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All Agents >> Nerve Agents >> VX >> Additional Sampling and Analysis Information

Additional Sampling and Analysis Information
Nerve Agent: VX

• AIR MATRIX
  Frishman G, Amirav A [2000]. Fast GC-PFPD system for field analysis of chemical warfare agents. Field Anal Chem Technol 4(4):170-194.
  
  Rohrbaugh DK [2000]. Methanol chemical ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and its degradation products. J Chromatogr A 893(2):393-400.
  
  

• OTHER
  No references were identified for this sampling matrix for this agent.
  
  

• SOIL MATRIX
  Groenewold GS, Appelhans AD, Gresham GL, Olson JE, Jeffery M, Wright JB [1999]. Analysis of VX on soil particles using ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 71(13):2318-2323.
  
  

• SURFACES
  Groenewold GS, Williams JM, Appelhans AD, Gresham GL, Olsbn JE, Jeffery MT, Rowland B [2002]. Hydrolysis of VX on concrete: rate of degradation by direct surface interrogation using an ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometer. Environ Sci Technol 36(22):4790-4794.
  
  

• WATER
  Creasy WR, Brickhouse MD, Morrissey KM, Stuff JR, Cheicante RL, Ruth J, Mays J, Williams BR, O’Connor R, Durst HD [1999]. Analysis of chemical weapons decontamination waste from old ton containers from Johnston Atoll using multiple analytical methods. Environ Sci Technol 33(13):2157-2162.
  
  Creasy WR, Stuff JR, Williams B, Morrissey K, Mays J, Duevel R, Durst HD [1997]. Identification of chemical-weapons-related compounds in decontamination solutions and other matrices by multiple chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 774(1-2):253-263.
  
  Crenshaw MD, Hayes TL, Miller TL, Shannon CM [2001]. Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. J Appl Toxicol 21: (Suppl.):S3-S6.
  
  D'Agostino PA, Hancock JR, Provost LR [1999]. Analysis of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and its degradation products by packed capillary liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 837(1-2):93-105.
  
  D'Agostino PA, Provost LR, Visentini J [1987]. Analysis of O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX) by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 402:221-232.
  
  Degenhardt-Langelaan CEAM, Kientz CE [1996]. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of nerve agents using large volume injections. J Chromatogr A 723(1, 2):210-214.
  
  Rohrbaugh DK [1998]. Characterization of equimolar VX–water reaction product by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 809(1-2):131-139.
  
  Sega GA, Tomkins BA, Griest WH [1997]. Analysis of methylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid at low microgram per liter levels in groundwater. J Chromatogr A 790(1-2):143-152.
  
  Wils ERJ, Hulst AG [1990]. Determination of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX) by thermospray liquid chromatography––mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 523:151-161.