,840 3.6 %
17-3019 Drafters, All Other (8) $21.75 $20.89 $43,450 4.5 %
17-3022 Civil Engineering Technicians 270 $25.93 $24.92 $51,840 1.7 %
17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians 190 $26.79 $26.32 $54,750 3.1 %
17-3025 Environmental Engineering Technicians 40 $25.05 $24.93 $51,850 13.9 %
17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians 30 $23.06 $24.97 $51,930 10.7 %
17-3027 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 100 $28.65 $27.63 $57,460 4.0 %
17-3029 Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other 40 $26.41 $25.23 $52,470 4.1 %
17-3031 Surveying and Mapping Technicians 100 $20.64 $20.16 $41,930 5.9 %
 
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 1,200 $25.57 $27.01 $56,190 1.8 %
19-1032 Foresters 100 $26.66 $26.32 $54,740 2.1 %
19-2031 Chemists 60 $29.91 $30.72 $63,900 6.1 %
19-2041 Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health 100 $28.81 $28.51 $59,300 2.8 %
19-3021 Market Research Analysts 80 $27.20 $27.14 $56,440 3.5 %
19-3031 Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists 160 $30.88 $31.06 $64,600 2.9 %
19-3051 Urban and Regional Planners 40 $26.98 $26.63 $55,390 2.5 %
19-4021 Biological Technicians 50 $18.89 $18.69 $38,870 4.7 %
19-4091 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health 40 $21.40 $20.60 $42,860 8.8 %
19-4099 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other 50 $21.13 $20.83 $43,320 3.1 %
 
Community and Social Services Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
21-0000 Community and Social Services Occupations 4,280 $15.89 $17.15 $35,670 3.9 %
21-1011 Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors 130 $22.25 $22.65 $47,120 3.9 %
21-1012 Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors 240 $21.46 $21.13 $43,950 4.9 %
21-1013 Marriage and Family Therapists 40 (8) (8) (8) (8)
21-1014 Mental Health Counselors 70 $20.80 $20.32 $42,270 2.1 %
21-1015 Rehabilitation Counselors 150 $17.54 $19.11 $39,750 4.1 %
21-1021 Child, Family, and School Social Workers 340 $28.48 $27.48 $57,150 2.7 %
21-1022 Medical and Public Health Social Workers 100 $21.46 $21.54 $44,810 2.8 %
21-1023 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers 150 $24.84 $24.65 $51,270 3.6 %
21-1091 Health Educators 40 $20.40 $21.82 $45,390 2.6 %
21-1092 Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists 140 $25.61 $24.81 $51,600 3.4 %
21-1093 Social and Human Service Assistants 2,370 $11.74 $12.95 $26,930 3.6 %
21-1099 Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other 410 $19.12 $19.89 $41,370 2.1 %
21-2011 Clergy 40 $20.48 $20.33 $42,280 3.3 %
 
Legal Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
23-0000 Legal Occupations 590 $30.37 $37.29 $77,550 7.8 %
23-1011 Lawyers 330 $42.68 $47.97 $99,780 7.7 %
23-2011 Paralegals and Legal Assistants 120 $19.79 $20.46 $42,570 3.1 %
 
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
25-0000 Education, Training, and Library Occupations 7,950 $20.31 $21.39 $44,490 1.8 %
25-1011 Business Teachers, Postsecondary 90 (4) (4) $72,670 3.8 %
25-1021 Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary 40 (4) (4) $67,400 3.3 %
25-1022 Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary 60 (4) (4) $65,890 5.7 %
25-1042 Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary 80 (4) (4) $65,710 8.9 %
25-1052 Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary 40 (4) (4) $64,910 5.3 %
25-1065 Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary 40 (8) (8) (8) (8)
25-1066 Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary 60 (4) (4) $63,030 4.5 %
25-1067 Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary 30 (4) (4) $56,840 6.5 %
25-1071 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary 60 (4) (4) $50,940 3.4 %
25-1072 Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary 80 (4) (4) $56,370 4.1 %
25-1081 Education Teachers, Postsecondary 80 (4) (4) $55,750 4.5 %
25-1121 Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary 170 (4) (4) $56,160 4.6 %
25-1122 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary 50 (4) (4) $56,200 9.7 %
25-1123 English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary 60 (4) (4) $61,550 1.9 %
25-1124 Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary 60 (4) (4) $54,450 5.4 %
25-1193 Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary 60 (4) (4) $52,280 3.6 %
25-1194 Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary 300 $29.26 $28.62 $59,530 3.4 %
25-2011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education 460 $12.98 $14.09 $29,320 7.7 %
25-2012 Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education 110 (4) (4) $53,130 2.2 %
25-2021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education 1,150 (4) (4) $48,750 1.5 %
25-2022 Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education 700 (4) (4) $45,840 2.1 %
25-2031 Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education 970 (4) (4) $47,660 2.1 %
25-2032 Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School 50 (4) (4) $45,010 6.8 %
25-2041 Special Education Teachers, Preschool, Kindergarten, and Elementary School 250 (4) (4) $51,610 2.3 %
25-2042 Special Education Teachers, Middle School 120 (4) (4) $45,430 5.8 %
25-2043 Special Education Teachers, Secondary School 140 (4) (4) $49,070 3.4 %
25-3021 Self-Enrichment Education Teachers 60 $13.66 $15.62 $32,490 13.0 %
25-3099 Teachers and Instructors, All Other 140 (4) (4) $41,330 2.1 %
25-4021 Librarians 160 $24.27 $24.32 $50,580 2.2 %
25-4031 Library Technicians 160 $16.55 $16.20 $33,700 3.2 %
25-9011 Audio-Visual Collections Specialists 30 $28.10 $26.23 $54,560 7.5 %
25-9031 Instructional Coordinators 70 $27.56 $27.40 $56,990 5.3 %
25-9041 Teacher Assistants 1,510 (4) (4) $25,710 3.0 %
 
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 1,380 $16.45 $18.10 $37,650 3.4 %
27-1023 Floral Designers 100 $9.01 $9.30 $19,340 3.7 %
27-1024 Graphic Designers 160 $17.05 $18.10 $37,640 4.4 %
27-2012 Producers and Directors 40 $19.69 $21.65 $45,030 8.8 %
27-2022 Coaches and Scouts 200 (4) (4) $30,910 14.3 %
27-3022 Reporters and Correspondents 50 $18.58 $18.12 $37,690 10.5 %
27-3031 Public Relations Specialists 110 $24.45 $26.93 $56,010 5.7 %
27-3041 Editors 70 $19.67 $19.46 $40,490 6.0 %
27-3043 Writers and Authors 50 $22.76 $22.50 $46,810 2.7 %
27-3091 Interpreters and Translators 40 $18.04 $18.88 $39,270 6.8 %
27-3099 Media and Communication Workers, All Other 50 $25.29 $25.42 $52,880 5.3 %
27-4011 Audio and Video Equipment Technicians (8) $14.79 $16.28 $33,850 10.0 %
27-4012 Broadcast Technicians 90 $13.33 $15.17 $31,560 5.8 %
27-4021 Photographers 60 $15.63 $16.26 $33,820 18.6 %
 
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations 9,320 $26.40 $33.13 $68,910 5.9 %
29-1011 Chiropractors 50 $34.31 $36.22 $75,340 21.6 %
29-1021 Dentists, General 60 $63.19 $74.18 $154,290 19.5 %
29-1031 Dietitians and Nutritionists 50 $27.54 $26.57 $55,260 1.9 %
29-1051 Pharmacists 260 $54.12 $48.88 $101,660 8.3 %
29-1062 Family and General Practitioners 180 $78.07 $82.12 $170,810 8.9 %
29-1063 Internists, General 40 (5) $92.27 $191,930 22.5 %
29-1064 Obstetricians and Gynecologists 40 (5) $91.28 $189,870 21.2 %
29-1067 Surgeons 60 (5) (5) (5) 18.9 %
29-1069 Physicians and Surgeons, All Other 200 (5) (5) (5) 23.1 %
29-1071 Physician Assistants 60 $42.07 $41.26 $85,820 6.0 %
29-1111 Registered Nurses 3,610 $31.42 $34.60 $71,970 4.2 %
29-1122 Occupational Therapists 120 $28.09 $28.00 $58,240 2.1 %
29-1123 Physical Therapists 230 $32.65 $31.99 $66,530 1.7 %
29-1126 Respiratory Therapists 60 $26.22 $25.87 $53,800 1.9 %
29-1127 Speech-Language Pathologists 110 $27.74 $27.30 $56,780 2.0 %
29-1131 Veterinarians 40 $35.91 $45.09 $93,790 21.1 %
29-2011 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists 150 $28.08 $27.99 $58,230 1.7 %
29-2012 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians 230 $18.69 $19.03 $39,590 1.8 %
29-2021 Dental Hygienists 180 $27.87 $28.01 $58,250 3.8 %
29-2032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 60 $29.14 $29.08 $60,490 2.4 %
29-2034 Radiologic Technologists and Technicians 280 $25.19 $25.49 $53,020 1.6 %
29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics 150 $12.48 $12.22 $25,420 5.8 %
29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 510 $14.02 $14.21 $29,550 2.9 %
29-2055 Surgical Technologists 230 $19.86 $20.33 $42,280 4.8 %
29-2056 Veterinary Technologists and Technicians 60 $13.14 $13.06 $27,170 6.9 %
29-2061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 1,430 $17.97 $18.06 $37,570 1.5 %
29-2071 Medical Records and Health Information Technicians 200 $17.27 $17.16 $35,690 2.5 %
29-2081 Opticians, Dispensing (8) $12.08 $12.84 $26,710 10.1 %
29-2099 Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other 160 $19.44 $18.75 $39,010 7.5 %
29-9011 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists 80 $31.12 $31.62 $65,760 3.1 %
29-9091 Athletic Trainers 40 (4) (4) $39,890 3.6 %
29-9099 Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Workers, All Other 30 $27.74 $28.58 $59,450 5.5 %
 
Healthcare Support Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 6,830 $11.70 $12.08 $25,120 1.7 %
31-1011 Home Health Aides 2,690 $10.55 $10.54 $21,920 2.1 %
31-1012 Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants 2,710 $11.91 $11.98 $24,920 2.3 %
31-2011 Occupational Therapist Assistants 40 $18.47 $18.69 $38,880 2.1 %
31-2021 Physical Therapist Assistants 90 $20.05 $20.00 $41,610 1.7 %
31-9091 Dental Assistants 190 $17.52 $17.71 $36,840 3.5 %
31-9092 Medical Assistants 410 $13.91 $14.00 $29,110 1.9 %
31-9093 Medical Equipment Preparers 100 $14.08 $14.21 $29,560 3.3 %
31-9094 Medical Transcriptionists 240 $16.13 $16.32 $33,940 2.7 %
31-9095 Pharmacy Aides (8) $9.25 $9.76 $20,310 4.4 %
31-9096 Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers 70 $10.21 $11.17 $23,240 12.5 %
31-9099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 210 $14.16 $14.45 $30,060 2.3 %
 
Protective Service Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 2,880 $18.16 $18.20 $37,850 3.8 %
33-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Correctional Officers 50 $28.24 $28.89 $60,090 3.6 %
33-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Police and Detectives 120 $30.50 $31.15 $64,790 1.8 %
33-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Fire Fighting and Prevention Workers 70 $18.23 $19.87 $41,330 4.0 %
33-1099 First-Line Supervisors/Managers, Protective Service Workers, All Other 40 $21.63 $22.27 $46,310 5.1 %
33-2011 Fire Fighters 440 $16.31 $16.27 $33,840 4.8 %
33-3012 Correctional Officers and Jailers 420 $22.02 $21.97 $45,690 1.9 %
33-3021 Detectives and Criminal Investigators 120 $28.29 $28.50 $59,280 2.8 %
33-3051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers 500 $23.05 $23.03 $47,900 1.5 %
33-9032 Security Guards 520 $10.05 $11.04 $22,960 3.3 %
33-9092 Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers (8) $9.36 $9.47 $19,690 3.5 %
33-9099 Protective Service Workers, All Other 290 $13.73 $14.96 $31,120 9.8 %
 
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 12,480 $8.20 $9.26 $19,270 1.3 %
35-1011 Chefs and Head Cooks 110 $16.53 $16.52 $34,360 5.2 %
35-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers 870 $11.43 $12.33 $25,640 2.8 %
35-2011 Cooks, Fast Food 290 $7.73 $8.24 $17,130 5.5 %
35-2012 Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria 730 $9.30 $10.34 $21,500 6.8 %
35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 1,100 $9.29 $9.65 $20,080 2.2 %
35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 370 $8.34 $8.65 $17,990 3.3 %
35-2021 Food Preparation Workers 600 $10.41 $10.81 $22,480 1.8 %
35-3011 Bartenders 990 $7.88 $8.72 $18,130 3.3 %
35-3021 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 2,800 $7.69 $8.15 $16,960 1.6 %
35-3022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop 100 $9.03 $9.13 $18,990 4.4 %
35-3031 Waiters and Waitresses 2,660 $7.72 $9.38 $19,510 4.4 %
35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 230 $9.99 $10.34 $21,500 3.4 %
35-9011 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 310 $7.39 $8.02 $16,670 3.4 %
35-9021 Dishwashers 770 $7.56 $7.94 $16,510 2.0 %
35-9031 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop 380 $7.79 $8.14 $16,940 2.3 %
35-9099 Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other (8) $7.49 $8.23 $17,120 7.4 %
 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,850 $10.64 $11.58 $24,090 2.1 %
37-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers 200 $17.53 $17.23 $35,850 3.0 %
37-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers 40 $19.47 $20.38 $42,400 10.5 %
37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 2,280 $10.14 $11.09 $23,070 2.7 %
37-2012 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 1,450 $9.77 $10.24 $21,300 2.6 %
37-2019 Building Cleaning Workers, All Other (8) $8.04 $9.47 $19,690 16.2 %
37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 770 $12.63 $13.39 $27,860 5.6 %
 
Personal Care and Service Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations 4,260 $10.11 $11.03 $22,950 2.5 %
39-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Personal Service Workers 250 $11.55 $13.70 $28,500 6.7 %
39-2021 Nonfarm Animal Caretakers 90 $8.16 $9.28 $19,310 9.6 %
39-3012 Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners (8) $8.31 $10.30 $21,410 6.6 %
39-3091 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 330 $7.84 $9.09 $18,910 6.2 %
39-4021 Funeral Attendants 40 $11.12 $10.91 $22,700 4.1 %
39-5012 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 510 $11.75 $13.30 $27,660 6.8 %
39-6021 Tour Guides and Escorts 140 $9.63 $10.05 $20,890 6.1 %
39-9011 Child Care Workers 460 $8.16 $8.73 $18,160 3.3 %
39-9021 Personal and Home Care Aides 1,220 $10.25 $10.52 $21,880 3.0 %
39-9031 Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors 260 $11.78 $11.69 $24,320 6.1 %
39-9032 Recreation Workers 370 $10.22 $11.25 $23,410 3.1 %
39-9099 Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other 150 $9.11 $9.76 $20,290 5.1 %
 
Sales and Related Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 11,850 $9.65 $13.45 $27,980 2.9 %
41-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail Sales Workers 1,110 $14.31 $16.10 $33,480 3.2 %
41-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 140 $28.09 $34.97 $72,750 10.3 %
41-2011 Cashiers 3,610 $7.80 $8.39 $17,450 1.3 %
41-2021 Counter and Rental Clerks 440 $8.35 $10.60 $22,050 5.5 %
41-2022 Parts Salespersons 240 $14.90 $14.40 $29,960 5.1 %
41-2031 Retail Salespersons 3,650 $9.10 $11.04 $22,970 3.3 %
41-3011 Advertising Sales Agents 190 $20.13 $20.76 $43,180 5.4 %
41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 120 $20.51 $23.60 $49,090 7.4 %
41-3031 Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents 170 $34.14 $43.62 $90,720 11.6 %
41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 210 $19.19 $21.62 $44,960 5.2 %
41-4011 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products 70 (8) (8) (8) (8)
41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 850 $22.40 $24.79 $51,560 4.1 %
41-9011 Demonstrators and Product Promoters 100 $12.34 $11.92 $24,790 7.2 %
41-9031 Sales Engineers 30 (8) (8) (8) (8)
41-9041 Telemarketers (8) $9.07 $9.25 $19,250 4.0 %
41-9099 Sales and Related Workers, All Other 250 $20.72 $22.17 $46,110 5.9 %
 
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 18,310 $13.91 $14.54 $30,240 1.0 %
43-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers 1,010 $18.70 $20.02 $41,640 2.6 %
43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 60 $12.92 $12.87 $26,760 3.8 %
43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 120 $14.96 $15.98 $33,230 3.6 %
43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 370 $13.96 $14.20 $29,540 1.5 %
43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 1,660 $14.62 $14.79 $30,750 1.4 %
43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 120 $16.16 $16.61 $34,550 2.2 %
43-3061 Procurement Clerks 80 $16.98 $16.52 $34,370 2.2 %
43-3071 Tellers 630 $11.07 $11.36 $23,630 3.0 %
43-4011 Brokerage Clerks 60 $15.10 $16.02 $33,330 7.7 %
43-4031 Court, Municipal, and License Clerks 110 $19.97 $20.05 $41,700 2.3 %
43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1,990 $14.92 $15.20 $31,610 1.8 %
43-4061 Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs 190 $20.34 $20.02 $41,650 2.2 %
43-4071 File Clerks 150 $11.67 $12.23 $25,430 4.4 %
43-4081 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 400 $9.05 $9.36 $19,460 2.3 %
43-4111 Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan 200 $14.74 $14.74 $30,660 3.7 %
43-4121 Library Assistants, Clerical 100 $13.41 $12.64 $26,290 8.0 %
43-4131 Loan Interviewers and Clerks 120 $15.54 $16.25 $33,800 4.3 %
43-4141 New Accounts Clerks 130 $13.34 $13.49 $28,060 4.3 %
43-4151 Order Clerks 160 $15.11 $15.90 $33,070 8.9 %
43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 130 $15.50 $15.92 $33,110 1.9 %
43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 950 $11.01 $11.40 $23,700 1.9 %
43-4199 Information and Record Clerks, All Other 100 $16.97 $17.81 $37,050 3.4 %
43-5021 Couriers and Messengers 40 $11.57 $12.76 $26,550 7.4 %
43-5031 Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers 80 $20.52 $20.47 $42,570 3.2 %
43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 70 $18.46 $19.01 $39,540 2.8 %
43-5041 Meter Readers, Utilities 30 $19.35 $19.37 $40,290 2.9 %
43-5051 Postal Service Clerks 70 $27.36 $26.92 $56,000 3.8 %
43-5052 Postal Service Mail Carriers 390 $24.28 $23.53 $48,950 2.5 %
43-5053 Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators 140 $25.52 $23.20 $48,250 3.6 %
43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 110 $19.53 $21.13 $43,960 4.5 %
43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 400 $12.96 $13.77 $28,640 3.2 %
43-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 1,540 $8.93 $9.89 $20,560 2.2 %
43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 1,000 $18.33 $18.76 $39,030 1.2 %
43-6012 Legal Secretaries 170 $17.85 $17.94 $37,320 4.6 %
43-6013 Medical Secretaries 280 $15.06 $15.40 $32,030 1.8 %
43-6014 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 610 $15.96 $16.27 $33,830 3.3 %
43-9021 Data Entry Keyers 130 $11.71 $11.98 $24,910 2.8 %
43-9022 Word Processors and Typists 50 $15.23 $14.78 $30,740 6.2 %
43-9041 Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks 50 $15.35 $15.66 $32,570 4.4 %
43-9051 Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service 150 $7.60 $9.08 $18,890 7.6 %
43-9061 Office Clerks, General 3,270 $12.20 $12.56 $26,120 2.7 %
43-9071 Office Machine Operators, Except Computer 70 $11.29 $12.78 $26,590 2.9 %
43-9199 Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other 180 $13.11 $13.68 $28,450 3.3 %
 
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 210 $13.43 $14.05 $29,220 6.0 %
45-2092 Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse 40 $7.83 $8.58 $17,850 7.5 %
45-4022 Logging Equipment Operators 70 $13.50 $13.88 $28,870 12.8 %
 
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 6,380 $23.11 $23.30 $48,450 1.5 %
47-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 580 $31.39 $30.39 $63,220 2.3 %
47-2021 Brickmasons and Blockmasons 90 $29.41 $29.38 $61,100 2.4 %
47-2031 Carpenters 1,030 $20.71 $20.39 $42,400 2.5 %
47-2051 Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers 80 $19.30 $22.41 $46,610 8.7 %
47-2061 Construction Laborers 600 $19.48 $18.96 $39,440 2.8 %
47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators (8) $15.52 $17.58 $36,570 16.3 %
47-2073 Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators 910 $23.18 $23.09 $48,020 1.8 %
47-2081 Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers 60 $34.65 $31.78 $66,100 10.5 %
47-2111 Electricians 770 $28.72 $28.31 $58,880 2.4 %
47-2121 Glaziers 40 $22.33 $21.97 $45,690 3.0 %
47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 140 $24.27 $22.22 $46,220 8.7 %
47-2151 Pipelayers 40 $26.32 $23.12 $48,100 11.7 %
47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 420 $23.07 $24.55 $51,060 4.9 %
47-2181 Roofers 110 $28.44 $28.08 $58,400 5.6 %
47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 150 $27.23 $26.17 $54,430 6.9 %
47-2221 Structural Iron and Steel Workers 70 $32.32 $29.68 $61,730 10.9 %
47-3012 Helpers--Carpenters 90 $12.45 $12.92 $26,870 6.9 %
47-3019 Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other 40 $12.73 $14.31 $29,770 10.6 %
47-4011 Construction and Building Inspectors 120 $24.30 $22.97 $47,770 3.2 %
47-4041 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers 60 $15.59 $18.12 $37,690 10.5 %
47-4051 Highway Maintenance Workers 380 $20.76 $20.37 $42,360 2.0 %
47-4071 Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners (8) $17.99 $17.18 $35,730 5.7 %
47-5021 Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas 80 $14.43 $15.88 $33,020 10.1 %
 
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 6,610 $20.85 $20.83 $43,320 2.1 %
49-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 490 $25.11 $26.52 $55,170 2.8 %
49-2011 Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers (8) $14.43 $15.25 $31,730 4.1 %
49-2022 Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers 100 $28.16 $27.27 $56,720 5.1 %
49-2094 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment 90 $28.16 $27.67 $57,560 3.1 %
49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians (8) $21.40 $20.70 $43,070 3.6 %
49-3021 Automotive Body and Related Repairers 190 $16.83 $16.08 $33,440 11.1 %
49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 750 $15.73 $16.42 $34,140 4.3 %
49-3031 Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists 280 $22.08 $22.68 $47,180 3.8 %
49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 760 $23.92 $23.73 $49,360 3.0 %
49-3053 Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics 50 $12.09 $12.26 $25,510 3.1 %
49-3093 Tire Repairers and Changers 110 $10.18 $11.63 $24,200 11.5 %
49-9012 Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door 120 $25.10 $24.50 $50,960 4.0 %
49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 120 $24.15 $24.87 $51,720 5.0 %
49-9031 Home Appliance Repairers (8) $26.13 $24.98 $51,970 4.5 %
49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 290 $22.38 $22.84 $47,510 4.1 %
49-9042 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 940 $17.74 $17.89 $37,200 1.9 %
49-9044 Millwrights 190 $24.03 $24.38 $50,720 6.0 %
49-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers 250 $31.03 $28.90 $60,110 2.5 %
49-9062 Medical Equipment Repairers 50 $24.52 $22.71 $47,230 8.0 %
49-9098 Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 200 $11.19 $11.83 $24,610 4.0 %
49-9099 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other 330 $19.30 $19.63 $40,830 5.5 %
 
Production Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
51-0000 Production Occupations 6,520 $15.33 $16.48 $34,280 2.9 %
51-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers 510 $23.39 $25.04 $52,070 3.2 %
51-2022 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers 160 $7.57 $10.04 $20,890 4.7 %
51-2092 Team Assemblers 450 $9.38 $11.04 $22,960 10.3 %
51-2099 Assemblers and Fabricators, All Other 210 (8) (8) (8) (8)
51-3011 Bakers 110 $9.84 $11.06 $22,990 7.0 %
51-3021 Butchers and Meat Cutters 130 $16.85 $17.37 $36,130 4.1 %
51-4011 Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic 90 $17.94 $17.84 $37,100 3.0 %
51-4031 Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic 120 $13.64 $13.84 $28,780 4.3 %
51-4041 Machinists 260 $18.26 $18.68 $38,850 3.3 %
51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 420 $16.81 $17.76 $36,930 2.9 %
51-5022 Prepress Technicians and Workers 40 $19.00 $18.05 $37,540 5.8 %
51-5023 Printing Machine Operators 130 $13.16 $15.11 $31,420 6.5 %
51-6011 Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers 240 $11.65 $11.91 $24,760 3.6 %
51-6031 Sewing Machine Operators 280 $9.17 $9.71 $20,200 4.8 %
51-7011 Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters 60 $16.98 $17.07 $35,510 2.8 %
51-7041 Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood (8) $15.91 $15.02 $31,250 5.2 %
51-7042 Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing 180 $12.15 $13.26 $27,570 21.4 %
51-8021 Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators 140 $23.27 $23.17 $48,190 1.9 %
51-8031 Water and Liquid Waste Treatment Plant and System Operators 160 $23.01 $23.08 $48,000 1.9 %
51-9012 Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 50 $22.45 $21.68 $45,100 3.7 %
51-9021 Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 150 $23.37 $22.86 $47,550 2.9 %
51-9023 Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 40 $16.91 $18.90 $39,300 11.5 %
51-9041 Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 140 $16.04 $15.52 $32,270 6.5 %
51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 140 $14.98 $15.17 $31,560 8.5 %
51-9071 Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers (8) $15.26 $18.22 $37,890 11.2 %
51-9111 Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders 80 $16.53 $15.22 $31,650 8.6 %
51-9121 Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 30 $16.54 $16.77 $34,880 3.3 %
51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (8) $13.71 $14.75 $30,690 17.0 %
51-9198 Helpers--Production Workers (8) $11.44 $12.28 $25,540 4.7 %
51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 380 $23.35 $21.72 $45,180 8.4 %
 
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Wage Estimates
Occupation Code Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 7,290 $14.73 $15.61 $32,460 2.3 %
53-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 120 $17.98 $19.93 $41,450 3.2 %
53-1031 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 190 $21.08 $22.59 $46,990 3.4 %
53-3022 Bus Drivers, School 520 $11.96 $12.58 $26,160 11.1 %
53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers 580 $9.67 $11.36 $23,620 10.1 %
53-3032 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 1,710 $18.72 $18.80 $39,100 2.0 %
53-3033 Truck Drivers, Light or Delivery Services 790 $15.14 $16.04 $33,370 5.0 %
53-3041 Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs 150 $10.43 $10.78 $22,430 3.9 %
53-3099 Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other 60 $7.68 $10.12 $21,060 9.2 %
53-5021 Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels (8) $33.49 $33.95 $70,610 2.4 %
53-6021 Parking Lot Attendants 70 $8.77 $9.45 $19,650 4.1 %
53-6031 Service Station Attendants 150 $7.77 $8.69 $18,080 4.9 %
53-7011 Conveyor Operators and Tenders 140 $17.73 $17.82 $37,060 4.2 %
53-7021 Crane and Tower Operators 70 $21.73 $21.78 $45,300 4.6 %
53-7032 Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators 50 $27.66 $25.84 $53,750 8.0 %
53-7051 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators 330 $17.07 $17.17 $35,710 3.8 %
53-7061 Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment 210 $8.17 $9.48 $19,720 5.1 %
53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 1,320 $11.23 $12.63 $26,280 3.1 %
53-7063 Machine Feeders and Offbearers 70 $20.04 $17.50 $36,410 8.0 %
53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand 220 $7.84 $8.38 $17,430 3.0 %
53-7081 Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors 100 $13.81 $14.82 $30,830 4.4 %
53-7121 Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders 120 $22.16 $21.78 $45,300 4.4 %

About May 2008 National, State, Metropolitan, and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

(1) Estimates for detailed occupations do not sum to the totals because the totals include occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers.

(2) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

(3) The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.

(4) Wages for some occupations that do not generally work year-round, full time, are reported either as hourly wages or annual salaries depending on how they are typically paid.

(5) This wage is equal to or greater than $80.00 per hour or $166,400 per year.

(8) Estimates not released.



 top

State estimates for Minnesota


Minnesota's metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates:

May 2008 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

May 2008 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

May 2008 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

List of Occupations in SOC Code Number Order

List of Occupations in Alphabetical Order

Download May 2008 Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates in Zipped Excel files

Technical notes

 

Last Modified Date: May 01, 2009