The Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Implementing Agricultural Conservation
Practices: Barriers and Incentives
A Conservation Effects
Assessment Bibliography
Special Reference Briefs
Series no. SRB 2004-02
Compiled by
Joseph R. Makuch
Stuart R. Gagnon
Ted J. Sherman
Water Quality Information
Center
National Agricultural
Library
Agricultural Research
Service
U.S. Department of
Agriculture
375 citations
National Agricultural Library Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 August 2004
National
Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Makuch, Joseph
R.
Implementing
agricultural conservation practices : barriers and incentives : a
conservation effects assessment bibliography.
(Special reference
briefs ; NAL-SRB. 2004-02)
1. Agricultural
conservation--United States--Bibliography.
2. United
States--Environmental conditions--Bibliography.
3. Farmers--United
States--Attitudes.
4. Agricultural
pollution--United States--Bibliography.
5. Agriculture and
state--Environmental aspects--United States.
I. Gagnon, Stuart R. II.
Sherman, Ted J. III. Water Quality Information Center (U.S.) IV.
Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.
2004-02
Abstract
Implementing Agricultural
Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives, Special Reference Brief 2004-02. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural
Library.
This bibliography is one in a
multi-volume set developed by the Water Quality Information Center
at the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project
(CEAP). The bibliography is a guide to recent literature examining
agricultural producers' views of conservation programs and
practices. It provides people working in the area of agriculture
and the environment with a guide to information resources that focus on the psychological and socioeconomic factors that influence
agricultural producers' behavior with regard to environmental
issues.
Keywords: conservation practices,
farmers' attitudes, psychosocial factors, production economics,
sociodemographic characteristics, conservation programs, Farm
Bill
Mention of trade names or
commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of
providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or
endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
To ensure timely distribution,
this report has been reproduced essentially as supplied by the
authors. It has received minimal publication editing and
design. The authors' views are their own and do not
necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities
on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age,
disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or
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Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for
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To file a complaint of
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Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington D.C.
20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal
opportunity provider and employer.
August 2004
| Preface | 1 |
| About This Bibliography | 2 |
| Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives | 3 |
| Subject Index | 85 |
| Author Index | 101 |
This is one in a series of bibliographies
developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National
Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP).
The purpose of CEAP is to study
the environmental effects of conservation practices implemented
through various U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation
programs. CEAP will evaluate conservation practices and management
systems related to nutrient, manure, and pest management; buffer
systems; tillage; irrigation and drainage practices; wetland
protection and restoration; and wildlife habitat establishment.
More information about CEAP is available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/.
The current titles in this series are
Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from the Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/.
The center gratefully acknowledges the following organizations who granted permission to use their citations and/or abstracts in these bibliographies.
In addition, support from the
Natural Resources Conservation Service for the development of these
bibliographies is greatly appreciated.
Joseph R. Makuch, Ph.D.
Coordinator
Water Quality Information
Center
About This Bibliography
This bibliography is a guide to
recent literature examining agricultural producers' views of
conservation programs and practices. The purpose is to provide
people working in the area of agriculture and the environment with a guide to information resources that focus on the psychological and socioeconomic factors that influence agricultural
producers' behavior with regard to environmental issues. An
understanding of barriers to, and incentives for, conservation practices can help foster development of conservation programs and practices that fit the needs of agricultural producers.
There are 375 citations with
abstracts (when available) in this bibliography. Citations were
found through literature searches of the AGRICOLA database,
produced by the National Agricultural Library, and several
commercial bibliographic databases. In addition, Water Quality
Information Center staff created citations for documents that were
located by other means. Documents cited were published from
1993 through 2003 (with a few included from early 2004). URLs
are provided for online documents that are freely available. The
inclusion or omission of a particular citation does not imply
endorsement or disapproval.
Citations are arranged
alphabetically by title. To locate information on a specific topic,
for example, conservation tillage, use the subject index beginning
on page 85. To ensure that you see all the relevant citations for a
particular topic, be sure to also look up related terms in the
subject index, for example, no till, ridge till, etc., from the
example above. An author index is also available beginning on page
101.
To obtain a specific document,
please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain
documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found
at www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.
Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives
1. The 1990 Farm Bill and water quality in
Corn Belt watersheds: Conserving remaining wetlands and restoring
farmed wetlands.
Lant, C. L.; Kraft, S. E.; and
Gillman, K. R.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 50 (2):
201-204. (1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
surveys/ water quality/ United
States, Midwest/ wetlands/ cropland/ conservation/ easements/
groundwater pollution/ groundwater recharge/ farms/ property
rights/ legislation/ agriculture/ environmental impact/ ecosystem
disturbance/ inland water environment/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ Wetland Reserve Program/ Watershed protection/
Environmental action/ Mechanical and natural changes
Abstract: Two contingent valuation surveys
including 770 mail surveys and 157 personal interviews were
conducted in ten Corn Belt counties to estimate potential
enrollment of farmed wetlands in the Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) and in the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) and to elicit
farmers' and farmland owners' attitudes toward Swampbuster.
Weighted, piecewise-linear regression was used to obtain estimated
enrollments from the mail survey data. Results from the two surveys
indicate that enrollment of farmed wetlands in the CRP climbs from
2-8% of eligible acreage at an annual rental rate of $90/ac/yr to
52-64% at $140/ac/yr. Enrollment reaches 81-83% at rental rates of
$400/ac/yr. For the WRP, the two surveys are in less agreement.
According to the mail survey, enrollments climb from 4% of eligible
acreage at $500/ac for a 30-year easement to 26% at $2,500/ac.
Enrollments climb more rapidly at higher easement rates reaching
78% enrollment at $4,000/ac. Results from personal interviews,
however, indicate much lower enrollment rates of less than 2% of
eligible acreage at $1,700/ac climbing to 20% at $2,500/ac. Beyond
financial considerations, dealing with problems of altering
drainage facilities is a primary barrier to enrollment of farmed
wetlands in the WRP. Attitudes toward Swampbuster clearly indicate
the unpopularity of the program. About half of farmland owners with
wetlands would put them to some agricultural use in the absence of
Swampbuster. Only 30% feel that Swampbuster is necessary and fair,
while 68% feel it is a violation of their property rights and 56%
feel that the public should have to purchase wetlands if they wish
to protect them. Swampbuster could be made less unpopular by
addressing property taxes or by allowing some limited economic use
of wetlands.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
2. The 2002 Farm Bill: U.S. Producer
Preferences for Agricultural, Food, and Public Policy.
Lubben, B. D.; Simons, C. J.;
Bills, N. L.; Meyer, N. L.; and Novak, J. L.
Oak Brook, Illinois: Farm
Foundation; Publication No.2001-02, 2001.
Notes: Author Affiliation: National Public Policy
Education Committee
Abstract: National survey of over 14,000
producers on agricultural policy, which includes sections on
conservation and environmental programs.
3. The acceptability of forest management
practices: An analysis of ethical accounting and the ethical
matrix.
Gamborg, Christian
Forest Policy and
Economics 4 (3): 175-186.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
SD1 .F6747; ISSN: 1389-9341
Descriptors:
ethical accounting/ ethical matrix/
forest management practice acceptability
Abstract: In this paper, the feasibility of using
stakeholder approaches to assess forest management practices is
examined. The paper focuses on two such approaches: the idea of
ethical accounting developed for livestock farming, and the
so-called ethical matrix. More extensive accounting is needed in
forestry. The public is increasingly sensitive to, and aware of,
the broader impact of forest management, not only on human welfare
but also on environmental values such as nature conservation and
biodiversity. Green accounting is being used to assess the
environmental effects of forestry. In a broader approach such as
ethical accounting as developed for livestock farming, both the
purpose and the type of use that is being made of the forest must
be examined. It is also necessary to ask which visible or invisible
stakeholders are to be included. However, it is important to note
that the adoption of stakeholder approaches does not remove the
need to reflect on one's fundamental ethical position. In fact, one
must critically consider one's basic values before applying these
approaches to forestry.
© Thomson
4. Adaptive management: Potential and
limitations for ecological governance.
Jiggins, J. and Roling,
N.
International Journal of
Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 1 (1): 28-42. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S604.5-.I57; ISSN: 1462-4605
Descriptors:
environmental management/ learning/
institutions/ ecosystems/ integrated pest management/ literature
reviews/ social learning
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
5. Adaptive participation in watershed
management.
Chess, C.; Hance, B. J.; and
Gibson, G.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 55 (3):
248-252. (2000)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
watersheds/ watershed management/
decision making/ public opinion/ community involvement/ demography/
geographical variation/ research/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
6. Adoption and adaptation of scientific
irrigation scheduling: Trends from Washington, USA as of
1998.
Leib, Brian G; Hattendorf, Mary;
Elliott, Todd; and Matthews, Gary
Agricultural Water
Management 55 (2): 105-120.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
agricultural water
management
Abstract: Scientific irrigation scheduling (SIS) is
defined as the use of crop evapotranspiration data and soil
moisture sensors to accurately determine when and how much to
irrigate. Three surveys were conducted during 1997 and 1998 to
determine the status of and direction for SIS in Washington.
According to the survey results, nine private consultants were
contracted to perform irrigation scheduling on nearly 120,000 ha
per year. Conservation districts, county extension, and the
national resource conservation service assisted producers in
scheduling irrigation on an additional 6000 ha in a year.
Two-hundred and four producers reported scheduling 26,750 ha of
irrigation on their own and 6000 ha with consultants. At a minimum,
the combined acreage reported in these surveys indicates an 18%
adoption rate of SIS. However, the actual adoption rate is much
greater if the self-implementation rate for the 200 producers is
representative of the entire state. Survey results also indicated
that potatoes and tree fruit account for more than half of the
acreage being scheduled. The main reason producers were willing to
pay for irrigation scheduling is to insure the quality of
high-value crops. Energy savings became important when water needed
to be lifted a considerable distance; however, water conservation,
high yield, fertilizer savings, and non-point pollution reduction
were considered secondary benefits. Center-pivots were the most
likely irrigation systems to be scheduled and a considerable
proportion of drip and solid-set sprinklers were scheduled, but a
very small proportion of furrow systems and set-move sprinklers
were scheduled. Over 75% of the survey respondents have personal
computers and 50% have modems but less than 5% are using their
computers to schedule irrigation. However, when examining the group
producers who irrigate more than 405 ha, 33% are using their
computers to schedule irrigation. Since computers and communication
technology are available "on-farm", and producers are showing a
willingness to implement SIS on their own, Washington State
University (WSU) has developed the Washington Irrigation Scheduling
Expert (WISE) software and a web-based information system.
Self-implemented SIS also requires increased producer knowledge
along with training for potential vendors. Therefore, WSU is
continuing traditional SIS educational efforts such as on-farm
testing of soil moisture sensors, workshops, field days,
publications and newsletters. Conversely, WSU has stopped providing
full-service SIS demonstrations that compete with existing
services, require intensive labor, and affect a limited number of
producers. Agri-business is employing a similar strategy as
self-service SIS providers have increased by seven companies since
the 1998 survey.
© Thomson
7. The adoption and diffusion of level fields
and basins.
Anderson, D. P.; Wilson, P. N.;
and Thompson, G. D.
Journal of Agricultural and
Resource Economics 24 (1):
186-203. (July 1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502
Descriptors:
cotton/ farm management/ irrigated
farming/ technical progress/ water conservation/ water costs/
innovation adoption/ legislation/ state government/ regression
analysis/ Arizona/ 1980 Groundwater Management Act/ laser
leveling
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
8. Adoption and economic impact of
site-specific technologies in U.S. agriculture.
El Osta, H. and Mishra,
A.
Selected papers from the
annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics
Association (2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1405-.A44.
Notes: Supplemental online access through http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 5-8, 2001, in
Chicago, Illinois. Includes references.
Descriptors:
site specific crop management/
variable rate application/ innovation adoption/ economic impact/
farmers' attitudes/ decision making/ production costs/ savings/
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
9. Adoption of Agricultural Production
Practices: Lessons Learned from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Area Studies Project.
Caswell, M.; Fuglie, K.; Ingram,
C.; Jans, S.; and Kascak, C.
U.S. Department of Agriculture
[Also available as: ERS Agricultural Economic Report No. 792], 2001
(application/pdf)
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer792/
Descriptors:
natural resource management/
nutrient management/ soil management/ pest management/ water
management/ conservation practices/ agrochemicals/ crop yield/
innovation adoption/ participation/ econometric models/ regional
economics/ policy analysis/ economic analysis/ watersheds/ surveys/
United States/ farmer surveys/ USDA Area Studies
Project
Abstract: The U.S. Department of Agriculture
Area Studies Project was designed to characterize the extent of
adoption of nutrient, pest, soil, and water management practices
and to assess the factors that affect adoption for a wide range of
management strategies across different natural resource regions.
The project entailed the administration of a detailed field-level
survey to farmers in 12 watersheds in the Nation to gather data on
agricultural practices, input use, and natural resource
characteristics associated with farming activities. The data were
analyzed by the Economic Research Service using a consistent
methodological approach with the full set of data to study the
constraints associated with the adoption of micronutrients,
N-testing, split nitrogen applications, green manure, biological
pest controls, pest-resistant varieties, crop rotations,
pheromones, scouting, conservation tillage, contour farming, strip
cropping, grassed waterways, and irrigation. In addition to the
combined-areas analyses, selected areas were chosen for analysis to
illustrate the difference in results between aggregate and
area-specific models. The unique sample design for the survey was
used to explore the importance of field-level natural resource data
for evaluating adoption at both the aggregate and watershed levels.
Further analyses of the data illustrated how the adoption of
specific management practices affects chemical use and crop
yields.
10. Adoption of conservation production
systems in three Midwest watersheds.
Napier T.L.; Tucker M.; and
McCarter S.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 55 (2):
123-134. (2000)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
11. Adoption of conservation production
systems in two Ohio watersheds: A comparative study.
Napier TL and Bridges T
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (4):
229-235; 8 ref. (2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
12. Adoption of conservation production
systems within the north central region of the United
States.
Napier T.L.; Ascough J.C.; and
Flanagan D.C.
In: Soil erosion research for the
21st century: Proceedings of the International Symposium.
(Held 3 Jan 2001-5 Jan 2001 at Honolulu,
Hawaii.)
St Joseph, Mo.: American Society
of Agricultural Engineers; pp. 256-259; 2001.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
13. Adoption of environmental protection
practices in the Scioto River watershed: Implications for
MODSS.
Napier, T. L. and Camboni, S.
M.
In: Multiple objective decision
making for land, water, and environmental management: Proceedings
of the First International Conference on Multiple Objective
Decision Support Systems (MODSS) for Land, Water and Environmental
Management: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis
Publishers; pp. 337-347; 1998.
Notes: Meeting held September 1996 in Honolulu,
Hawaii. Edited by S.A. El-Swaify and D.S. Yakowitz. Includes
references.
NAL Call #: HC13.I544-1996; ISBN: 1574440918
Descriptors:
farm management/ innovation
adoption/ decision making/ farm surveys/ farmers' attitudes/ Ohio/
multiple objective decision support system
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
14. Adoption of integrated pest management in
U.S. agriculture.
Vandeman, Ann M. and United
States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; iii, 26 p.: ill.; Series:
Agriculture information bulletin no. 707. (1994)
Notes: Cover title. Running title: Adoption of IPM in
U.S. agriculture. "September 1994"--P. [i]. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 25-26).
NAL Call #: 1--Ag84Ab-no.707
Descriptors:
Agricultural pests---Integrated
control---United States/ Pests---Integrated control---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
15. Adoption of nutrient management techniques
to reduce hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.
Robinson, J. R. and Napier, T.
L.
Agricultural Systems
72 (3): 197-213. (June
2002)
NAL Call #:
HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X [AGSYDS]
Descriptors:
hypoxia/ watershed management/
water conservation/ farm management/ nutrients/ innovation
adoption/ water quality/ socioeconomics/ farm surveys/ models/ data
collection/ regression analysis/ Ohio/ Iowa/ Minnesota/ Gulf of
Mexico
Abstract: Data were collected from 1011 land
owner-operators within three watersheds located in the North
Central Region of the USA to examine use of selected water
protection practices. A theoretical model developed from selected
components of the traditional diffusion paradigm and the farm
structure model was used to predict adoption and use of
conservation practices at the farm level within the study
watersheds. Study findings revealed that factors commonly purported
to be highly correlated with adoption of conservation production
systems were not useful for predicting use of conservation
production practices assessed. The production practices examined in
the study were percent of cultivated fields surrounded by grass
filter strips, percent of waterways in cultivated fields protected
by grass, use of banded fertilizer, use of side dressing of
fertilizer, and use of nitrification inhibitor. Study findings
revealed that the theoretical model developed to guide the study
was relatively ineffective for predicting adoption of the
conservation practices assessed in the study. None of the
statistical models developed from analysis of study data explained
more than nine percent of the variance in any of the conservation
practices assessed. Research findings suggest that existing
conservation programs are no longer useful policy instruments for
motivating land owner-operators to adopt and use production systems
designed to reduce agricultural pollution of waterways.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
16. Adoption of nutrient management
technologies for rice production: Economic and institutional
constraints and opportunities.
Pandey, S.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 53 (1):
103-111. (Jan. 1999)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC].
Notes: In the special issue: Resource management in
rice systems: nutrients / edited by V. Balasubramanian, J.K. Ladha,
and G.L. Denning. Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ cropping systems/
green revolution/ crop management/ soil management/ soil fertility/
technology transfer/ innovation adoption/ cultivars/ dwarf
cultivars/ high yielding varieties/ fertilizers/ simulation models/
crop yield/ farm income/ use efficiency/ farm inputs/
literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
17. Adoption of pest management strategies
under varying environmental conditions.
Caswell, Margriet F.; Shoemaker,
Robbin; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Economic Research
Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; iii, 16 p.: ill.; Series:
Technical bulletin (United States. Dept. of Agriculture) no. 1827.
(1993)
Notes: Cover title. "December 1993"--P. i. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 11).
NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Te-no.1827
Descriptors:
Agricultural pests---Integrated
control---United States---Technological innovations/
Pests---Integrated control---United States---Technological
innovations/ Pests Control---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
18. Adoption of precision farming within three
Midwest watersheds.
Napier, T. L.; Robinson, J.; and
Tucker, M.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 55
(2): 135-141. (2000)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
farmers/ site specific crop
management/ watersheds/ innovation adoption/ landowners/
prediction/ farmers' attitudes/ age/ education/ nature
conservation/ erosion/ risk assessment/ water quality
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
19. Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices: A
Revealed Preference Approach.
Lichtenberg, E.
College Park, MD: Department of
Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland;
Working Paper No. 01-12, 2001.
Notes: Supercedes: Joint adoption of multiple
technologies: A dual, latent demand approach
(WP 00/14), by Lichtenberg, E. and
Strand, I.E.
[Cited, 20 April 2004:
http://www.arec.umd.edu/Publications/papers/2000-working-papers.htm]
Descriptors:
Supporting Science
Abstract: A revealed preference survey was
used to understand the adoption of 11 conservation practices, the
responsiveness of adoption to cost sharing, and complementarity of
the practices.
20. Adoption of sustainable
agriculture.
Hoiberg, Eric O. and Bultena,
Gordon L.
In: Planting the future:
Developing an agriculture that sustains land and community/ Bird,
E. A.; Bultena, G. L.; and Gardner, J. C., 1995; pp.
155-171.
Notes: ISBN: 0813820723
Descriptors:
continuous replacement/
controversial practice adoption/ new practices/ optimum
productivity goal/ policy making/ Agronomy (Agriculture)/
Conservation/ Government and Law
© Thomson
21. Agglomeration bonus: An incentive
mechanism to reunite fragmented habitat for biodiversity
conservation.
Parkhurst, G. M.; Shogren, J. F.;
Bastian, C.; Kivi, P.; Donner, J.; and Smith, R. B. W.
Ecological Economics
41 (2): 305-328. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
22. Agricultural and water-quality conflicts:
Economic dimensions of the problem.
Crutchfield, Stephen R.; Hansen,
LeRoy T.; Ribaudo, Marc.; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 18 p.: ill., maps.
(1993)
Notes: Caption title. "July 1993." "Water quality."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).
NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Ab-no.676
Descriptors:
Water quality---Economic
aspects---United States/ Groundwater---Pollution---Economic
aspects---United States/ Agricultural chemicals---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Agriculture and state---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
23. Agricultural producers' perceptions of
sandhill cranes in the San Luis Valley of Colorado.
Laubhan, Murray K and Gammonley,
James H
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 29 (2): 639-645
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors:
Grus canadensis tabida [greater
sandhill crane] (Gruiformes)/ human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/
Birds/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Primates/
Vertebrates/ agricultural production/ croplands/ economic
attitudes/ human wildlife conflicts/ natural resources/
perceptions/ private land use/ social attitudes
Abstract: Management for migratory birds at an
ecosystem scale requires forming cooperative partnerships with the
private sector. To be effective, however, wildlife managers must
understand the economic and social attitudes of private landowners
to ensure that strategies involving stakeholders are viable and can
be implemented. We documented attitudes of farmers in the San Luis
Valley (SLV) of Colorado toward Rocky Mountain Population greater
sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) using a self-administered,
mail-back survey. Overall response rate was 46.7%. Viewing sandhill
cranes in the SLV was considered somewhat important or important by
78.6% of respondents. In contrast, only 62.1% of respondents
indicated that viewing sandhill cranes was somewhat important or
important on their own land. Farmers' attitudes toward viewing
sandhill cranes on their own property were related (P=0.02) to
perceived conflicts with crop production. The extent of crane use
(P=0.04) was the only variable we tested that predicted whether
conflicts were reported. Our results suggest that partnerships
between farmers and natural resource agencies concerned with
management of sandhill cranes may be viable. However, the role of
farmers in any proposed management strategy must be examined
carefully because there may be an upper limit of crane use on
private land that farmers will tolerate.
© Thomson
24. Agriculture and the Environment:
Information on and Characteristics of Selected Watershed Projects:
Report to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry,
U.S. Senate.
United States General Accounting
Office, Resources Community and Economic Development
Division.
United States General Accounting
Office [Also available as: GAO/RCED-95-218], 1995
(text/html)
NAL Call #: TD428 A37A57 1995
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/rc95218.pdf
Descriptors:
program evaluation/ governmental
programs and projects/ government agencies/ USDA/ Environmental
Protection Agency/ water pollution/ watershed management/ nonpoint
source pollution/ agricultural runoff/ environmental policy/ public
finance/ local government/ citizen participation/ case studies /
decision support systems/ United States/ EPA/ USGS/ United States
Geological Survey/ Fish and Wildlife Service/ National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration/ NO AA/ National Marine Fisheries
Service/ United States Army Corps of Engineers/ USACE
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
25. Agriculture and the environment: Listening
to the grassroots: A report based on a series of regional forums
and urban focus groups.
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; 48 p.: ill.; 28 cm. (1995)
NAL Call #: S589.755 .S64 1995
Descriptors:
Agriculture---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Agriculture and state---United States/
Agricultural subsidies---United States/ Soil erosion---United
States/ Water quality---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
26. Alternative and conventional agricultural
paradigms: Evidence from farming in southwest
Saskatchewan.
Abaidoo, S. and Dickinson,
H.
Rural Sociology
67 (1): 114-131. (Mar.
2002)
NAL Call #:
281.28-R88; ISSN: 0036-0112 [RUSCA]
Descriptors:
farmers' attitudes/ agricultural
policy/ environmental protection/ technology/ innovation adoption/
farm management/ farming systems/ agricultural households/ farm
surveys/ household surveys/ statistical analysis/
Saskatchewan
Abstract: Agricultural analysts have suggested that
the emergence of an alternative agriculture system represents more
than changes in practices; it is also thought to represent a shift
in environmental beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms. This means
that conventional and alternative systems of agriculture represent
distinct paradigms which are informed by two contradictory
worldviews. Insofar as this claim is correct, it is possible to
delineate, target, and promote one paradigm, depending on the
system of agriculture that policy makers wish to encourage. In this
paper we seek to clarify the practical application of the two
agricultural paradigms by examining the practices, beliefs, values,
norms, and attitudes of farmers in southwest Saskatchewan, part of
the semi-arid section of the North American Great Plains. Findings
support the view that different farming systems correspond to
different worldviews. Strong confidence in the market, however, is
not limited to conventional farmers, as suggested by the
literature.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
27. Anaerobic digester survey of California
dairy producers.
Morse D; Guthrie JC; and Mutters
R
Journal of Dairy
Science 79 (1):
149-153; 11 ref. (1996)
NAL Call #:
44.8 J822
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
28. An analysis of farmer participation in
conservation oriented management on set-aside land in
England.
Neve, P; Mortimer, A M; and
Putwain, P D.
In: 1997 Brighton crop protection
[international] conference: Weeds. (Held 17 Nov 1997-20 Nov 1997 at Brighton,
England, UK.); Vol. 1-3.
Farnham, England, UK: British Crop
Protection Council (BCPC); pp. 681-682; 1997.
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/
Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ set aside
land: conservation based management, farmer participation/ survey
method/ data collection method
© Thomson
29. An Analysis of Farmers' Incentives to
Conserve or Degrade the Land.
Milham, N.
Journal of Environmental
Management 40 (1): 51-64.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
soil erosion/ soil conservation/
agriculture/ erosion control/ resources management/ environmental
perception/ Watershed protection/ Environmental
perception
Abstract: In this paper, it is argued that an
increased understanding of the linkages between farmers' economic
incentives to control soil degradation, degradation-induced
productivity decline and future farmland productivity is essential
for the formulation of effective land degradation and soil
management policies. As a basis for the argument, a comprehensive
farm-level economic model for the optimum private and social
utilization of soil over time is developed. Complexities in the
decision process due to environmental conditions and other
uncertainties are considered. It is shown that, if farmers are well
informed, they will tolerate soil degradation only to the point
where the marginal net returns from depleting soil depth, fertility
or structure equal the marginal profits foregone from conserving
these productive aspects of the soil. Efficiency-related technical
progress is found to provide incentives for reduced rates of soil
degradation. It is also found that the optimum private rate of soil
degradation is not likely to mimic the socially optimal rate unless
capital markets and farm input and output markets operate
efficiently and competitively. The potential for monetary and
fiscal policy to impact on private rates of soil utilization is
highlighted as a topic for further detailed investigation. Finally,
it is argued that external costs and benefits from farming
activity, which have not as yet been comprehensively quantified,
may be the single most important cause of any differential between
the optimum private and social rates of soil
degradation.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
30. Analysis of potential conservation effort
of CRP participants in the state of Missouri: A latent variable
approach.
Kalaitzandonakes, N. G. and
Monson, M.
Journal of Agricultural and
Applied Economics 26 (1):
200-208. (July 1994)
NAL Call #:
HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708
Descriptors:
land diversion/ soil conservation/
federal programs/ program participants/ farmers' attitudes/
decision making/ mathematical models/ Missouri/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ multiple indicator multiple cause model
mimic
Abstract: This study investigated the influence of
economic, personal, and attitudinal factors on the intended
conservation effort of a sample of Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) contract holders after their contracts have expired. Economic
factors were found to dominate the decision about future
conservation effort. Attitudes towards conservation were found to
have no significant influence on the decision. This fact may relate
to the recent changes in the regulatory environment brought about
by the 1985 Food Security Act which changed conservation from a
voluntary to regulated nature.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
31. Analyzing Agricultural Landowners'
Willingness to Install Streamside Buffers.
Lynch, L.; Hardie, I.; and Parker,
D.
College Park, MD: Department of
Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland;
Working Paper 02-01, 2002.
http://www.arec.umd.edu/publications/papers/Working-Papers-PDF-files/02-01.pdf
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve Enhancement
Program/ Maryland
Abstract: A survey of Maryland land owners
examined what level of financial incentives is needed to interest
owners in installing buffers.
32. Applicability of Montreal Process
Criterion 7: Legal, institutional and economic framework: To
rangeland sustainability.
Mitchell, J E and Woodmansee, R
G
International Journal of
Sustainable Development and World Ecology 9 (2): 121-134. (2002);
ISSN: 1350-4509
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): rangeland
managers, rangeland scientists/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/
Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ Montreal Process Criterion 7/ best
management practices / economic framework/ education/
enforcement capabilities/ institutional framework/ land use policy/
legal framework/ monitoring capacity/ monitoring programs/
outreach/ property rights/ public participation/ rangeland
sustainability/ reporting programs/ research/ values
Abstract: Criterion 7 - legal, institutional and
economic framework for rangeland conservation and sustainable
management - contains 19 of the 67 indicators incorporating the
Montreal Process. These indicators are aggregated into five
sub-criteria; those dealing with the legal, institutional, and
economic frameworks for supporting the sustainable management of
rangelands, and sub-criteria concerning the capacity to monitor and
conduct and apply research. Capacity for sustainability can be tied
to property rights (Indicator 48), land-use policy (Indicators 49,
50), and use of best management practices (Indicator 51). Public
participation in planning is an effective measure of sustainable
management, but with public interaction in planning, science is no
longer seen as being value-free (Indicators 52, 53, 54). Concerns
exist that the numbers of trained rangeland managers and
scientists, along with those in related disciplines, are inadequate
to meet existing and future needs (Indicator 55). Enforcement
capabilities, an institutional measure, rely upon the legal
framework to be effective (Indicator 57). Access to capital can be
important to graziers if they are to retain flexibility to manage
sustainably (Indicator 58). Monitoring and reporting programmes are
difficult and expensive, yet they remain critical for assessing
sustainable management (Indicators 60, 61, 62). Education, research
and outreach are equally meaningful as indicators of sustainability
for forests and rangelands (Indicators 63, 64).
© Thomson
33. Appropriation and Water Rights Issues in
the High Plains Ogallala Region.
White, S. E. and Kromm, D.
E.
Social Science
Journal 33 (4): 437-450.
(1996); ISSN:
0362-3319
Descriptors:
United States, High Plains,
Ogallala Region/ water rights/ groundwater management/ attitudes/
irrigation/ water use efficiency/ appropriation/ surveys/
beneficial use/ water conservation/ Water law and
institutions
Abstract: This research assesses the effectiveness
of groundwater doctrine in eastern Colorado and western Kansas
within the context of 330 irrigators' preferences for perceived
changes in groundwater appropriations and variances in existing
rules to best achieve the public interest. A survey of irrigators
in six groundwater management districts reveals that attitudes
conflict with several aspects of current appropriation doctrine.
There is significant support for broad-based, uniform reductions in
appropriations when groundwater becomes scarce rather than the
"first in time, first in right" requirement in the prior
appropriation doctrine. Many irrigators believe that past water-use
efficiency should be a criteria factored into appropriation
reduction polices. Most oppose the "use it or lose it" concept that
requires specified levels of beneficial use to protect a water
right, and irrigators oppose special exemptions to permit new wells
to benefit the public interest in fully appropriated areas.
Importantly, if irrigators' preferences were codified in the
groundwater appropriations doctrines, more groundwater could be
conserved.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
34. Are 'Other Gainful Activities' on farms
good for the environment?
McNally, Sandra
Journal of environmental
management 66 (1): 57-65.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farm household
members/ Animals / Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/
Vertebrates/ ESA Management Agreement [Environmentally Sensitive
Area Management Agreement]/ Environmentally Sensitive Area/
agricultural intensity/ conservation attitudes/ diversification
activities/ environmental performance measures/ farm environmental
improvement/ farm size/ land use type/ low agricultural income:
effects mitigation/ off farm employment/ other gainful activities
[OGAs]/ stated environmental intentions
Abstract: There has been a lot of academic interest
in the pursuit of diversification activities and off-farm
employment by farm household members. This is regarded as an
important strategy for mitigating the effects of low agricultural
income. One aspect of the debate about these so-called 'Other
Gainful Activities' (OGAs) is whether they are associated with any
environmental improvement on farms. In this paper, we use three
approaches to analyse this issue. We examine whether measures of
agricultural intensity are associated with the pursuit of OGAs by
farmers and their spouses. We examine whether OGAs are more likely
on farms where there is an ESA Management Agreement. Finally, we
examine whether OGAs are associated with the farmer's stated
environmental intentions. Although we tentatively conclude that
there is a relationship between OGA involvement and these measures
of environmental performance or concern by farmers, the magnitude
of the association is small relative to other variables such as
farm size, the type of land use, the form of business and recent
agricultural training.
© Thomson
35. Assessing sustainable land management
(SLM).
Hurni, H.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 81 (2): 83-92.
(Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes: In the special issue: Indicators of land
quality and sustainable land management / edited by J. Dumanski.
Paper presented at a symposium held August 1998, Montpellier,
France. Includes references.
Descriptors:
land management/ sustainability/
environmental degradation/ indicators/ evaluation/ measurement/
monitoring/ interdisciplinary research/ environmental impact/
natural resources/ information systems/ literature
reviews
Abstract: The term 'sustainable development' and
its component 'sustainable land management (SLM)' have been
receiving increasing attention in development co-operation and at
the global level. However, practical tools which can help local
users and multi-disciplinary teams to work together and apply these
general concepts at the local to regional levels have emerged only
very recently. Some of these tools, as well as programme support
services are presented in this paper. The author argues that only a
comprehensive, participatory approach involving stakeholders at all
levels will have the potential to develop locally useful solutions
within a favourable, i.e. 'enabling' institutional environment.
Assessment tools will require transdisciplinary methods that
involve natural, social, and political sciences as well as local
knowledge systems. Support services for SLM activities will have to
include monitoring and impact assessment, experimentation with
innovative ideas, resource assessment, information, and training.
Examples from different parts of the globe have shown that the
proposed tools are now receiving greater attention and may fulfill
the requirements set forth by the concept of SLM.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
36. Assessing the retention potential of
Conservation Reserve Program practices in Alabama.
Onianwa, O. O.; Wheelock, G. C.;
Dubois, M. R.; and Warren, S. T.
Southern Journal of Applied
Forestry 23 (2): 83-87. (May
1999)
NAL Call #:
SD1.S63; ISSN: 0148-4419 [SJAFD9]
Descriptors:
nature conservation/ nature
reserves/ land use/ agricultural land/ land banks/ surveys/
forests/ grasslands/ ethnicity/ erosion/ Alabama
Abstract: Conservation reserve program (CRP)
participants in Alabama were surveyed to determine the probable
utilization of CRP acres should the contracts expire without
opportunity for renewal. From over 9000 contracts established
between 1986 and 1995, 594 contracts were randomly selected and
surveyed for the study. Two hundred and fourteen surveys were
completed and returned. Of these, 204 (34%) were usable. Result
indicate that 90% of CRP tree acres would be retained in trees
while nearly 60% of CRP grass acres would be converted to row crop
production. In addition, there are no significant differences in
the response between the minority and white participants with
regard to the intended use of CRP acres. Therefore, for sustained
mitigation of soil loss and reduction of excess production
capacity, tree planting as a conservation practice choice should be
advocated and encouraged.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
37. Assessment of farmer attitudes and
behavioral intentions toward bird conservation on organic and
conventional Florida farms.
Jacobson, Susan K; Sieving,
Kathryn E; Jones, Gregory A; and Van Doorn, Annamamria
Conservation Biology
17 (2): 595-606. (2003)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:
bird (Aves)/ Animals/ Birds/
Chordates/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ bird conservation:
behavioral intentions, farmer attitudes
Abstract: To enhance efforts to conserve birds,
especially insectivorous species, we examined the social dimensions
of conventional and organic farming in northern Florida (U.S.A.).
Using a framework for the adoption of agricultural innovations, we
developed a 44-item survey instrument to measure farmers'
socio-demographic background, farm characteristics, participation
in social organizations, communication and information networks,
and perceived barriers and incentives to adopting bird-friendly
practices. Seventy-six surveys were completed, with a response rate
of 84%for organic farmers and 60% for conventional farmers. The
population of conventional farmer was composed of more males who
were older, less educated, and earned a greater income than organic
farmers. Conventional farms were on average 20 times larger than
organic farms and grew less than half the varieties of crops. These
two factors correlated with higher agreement with statements that a
considerable amount of money is spent on pest management and that
leaf-eating insects cause considerable damage. Fewer conventional
than organic farmers scouted for pests daily, an important
component of integrated pest management. Almost all farmers (95%)
reported recognizing most of the bird species on their farms. More
organic farmers (31%) than conventional farmers (12%) reported more
than 30 bird species on their farms. Farmers' overall willingness
to attract birds to their farms was not correlated with economic or
noneconomic incentives and barriers to adopting bird-friendly
practices, such as current costs of pest management, experience
with bird damage to crops, and farmers' knowledge of insectivorous
birds and birds on their farms. Innovations in current farming
practices that could enhance bird populations should be
disseminated through existing social networks and media channels
identified in this paper.
© Thomson
38. Assessment of the adoption of sustainable
agriculture practices: Implications for agricultural
education.
Alonge, A. J. and Martin, R.
A.
Journal of Agricultural
Education 36 (3): 34-42.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
S530.A4; ISSN: 1042-0541
Descriptors:
sustainability/ farmers' attitudes/
innovation adoption/ demography/ regression analysis/ farming
systems/ profitability/ Iowa
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
39. Attitudes toward joint forest planning
among private landowners.
Jacobson, M. G.; Abt, R. C.; and
Carter, D. R.
Journal of Sustainable
Forestry 11 (3): 95-112.
(2000); ISSN:
1054-9811
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
40. Awareness of operation future among
landowner-operators in the Darby Creek watershed of
Ohio.
Napier, T. L. and Johnson, E.
J.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 53 (4):
353-357. (1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ water
conservation/ watersheds/ agricultural land/ voluntary services/
programs/ program effectiveness/ diffusion of information/ social
participation/ farmers' attitudes/ regional surveys/
Ohio
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
41. Biological integrity versus biological
diversity as policy directives.
Angermeier, P. L. and Karr, J.
R.
Bioscience 44: 690-697. (1994)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A
Descriptors:
Supporting Science
Abstract:
Examined the ideas of biological
integrity and diversity as they pertained to human-generated
landscapes, such as agriculture, and discussed the need for
effective policy to create a complete conservation protection
plan.
42. Blending "hard" and "soft" science: The
"follow-the-technology" approach to catalyzing and evaluating
technology change.
Douthwaite, Boru; de, Haan
Nicoline C; Manyong, Victor; and Keatinge, Dyno
Conservation Ecology
5 (2): 13. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C67; ISSN: 1195-5449
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae): crop/ Plants/
Darwinian evolution/ conceptual models/ follow the technology
approach [FTT approach]/ hard science/ integrated natural resource
management [INRM]/ learning selection/ natural resource management
technologies [NRM technologies]/ natural selection/ novelty
generation/ plant breeding/ plausible promise/ promulgation/ rural
technology/ social adaptation / social negotiation/ soft
science/ stakeholders/ technology change: catalyzation,
evaluation
Abstract: The types of technology change catalyzed
by research interventions in integrated natural resource management
(INRM) are likely to require much more social negotiation and
adaptation than are changes related to plant breeding, the dominant
discipline within the system of the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Conceptual models for
developing and delivering high-yielding varieties have proven
inadequate for delivering natural resource management (NRM)
technologies that are adopted in farmers' fields. Successful INRM
requires tools and approaches that can blend the technical with the
social, so that people from different disciplines and social
backgrounds can effectively work and communicate with each other.
This paper develops the "follow-the-technology" (FTT) approach to
catalyzing, managing, and evaluating rural technology change as a
framework that both "hard" and "soft" scientists can work with. To
deal with complexity, INRM needs ways of working that are adaptive
and flexible. The FTT approach uses technology as the entry point
into a complex situation to determine what is important. In this
way, it narrows the research arena to achievable boundaries. The
methodology can also be used to catalyze technology change, both
within and outside agriculture. The FTT approach can make it
possible to channel the innovative potential of local people that
is necessary in INRM to "scale up" from the pilot site to the
landscape. The FTT approach is built on an analogy between
technology change and Darwinian evolution, specifically between
"learning selection" and natural selection. In learning selection,
stakeholders experiment with a new technology and carry out the
evolutionary roles of novelty generation, selection, and
promulgation. The motivation to participate is a "plausible
promise" made by the R&D team to solve a real farming problem.
Case studies are presented from a spectrum of technologies to show
that repeated learning selection cycles can result in an
improvement in the performance of the plausible promise through
adaptation and a sense of ownership by the stakeholders.
© Thomson
43. Bridging the gap between private
landowners and conservationists.
James, S. M.
Conservation Biology
16 (1): 269-271. (2002)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
44. Broadening the basis for enhancing
biodiversity: A farmer's perspective.
Milne, Bruce
In: People and nature
conservation: Perspectives on private land use and endangered
species recovery/ Bennett, A.; Backhouse, G.; and Clark,
T.
Mosman, New South Wales,
Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales,
1995;
pp. 204-208.
Notes: ISBN: 0646245074; Conference: Australasian
Wildlife Management Society Annual Meeting, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia,
December 1993
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ animals/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ vertebrates/ attitude/
biodiversity decline/ education/ ethics/ land degradation/ soil
erosion/ water pollution/ Behavior / Conservation / Education /
Human Ecology (Anthropology)/ Philosophy and Ethics/ Pollution
Assessment Control and Management/ Soil Science
© Thomson
45. Building forest wealth: Incentives for
biodiversity, landowner profitability, and value added
manufacturing.
Johnson, Kirk. and University of
Washington. Northwest Policy Center. Washington Forestry Working
Group.
Seattle, Wash.: The Center; 44 p.:
ill. (1995)
Notes: "January 1995." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 42-43).
NAL Call #: SD413.W2J64--1995
Descriptors:
Forest conservation---Economic
aspects---Washington State/ Forest landowners---Washington State/
Forest policy---Washington State
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
46. A case study for adopting the nitrate
chloride technique to improve irrigation and nitrogen practices in
farmers' fields.
Al Jamal, M. S.; Sammis, T. W.;
and Ball, S. T.
Applied Engineering in
Agriculture 17 (5): 601-610.
(Sept. 2001)
NAL Call #:
S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542
Descriptors:
chloride/ tracers/ irrigation
water/ infiltration/ furrow irrigation/ irrigation/ water use
efficiency/ nitrate nitrogen/ leaching/ pollution control/
groundwater pollution/ innovation adoption/ resistance to change/
technology transfer/ crop management/ crop yield/ lactuca sativa/
capsicum annuum/ field crops/ horticultural crops/ farmers'
attitudes/ New Mexico/ best management practices/ irrigation
efficiency/ deficit irrigation
Abstract: Groundwater contamination caused by
nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)-N) leaching through soils is becoming a
serious problem in the irrigated Mesilla Valley of southern New
Mexico. The greatest groundwater contamination probably results
from large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer being applied to
shallow-rooted, high-value vegetable crops (i.e., onion, lettuce,
and chile). The main objective of the study was to demonstrate to
farmers that a chloride tracer could be used to determine the
irrigation and nitrogen-use efficiency of their management system
and how decreasing nitrogen (N) inputs will affect profitability.
Five farmers (representing 60% of the farmers that are the
technology diffusion leaders in the county) were chosen as
innovative farmers who would transfer the technology to others. The
average estimated irrigation efficiencies obtained from the
farmers' fields were high, ranging from 87 to 97%. These
unexpectedly high irrigation efficiencies under furrow irrigation
were a result of the farmers practicing deficit irrigation due to
limited water resources. However, deficit irrigation resulted in
yields below maximum yield (considered to be near the average
county yield). The amount of NO3(-)-N leached ranged from 9 kg/ha
under fall lettuce to 152 kg/ha under chile. The 152 kg/ha obtained
from the chile fields had a calculated average N application
efficiency of 57%, resulting in an average NO3(-)-N concentration
greater than the maximum contamination level allowed for drinking
water of 10 mg/L. Although the NO3(-)-N leached below farmers'
fields was high, the farmers did not think it was their
responsibility to change management practices unless their profits
would increase. Farmers rejected the adoption of the technology
because they felt the costs outweighed the benefits. Consequently,
transfer of this technology to the farmers failed. The farmers
indicated that they would adopt the technology only if forced to by
a regulatory agency.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
47. A Case Study of Changing Land Use
Practices in the Northern Great Plains, U.S.A.: An Uncertain Future
for Waterbird Conservation.
Higgins, K. F.; Naugle, D. E.; and
Forman, K. J.
Waterbirds 25 (2 [supplement]): 42-50.
(2002); ISSN:
1524-4695.
Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated
Approaches.
Descriptors:
Land use / Habitat changes/
Agricultural practices/ Conservation/ Wildlife management/ Aquatic
birds/ Habitat/ Breeding sites/ Wetlands/ Agriculture/ Nature
conservation/ Ecosystem management/ Environmental protection/ Aves/
United States, Great Plains/ Birds/ mixed grass prairies/
Conservation/ Conservation, wildlife management and recreation/
Reproduction and development
Abstract: Wetland and grassland habitats of the
northern Great Plains are a primary breeding ground for waterbirds
in North America. Native mixed grass prairies that were
historically used for cattle grazing have met with changing social
and economic pressures that put the remaining 40% of this resource
at high risk of tillage. In this paper, we describe the current
state of our waning rural societies, characterize impacts of land
use change on waterbird habitats, and discuss conservation actions
to benefit waterbirds. Recent population statistics indicate that a
record number of farmers facing low commodity prices are selling
their farms and moving to urban centers for employment. Other
farmers are shifting from diversified agriculture to monoculture
grain farming to take advantage of farm programs that provide
incentives to bring marginal land into production. Additional data
indicate that concurrent changes in crop types have decreased
quality of farmland wildlife habitat while bigger and faster farm
equipment and genetically modified crops continue to make farming
marginal land less risky. Legislators and administrators should be
advised that waterbird habitat loss continues to expand westward.
The last chance to sustain the unique grassland-wetland character
of the northern Great Plains is to accelerate grassland
conservation with short- and long-term stewardship programs and
incentives to family ranchers. This philosophy is of vital
importance because it also protects wetland habitats that otherwise
are vulnerable to drainage when native prairie is converted to
cropland. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, this would conserve
our prairie heritage for future generations while preserving the
private property rights of landowners.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
48. The Central Valley Water Project
Improvement Act and water markets: Water markets, individual
incentives, and environmental goals.
Howitt, R.
Choices 9 (1): 10-13. (1994)
NAL Call #:
HD1751.C45; ISSN: 0886-5558.
Notes: Comment by B.D. Gardner and J.E. Warner, p.
4-9. Includes references.
Descriptors:
water policy/ environmental
legislation/ trade/ externalities/ incentives/ water costs/
marketing/ objectives/ California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
49. The change to conservation: Moving farmers
toward new production practices.
Caswell, M.
Agricultural Outlook
(AO) (No. 281): 32-34.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
aHD1751.A422
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
50. The choice of tillage, rotation, and soil
testing practices: Economic and environmental
implications.
Wu, J. J. and Babcock, B.
A.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 80 (3): 494-511. (Aug. 1998)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
farm management/ innovation
adoption/ decision making/ agricultural land/ environmental impact/
economic impact/ nitrogen fertilizers/ application rates/
conservation/ erosion/ tillage/ rotations/ agricultural regions/
crop management/ soil testing/ probabilistic models/ Nebraska/
polychotomous choice selectivity model
Abstract: Farmers' management practices can have a
significant effect on agricultural pollution. Past research has
analyzed factors influencing adoption of a single management
practice. But often adoption decisions about many practices are
made simultaneously, which suggests use of a polychotomous-choice
model to analyze decisions. Such a model is applied to the choice
of alternative management practices on cropland in the Central
Nebraska Basin and controlled for self-selection and the
interaction between alternative practices. The
results of the choice model are
used to estimate the economic and environmental effects of adopting
alternative combinations of management practices.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
51. Combining actual and contingent behavior
data to model farmer adoption of water quality protection
practices.
Cooper, J. C.
Journal of Agricultural and
Resource Economics 22 (1):
30-43. (1997)
NAL Call #:
HD1750.W4; ISSN: 0162-1912
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
52. Combining spatial and survey data to
explain participation in agricultural land preservation
programs.
Lynch, L. and Lovell, S.
J.
Land Economics 79 (2): 259-276. (2003)
NAL Call #:
282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
53. A common vision: Evaluating the farming
industry's progress toward sustainability.
Forney, D. R.
Reviews in
Toxicology 2 (1-4): 303-314.
(1998); ISSN:
1382-6980.
Notes: Conference: Pesticides and the Future:
Minimizing Exposure of Humans and the Environment, Kisarazu
(Japan), 26-30 May 1997; Publisher: IOS Press, Van Diemenstraat 94
Amsterdam 1013 CN The Netherlands
Descriptors:
Environmental protection/
Environmental impact/ Agricultural pollution/ Agriculture/
Nature conservation/ Pollution control/ Resource conservation/
Sociological aspects/ Economics/ Sustainable agriculture/
Agrochemicals/ Agricultural practices/ Pollution/ Sustainable
development/ Resource management/ Research programs/
Environment management/ United States, Maryland/ United States,
Maryland, Chestertown, Chesapeake Farms/ sustainable farming/
Chesapeake Farms/ Prevention and control/ Environmental impact/
Environmental action/ Protective measures and control
Abstract: The Sustainable Agriculture Project at
Chesapeake Farms is a study of what is working in farming today -
technologies and practices born on both industrial and sustainable
farms to help ensure the industry's success. Many were created in
response to the negative impacts of industrial agriculture, paving
the way for social pressure and regulation to reshape the way
farming is done. There is an increased demand for the protection of
natural resources, safe food and water, and a commitment to social
issues. Sustainable agriculture addresses these demands by
considering its impact in the context of human, ecological, and
economic parameters. While sustainable agriculture is not yet
mainstream, a common vision for sustainability is moving the
industry as a whole in the right direction. This paper illustrates
how the Sustainable Agriculture Project at Chesapeake Farms
contributes to our knowledge and understanding of sustainability so
that we can effectively evaluate the industry's
progress.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
54. Communication and adoption evaluation of
USDA water quality demonstration projects: Evaluation
report.
Nowak, Peter J. and United States.
Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension
Service.
Washiington, D.C.: Plant and
Animal Science Production, Protection, and Processing, CSREES/USDA;
iv, 43 p.: ill. (1 col.), col. map. (1997)
Notes: Cover title. "Both funding and technical
support were provided by USDA's Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service" ... [et al.]--P. ii. "October 22,
1997"--T.p. Includes bibliographical references (p.
42-43).
NAL Call #: aTD223.C662--1997
Descriptors:
Water quality management---United
States/ Farmers---United States---Attitudes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
55. Communication and adoption evaluation of
USDA water quality demonstration projects: Executive
summary.
Nowak, Peter J.; United States.
Extension Service; United States. Natural Resources Conservation
Service; and United States. Farm Service Agency.
Washington, D.C.: Plant and Animal
Science Production, Protection, and Processing, CSREES/USDA; 5 p.
(1997)
Notes: Cover title. "The projects have been jointly
conducted by Cooperative Extension, the Natural Resources
Conservation Service, and the Farm Service Agency"--P. 2. "October
22, 1997"--P. [1].
NAL Call #: aTD223.C66--1997
http://www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/wgwq/demoeval1.html
Descriptors:
Water quality management---United
States/ Farmers---United States Attitudes
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
56. Comparative differences in Ontario
farmers' environmental attitudes.
Filson, Glen C
Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 6 (2): 165-184. ( 1993)
NAL Call #:
BJ52.5 .J68
Descriptors:
agricultural sustainability/
conservation/ education/ statistics
© Thomson
57. Comparison of perceptions and
implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) between IPM and
conventional farmers of greenhouse vegetables in northern
Greece.
Papadaki, Klavdianou Afroditi;
Tsakiridou, Efthimi; and Giasemi, Evangeli
Environmental
Conservation 27 (1): 36-42.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmer/
vegetable crops (Angiospermae)/ Angiosperms/ Animals/ Chordates/
Humans/ Mammals/ Plants/ Primates/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/
Vertebrates/ Common Agricultural Policy [CAP]/ advisory support/
environmental attitudes/ greenhouses/ integrated pest management
[IPM]: implementation, perceptions/ technical support
Abstract: Reform of the European Union's Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP), especially through Regulation 2078/92,
provided a dual role for farmers as food producers and stewards of
the environment and the countryside. Implementation of integrated
pest management (IPM) in greenhouse enterprises in Greece is a part
of this effort. In this study, the effectiveness of the adoption
and implementation of IPM practices in greenhouse vegetable
cultivation in Central Macedonia (Greece) was assessed. Eighty-six
farmers enrolled in an IPM programme and 28 conventional greenhouse
farmers were selected and interviewed in 1997, using a
questionnaire designed to assess their behaviour in the greenhouse
and examine their attitudes towards the environment. Wide adoption
of IPM was found still to face many hindrances, mainly due to the
lack of appropriate technical and advisory support by the
agricultural local services, and farmers' low level of knowledge of
IPM. Comparisons between IPM and conventional farmers revealed
that: (1) the two groups' behaviour did not differ significantly in
greenhouse production practices, but (2) IPM farmers were more
aware of the new environmental dimension of the CAP, and (3) they
expressed more concern about the negative effects of modern
agriculture on nature, than conventional farmers.
© Thomson
58. Conservation Reserve Program:
Cost-effectiveness is uncertain: Report to the Chairman,
Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug
Administration, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations,
House of Representatives.
United States, General Accounting
Office and United States, Congress House Committee on
Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture Rural Development Food
and Drug Administration and Related Agencies
Washington, D.C.: General
Accounting Office; 14 p. (1993)
Notes: Cover title. "March 1993." "GAO/RCED-93-132."
"B-252621"--P. 1. Includes bibliographical references. SUDOCS: GA
1.13:RCED-93-132.
NAL Call #: S604.6.U55--1993
http://archive.gao.gov/d44t15/148906.pdf
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve
Program---United States/ Cost effectiveness/ Agricultural
conservation---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
59. Conservation tillage and input
use.
Uri, N D
Environmental Geology 29
(3-4): 188-201. (1997)
NAL Call #:
QE1.E5; ISSN: 0943-0105
Descriptors:
agriculture/ conservation/
mathematical model/ pesticide use/ soil science/ tillage
Abstract: There continues to be a question as to
the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in
reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment.
While it is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion
will decline further, as tillage and mulch tillage systems are not
used more extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide
and fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into
this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. On
the assumption that the decision to adopt conservation tillage is a
two-step procedure, the first decision is whether or not to adopt a
conservation tillage production system and the second concerns the
extent to which conservation tillage should be used - appropriate
models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated.
Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States
for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was
adopted is that the cropland had above-average slope and
experienced above-average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain
enterprise, and it had an above-average expenditure on pesticides
and a below-average expenditure on fuel and custom pesticide
applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage
production practice, an above-average expenditure was made on
fertilizer.
© Thomson
60. Conservation tillage in US
agriculture.
Uri, N D
Environmental
Technology 19 (10):
1017-1027. (1998)
NAL Call #:
TD1.E59; ISSN: 0959-3330
Descriptors:
agricultural production/ climate/
conservation tillage/ environmental impact/ policy factors/
resource management/ soil erosion/ soil type
Abstract: Conservation tillage was used on nearly
36% of planted hectares in 1996 in the United States. This level
has remained relatively unchanged since 1993. The use of
conservation tillage varies by crop and is dependent on
site-specific factors including soil type, topsoil depth and local
climatic conditions. A number of economic, demographic, geographic
and policy factors have affected the adoption of conservation
tillage. While it is not possible to quantify exactly the impact of
these factors, it is clear that management complexities and
profitability are key factors impeding the further adoption of
conservation tillage.
© Thomson
61. Conservation tillage research and
extension education in California.
Mitchell, J P; Miyao, E M;
McGiffen, M; and Cahn, M D
HortScience 36 (3): 472. (2001)
NAL Call #:
SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345.
Notes: Conference: 98th Annual International
Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science,
Sacramento, California, USA, July 21-25, 2001
Descriptors:
Education/ Soil Science/
California/ United States / North America/ Nearctic region/
conservation tillage/ research/ tillage method
Abstract: Despite a 300% increase in conservation
tillage (CT) acreage in the Midwest during the last decade, less
than 0.5% of row crop acreage in California is currently farmed
with CT practices (CT Information Center, 2000). Primary reasons
why CT approaches have not been more widely adopted in California
include lack of experience and information related to CT, limited
locally-available CT equipment, concerns about irrigation
management in surface residues, and the fact that planting bed
dimensions typically change from one rotation crop to the next.
Despite these concerns, however, there has been a well-documented
increase not only in interest in CT, but also in terms of CT
research and demonstration activities during the last five years
throughout California. Whereas in 1996 there was one CT
research/demonstration site in the state, there were upwards of
twenty in 2000. The Univ. of California's Division of Agriculture
and Natural Resources Conservation Tillage Workgroup has been
involved in many of these research and extension education efforts
and during the last five years has increased the number of its
members and affiliates from three to over 60 in 2000. Primary
incentives for evaluating CT options in California include cutting
production costs, improving soil quality, managing weed with
surface residues, and minimizing soil compaction. The extent to
which these goals might be realized in California's highly
productive and intensive row crop production valleys is the subject
of considerable ongoing research and innovation.
© Thomson
62. Constraints to the adoption of innovations
in agricultural research and environmental management: A
review.
Guerin, L J and Guerin, T
F
Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 34 (4): 549-571. ( 1994)
NAL Call #:
23-Au792; ISSN: 0816-1089
Descriptors:
agriculture/ cost/
technology
Abstract: There are several constraints to the
adoption of technologies and innovations by Australian farmers.
Here an attempt has been made to define the major constraints to
adoption. These are identified as: the extent to which the farmer
finds the new technology complex and difficult to comprehend; how
readily observable the outcomes of an adoption are; its financial
cost; the farmer's beliefs and opinions towards the technology; the
farmees level of motivation; the farmer's perception of the
relevance of the new technology; and the farmer's attitudes towards
risk and change. The classical adoption-diffusion model and
subsequent modifications are discussed. In particular, issues
relating to the participatory action research (PAR) approach are
raised and discussed. In addition, methodologies in extension
research are briefly discussed and the roles of extension personnel
and agricultural scientists in the technology adoption process are
examined. The adoption of innovations in natural resource
management is discussed and the findings indicate that this is an
area of agriculture in which extension practice and research will
play an increasingly important role in the future. Recommendations
for further research into adoption of technological innovations in
resource management and agriculture are made.
© Thomson
63. Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer
recommendation system using a dynamic model: What do farmers
want?
Smith, J. U.; Dailey, A. G.;
Glendining, M. J.; Bradbury, N. J.; Addiscott, T. M.; Smith, P.;
Bide, A.; Boothroyd, D.; Brown, E.; Cartwright, R.; Chorley, R.;
Cook, S.; Cousins, S.; Draper, S.; Dunn, M.; Fisher, A.; Griffith,
P.; Hayes, C.; Lock, A.; Lord, S.; Mackay, J.; Malone, C.;
Mitchell, D.; Nettleton, D.; Nicholls, D.; and Overman, H.
Soil Use and
Management 13 (4): 225-228.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68; ISSN: 0266-0032
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
64. Contract holders' preferences for the 1995
Food Security Act.
Fox, L.; Meyer, N.; and Greear,
J.
Bulletin - Idaho
Agricultural Experiment Station 773: 39. (1995)
NAL Call #:
100-Id14; ISSN: 0441-9855.
Notes: In the subseries: Idaho Conservation Reserve
Program. Includes references.
Descriptors:
conservation areas/ federal
programs/
program participants/ landowners/
demography/ regional surveys/ attitudes/ land use/ statistical
data/ microeconomics/ Idaho/ United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
65. The contribution of scenic beauty
indicators in estimating environmental welfare measures:
A case study.
Fanariotu, I. and Skuras,
D.
Social Indicators
Research 65 (2): 145-165.
(2004); ISSN:
0303-8300.
Notes: Number of References: 40
Publisher: Kluwer Academic
Publ
Descriptors:
Sociology & Anthropology/
contingent valuation/ forest fires/ forest landscape/ landscape
conservation/ scenic beauty estimates/ choice contingent valuation/
confidence intervals/ information/ preferences/ landscape/ impacts/
stands/ tests
Abstract: Aesthetic indicators of landscapes,
expressed as individual scenic beauty estimates, may be used as
proxies of individuals' specific aesthetic values, and improve the
properties of welfare estimates produced by contingent valuation
models. This work presents results from an interdisciplinary study
where forest scenic beauty indicators are utilized in an economic
valuation study approximating welfare estimates from increased
forest fire protection. The omission of scenic beauty indicators
from the economic valuation of environmental resources produces
biased and overestimated welfare measures. Combining economic and
environmental indicators significantly improves the explanatory
power of economic valuation models and of the produced welfare
measures. Such a combination, however, is only possible when
carried out by interdisciplinary research teams. The results of
such research are significant to environmental and natural resource
policy makers and planners.
© Thomson ISI
66. Control of Nonpoint Source Pollution
Through Voluntary Incentive-Based Policies:
An Application to Nitrate
Contamination in New York.
Peterson, J. M. and Boisvert, R.
N.
Agricultural and Resource
Economics Review 30
(2): 127-138. (2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A2N6; ISSN: 1068-2805
Descriptors:
Government policies/ Environmental
economics/ Agricultural runoff/ Land use/ Pollution control/
Environmental quality/ Nonpoint pollution/ Nitrates/ Environmental
Policy/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Water Pollution Control/ Corn/
Farms/ United States, New York/ Environmental action/ Water quality
control
Abstract: A voluntary program is developed to
achieve environmental goals through the self-interested choices of
farmers under environmental risk and asymmetric information.
Farmers behave to maximize expected net returns, and environmental
quality standards are formulated through chance constraints.
Because the government may not know each farmer's soil type, policy
options must be self-selecting. The model is applied empirically to
nitrate leaching and runoff from corn production in three New York
regions. Asymmetric information between producers and the
government would impose additional cost burdens on society, but
these costs are modest in the context of other farm
programs.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
67. Controversy over CRP in Montana:
Implications for the future.
Saltiel, J.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 49 (3):
284-288. (May 1994-June 1994)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ federal
programs/ participation/ farmers' attitudes/ opinions/ regional
surveys/ Montana/ Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
68. Correlates of plant nutrient use among
Ohio farmers: Implications for water quality
initiatives.
Napier TL and Sommers
DG
Journal of Rural
Studies 10 (2): 159-171; 34
ref. (1994)
NAL Call #:
HT401.J68
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
69. Cost-effectiveness of conservation and
nutrient management practices in Pennsylvania.
Epp, D. J. and Hamlett, J.
M.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 51 (6):
486-494. (1996)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
River basins/ agricultural
practices/ cost analysis/ nutrients/ agricultural runoff/ sediment
erosion/ conservation/ environmental policy/ water pollution
control/ economics/ pollution control/ Pennsylvania/ Susquehanna
River/ Water quality control/ Freshwater pollution/ Prevention and
control/ Management/ United States
Abstract: We evaluated changes in field costs and
revenues with each of seven conservation best management practices
(BMP) and two nutrient management programs (NMP) for three sites in
the Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania. Field layouts,
rotation selection, BMP design, and CREAMS modeling of sediment and
nutrient losses are reported elsewhere. BMP implementation costs,
field operation costs, and crop revenues were calculated with each
BMP as well as the baseline condition representing present
practices. The present value of net field revenue over a 10-year
period for each BMP/NMP combination is compared to that of the
baseline. The BMP/NMP combinations are compared for
cost-effectiveness in reducing sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus
losses. Nonstructural BMPs (no-till, contour, contour with
waterways, strip crop with waterways, filter strips) produced less
reduction in net field income than did structural BMPs (terraces
with waterways, parallel tile outlet terraces, sediment basins). In
some instances nonstructural BMPs increased net field income
relative to the baseline even without including cost sharing. When
combined with the improved NMP (improved manure storage and
nutrient application matched to crop needs), nonstructural BMPs
produced higher net field incomes than did structural BMPs. The
most cost-effective BMP /NMP combinations were no-till, filter
strip, and strip crop with waterways. At one of the sites, the most
cost-effective combination included the improved NMP. At the other
two sites, a BMP without improved NMP was more
cost-effective.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
70. Cost-share incentives and best management
practices in a pilot water quality program.
Houston, J. E. and Sun,
H.
Journal of Agricultural and
Resource Economics 24 (1):
239-252. (July 1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502
Descriptors:
farm management/ simulation/
incentives/ pollution/ crop yield/ returns/ uncertainty/ weather/
markets/ water quality/ program evaluation/ crop production/
innovation adoption/ watersheds/ coastal plains/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ risk/ equations/ Georgia/ Gum Creek
Watershed
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
71. Cover-cropping practices of vegetable
producers in western New York.
Stivers Young, L. J. and Tucker,
F. A.
HortTechnology 9 (3): 459-465. (July 1999-Sept.
1999)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68; ISSN: 1063-0198
Descriptors:
vegetables/ farms/ cover crops/
surveys/ farmers' attitudes/ information needs/ extension/
technology transfer/ farm size/ erosion control/ soil organic
matter/ harvesting/ tillage/ New York
Abstract: Surveys of vegetable growers in a
six-county region in western New York were conducted in 1997 to
determine which cover cropping practices were being used on
commercial vegetable operations; to identify producers' needs for
further research and information, and to assess the impact of
cooperative extension programs in this area. In a broad survey, 118
responses were returned out of 315 surveys sent (37%). Respondents
represented > 37,000 acres (14974 ha) of vegetable production,
or approximately equal to 53% of the vegetable acreage in the
region. Vegetable acreage per operation ranged from 1 to 4000 acres
(0.4 to 1619 ha). Sixty-nine percent responded that they grew cover
crops on a total of 15,426 acres (6243 ha). Oats (Avena sativa L.),
rye (Secale cereale), clover (Trifolium pratense), and wheat
(Triticum vulgare) were the most commonly used cover crops.
Seventy-six percent of the reported cover-cropped acres were
planted to small grains, and 19% to legumes, almost entirely
clovers. In open ended questions, the most important benefits of
cover cropping identified by respondents were erosion control (46%
of respondents) and organic matter additions (42%). The most
important problems associated with cover crops were that they
interfere with spring field work or fall harvest (26%), and that
they are difficult to incorporate or plow under (24%). A targeted
survey of nineteen onion (Allium cepa L.) producers in the same
region measured the recent adoption of sudangrass (Sorghum
sudanense Piper) and sorghum-sudan hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. x S.
sudanense) cover crops, the focus of the several years of extension
research and educational programs. Nine of the onion producers had
adopted the practice, and six of these had done so since the
beginning of these extension programs. The implications of these
results for research and extension are discussed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
72. The CRP Decision Process.
Amosson, S. H.; Smith, J.; Outlaw,
J.; and Smith, E. G.
College Station, TX: Texas
Agricultural Extension Service, 1997.
http://agecoext.tamu.edu/resources/publications/commodity/crp/three/crpsteva.pdf
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve Program/ State
conservation programs/ Texas
Abstract: Outlined the decision process a
landowner must making in deciding to enroll or re-enroll land in
CRP.
73. Cultural evolution and water management in
the Salinas River Valley.
Thompson, J. G. and Reynolds,
R.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 38 (6): 1661-1677. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X
Descriptors:
United States, California, Salinas
River/ Water Management/ Case Studies/ Planning/ Social Change/
Groundwater Irrigation/ Saline Water Intrusion/ Institutional
Constraints/ Groundwater/ Irrigation/ Case study/ River valleys/
River basin management/ Water resources/ Resource management/ Water
use/ Agriculture/ Irrigation water/ Water supply/ Environmental
effects/ Saline intrusion/ Sociological aspects/ Regional
planning/ Policies/ Environmental legislation/ River basins /
Irrigation/ Economics/ Historical account/ Sociology/ environmental
policy/ United States, California, Salinas River/ United States,
California, Salinas River Valley/ Groundwater management/ Water
Resources and Supplies/ Conservation, wildlife management and
recreation/ Environmental action/ Water & Wastewater Treatment/
Evaluation process
Abstract: This article reports the findings of a
case study of a major California water management district's effort
to change its management approach. The following key findings and
factors have influenced the Salinas basin management plan (BMP) and
its progress: (1) the Salinas Valley is an economy dominated by
highly sophisticated irrigated agriculture dependent on ground
water; (2) a persistent pattern of agricultural overdraft of ground
water has hurt growers primarily in the north end of the valley via
induced saline intrusion of irrigation wells; (3) a complex set of
water institutions, property and water rights, and land lease
practices offer little incentive for good stewardship of land and
water; and (4) the BMP approach initially may have intensified
tension among growers and between growers and other water user
groups. Water rules and practices in the Salinas Valley and
Monterey County have evolved through a long historical process of
adaptations. Therefore, any significant changes in local water use
practices need to be understood in terms of cultural change, that
is, changes in deeply held values, beliefs, and assumptions. We
believe the BMP and the MCWRA are succeeding when evaluated from
this evolutionary perspective. The fact that both still exist
relatively intact testifies that they are working, albeit
slowly.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
74. The dairy dilemma: A decision case for
water quality.
Miller, B. E.; Farrell Poe, K. L.;
and Egelund, J.
Journal of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Education 27: 42-48. (1998)
NAL Call #:
S530.J6; ISSN: 1059-9053 [JRLEEJ]
Descriptors:
cattle/ water pollution/ farm
management/ waste disposal/ dairy farming/ case studies/ water
quality/ regulations/ decision making/ animals/ Utah/ bacterial
pollution/ waste management
Abstract: This decision case study involves a dairy
(Box taurus) operation that contributed bacterial pollution to a
nearby water-way in northern Utah. Students must use whole-farm
management and waste management design criteria in the decision
process. A solution requires balancing the current crop and
livestock management philosophies of the owners with water quality
standards mandated by the state. The method has been used
successfully in three courses. Chet and Todd Benson are currently
operating a dairy in Wellsville, UT, which has been found to be a
major contributor of water pollution in the Little Bear River. The
state of Utah and the USEPA have hoped that an educational effort
will allow for voluntary measures to mitigate the pollutants
leaving the dairy. To date, the Utah Department of Environmental
Quality (DEQ) has issued few citations in the state and are hoping
to continue on a voluntary compliance basis. The primary operator
of the dairy, Todd, must decide what course of action to take
related to their family dairy operation. It is a delicate issue
because his father, Chet, feels that the state is meddling into
their business. Todd must also take into account the future of the
dairy because the voluntary compliance program has some attractive
incentives to encourage participation, namely, cost-sharing for
improvements. If they choose not to participate, it is likely that
they will be ineligible for future USDA cost-sharing arrangements.
The Key issues in the case involve voluntary vs. involuntary
participation in government programs, water quality, and
implications to agricultural operations, dairy waste management,
and Western water rights.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
75. Dairy manure and plant nutrient management
issues affecting water quality and the dairy industry.
Lanyon, L. E.
Journal of Dairy
Science 77 (7): 1999-2007.
(July 1994)
NAL Call #:
44.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-0302 [JDSCAE]
Descriptors:
cattle manure/ water pollution/
pollution control/ dairy farms/ cattle feeding/ production costs/
environmental policy/ United States
Abstract: Specific requirements for dairy manure
management to protect water quality from nutrient pollution depend
on the organization of individual farms. Further, the management
requirements and options are different for point (farmstead) and
nonpoint (field-applied) sources of pollution from farms. A formal
management process can guide decisions about existing crop nutrient
utilization potential, provide a framework for tracking nutrients
supplied to crops, and identify future requirements for dairy
manure management to protect water quality. Farm managers can use
the process to plan daily activities, to assess annual nutrient
management performance, and to chart future requirements as herd
size increases. Agronomic measures of nutrient balance and tracking
of inputs and outputs for various farm management units can provide
the quantitative basis for management to allocate better manure to
fields, to modify dairy rations, or to develop alternatives to
on-farm manure application. Changes in agricultural production
since World War II have contributed to a shift from land-based
dairy production to a reliance on capital factors of production
supplied by the dairy industry. Meanwhile, management of dairy
manure to meet increasingly stringent water quality protection
requirements is still a land-based activity. Involving the dairy
industry and off-farm stakeholders as participants in the
management process for field, farm, and regional dairy production
can be the basis for decision-making to reconcile the sometimes
conflicting demands of production and water quality
protection.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
76. Data and Information About Natural
Resources on Agricultural Land: No Rules,
Just Rights.
Zinn, J. A.; Congressional
Research Service (CRS).
National Arbor Day Foundation
(NADF) [Also available as: Privacy and Natural Resources Workshop
White Paper; 1998], 2000 (text/html)
http://www.arborday.org/programs/papers/PrivacyWpaper.html
Descriptors:
databases/ data collection/
information technology/ legal rights/ natural resource policy /
agricultural policy/ landowners/ private lands/ laws and
regulations
Abstract: The National Arbor Day Foundation
(NADF), supported by the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS), convened a diverse group of about 60 invited participants -
landowners as well as representatives of agribusiness, interest
groups, and government agencies - to discuss evolving relationships
between the rapidly increasing volume of valuable natural resource
data and information in agriculture and growing concerns about
confidentiality. Farmers, ranchers, and other landowners often
characterize these relationships as a debate between public access
to data and information that could be used to regulate their
production activities and the protection of personal privacy, but
the relationships are far more complicated, as this workshop
demonstrated. Participants shared their knowledge about the laws
and rules that govern disclosure and confidentiality, about recent
changes in data collection and information technology, and about
their expectations regarding the rate and nature of change in the
future. They identified possible responses and solutions during
discussion periods. Some of the themes that emerged during the
workshop had to do with the growing value of data, the increased
interest by private industry in this value, the need to create a
climate of trust among agricultural producers, the need for better
communication and new partnerships, and the growing importance of
information in distinguishing more successful producers from less
successful ones. The workshop did not reach closure on these themes
for agriculture generally or for natural resource conservation.
This group left development of recommendations for future
gatherings.
77. Decomposing the size effect on the
adoption of innovations: Agrobiotechnology and precision
agriculture.
Fernandez Cornejo, J.; Daberkow,
S.; and McBride, W. D.
Agbioforum 4 (2) (2001)
NAL Call #:
HD9999.B442A33; ISSN: 1522-936X.
Notes: Publisher: Curators of the University of
Missouri
Descriptors:
zea mays / glycine max/
biotechnology/ genetic engineering/ site specific crop management/
innovation adoption/ crop production/ farm size/ decision making/
farm surveys/ probabilistic models/ comparisons/ two limit Tobit
model
Abstract: This paper examines the factors that
influence the adoption of two emerging agricultural technologies,
genetically engineered crops and precision agriculture in corn and
soybean production, and contrasts the relative influence of various
factors on the adoption decision for these two technologies, with
special emphasis on the role of farm size.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
78. The delicate balance: Decision-making,
rights, and nature.
Schulkin, Jay.
Lanham, Md.: University Press of
America; xvii, 174 p. (1996)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
[141]-171) and index.
NAL Call #: HD30.23.S378--1996; ISBN: 0761804323 (alk. paper); 0761804331 (pbk.: alk.
paper)
Descriptors:
Decision making---Moral and ethical
aspects/ Natural resources---Management---Decision making/
Uncertainty
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
79. Desert riparian areas: Landscape
perceptions and attitudes.
Zube, Ervin H and Sheehan, Michele
R
Environmental
Management 18 (3): 413-421.
(1994)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ animals/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ vertebrates/ agriculture/
farmers/ land use/ local decision makers/ management/ natural area
preservation/ realtors/ resource managers/ Safford/ socioeconomics/
Upper Gila River/
wildlife preservation
Abstract: The perceptions and attitudes of
residents and special interest groups along the Upper Gila River in
the vicinity of the town of Safford, Arizona, USA, were studied
with a primary focus on descriptions of the riparian landscape and
attitudes towards planning and management in and around the
riparian area. Special interest groups included farmers, resource
managers, realtors, and local decision makers. Attention was
directed to differences between resource managers and other groups.
Findings from this study are compared with those from a previous
study along the Upper San Pedro River. Notable differences between
the two areas included perceptions of appropriate land uses, with a
greater emphasis on agriculture and related activities in the Upper
Gila River area and on wildlife and natural area preservation in
the Upper San Pedro area. Relationships of perceptions and
attitudes with the socioeconomic contexts of the two study areas
are explored.
© Thomson
80. Desert riparian landscapes: Values and
change, 1981-96.
Zube, Ervin H; Simcox, David; and
Friedman, Steven
Landscape and Urban
Planning 42 (2-4): 81-89.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
desert riparian landscapes: change,
values/ landscape architecture: education, research
Abstract: This paper presents first, a brief
overview of research activities in the Landscape Architecture
Program at the University of Arizona. Included is both the
pedagogical foundation for the research emphasis and a brief
summary of research topics pursued by faculty and graduate students
during the past 15 years. The second and major part of the paper
summarizes selected components of a long-term research project in
which graduate students in Landscape Architecture and Renewable
Natural Resources Studies played significant roles. Primary
emphasis is on riparian landscapes located in southeastern Arizona.
The research was developed in three phases. First was an
exploration of people-landscape relationships via open-ended
interviews; second, was survey research to explore perceptions of
landscape values and attitudes about appropriate uses for these
landscapes; and third, was the assessment of landscape change, both
perceived and physical, in the same landscapes. Together, the three
phases span 15 years, from 1981 to 1996. Case studies of two
riparian areas that represent diverse contextual settings are
discussed.
© Thomson
81. Determinants of Farmer Behavior: Adoption
of and Compliance with Best Management Practices for Nonpoint
Source Pollution in the Skaneateles Lake Watershed.
Welch, E. W. and Marc-Aurele, F.
J.
Lake and Reservoir
Management 17 (3): 233-245.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TC401.L3; ISSN: 0743-8141
Descriptors:
United States, New York,
Skaneateles Lake/ Lakes/ Water Pollution Prevention/ Nonpoint
Pollution Sources/ Agriculture/ Watershed Management / Case
Studies/ Best Management Practices/ Public Participation/
Compliance/ Attitudes/ Communication/ Watersheds/ Catchment area/
Environmental protection/ Water quality control/ Sociological
aspects/ Agricultural pollution/ Water management/ Water supply/
Pollution control/ Nonpoint pollution/ Communications/ United
States, New York, Skaneateles Lake/ best management practices /
Water quality control/ Prevention and control/ Environmental
action/ Lakes
Abstract: Policy makers and public managers have
recently implemented a wide range of watershed management programs
designed to reduce nonpoint pollution from agriculture. This paper
focuses on the progress of one such program. Skaneateles Lake, New
York is the drinking water supply of Syracuse City. Granted
"filtration avoidance" under the Surface Water Treatment
Rules-allowance of unfiltered water supply conditional upon
heightened source protection activities - the City, in cooperation
with other agencies, established the Skaneateles Lake Watershed
Agricultural Program (SLWAP) in 1994 as one element of a broader
watershed protection plan. The SLWAP is a 5-10 member interagency
pollution prevention program designed to work cooperatively and
independently with watershed farmers to develop Whole Farm Plans
that incorporate pollution minimizing best management practices.
The program is voluntary and not all farmers have agreed to opt in.
Using a modified behavioral model, this paper examines adoption and
compliance behavior of farmers in the Skaneateles Lake Watershed in
New York State. Findings indicate two stages of adoption. Early
adopters have lower incomes, indicate that farming is their primary
source of income, perceive fairer and more equitable treatment by
regulators, believe the Best Management Practices (BMP) will have
the desired effect, and are more fearful of regulatory consequences
if the Whole Farm Planning effort fails. We call this first stage
"regulatory push." Late adopters are more environmentalist and more
influenced by other farmers and the community. We call this second
stage "community pull." In addition, findings regarding compliance
indicate that farmers and the management team diverge in their
assessments of progress toward implementation of Best Management
Practices, indicating some potentially significant communication
problems. Concluded recommendations for management of voluntary
programs for farmers include: (1) initial implementation efforts
should seek out those community leaders are more likely to be
cooperative, (2) regulatory threat may be useful during the initial
implementation period, and (3) evaluation criteria must be
developed cooperatively with and clearly communicated to
farmers.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
82. Determinants of perceived agricultural
chemical risk in three watersheds in the Midwestern United
States.
Tucker, M. and Napier, T.
L.
Journal of Rural
Studies 17 (2): 219-233.
(Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:
HT401.J68; ISSN: 0743-0167
Descriptors:
watersheds/ agricultural chemicals/
risk/ health hazards/ farmers' attitudes/ decision making/ farm
surveys/ regression analysis/ multivariate analysis/ Ohio/ Iowa/
Minnesota
Abstract: Recent epidemiologic research on the
relationship between agricultural chemical use and human health has
focused on possible risks to both farmers and nonfarm publics
through such avenues as airborne chemical drift and contamination
of drinking water. While agricultural chemical use has been defined
as a public health issue, decisions about applying chemicals are
made primarily by individual farmers who consider not only highly
publicized health and environmental risks but also potentially
severe economic risks of not using chemicals for production of food
and fiber. The critical decision-making role played by farmers
relative to agricultural chemical use creates a need for accurate
information on their perceptions of various chemical-related
hazards and the factors that may influence such judgments.
Understanding farmers' perceptions toward agricultural chemical
risk is essential to formulate effective risk-mitigation programs
and policies and to target educational and technical assistance
programs that encourage sound chemical practices at the farm level.
This paper reports findings from a study of 1011 farm operators in
three Midwestern watersheds in Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota to assess
their perceptions of risk associated with use of agricultural
chemicals. A theoretical model developed from components of social
learning, risk perception, and farm structure theories is used to
identify predictors of agricultural chemical risk. Findings show
that farmers in the three watersheds do not view agricultural
chemical use as a serious health or environmental hazard.
Regression findings provide partial support for the theoretical
model. The statistical models explained from 30 to 37%. of the
variance in farmers' risk perceptions in the three study
watersheds. Findings are discussed in the context of developing
future education/information programs in the three
watersheds.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
83. Developing monitoring programs for
livestock producers.
Rasmussen, G Allen
Arid Land Research and
Management 17 (4): 479-483.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
S592.17.A73 A74; ISSN: 1532-4982
Descriptors:
ecosystem management/ livestock
production
Abstract: Many official monitoring programs have
been developed, but few have been adopted by livestock producers.
While these programs have relatively strong support from
professionally trained managers, even their implementation is not
consistent. New programs must address several important factors if
they are going to be used. They must be used to help producers and
managers make current decisions relating to their objectives and
those broader resource objectives of society. Producers must
understand how these broader objectives relate to their specific
livestock objectives. These monitoring programs must help make
proactive decisions, and be cost effective. Finally attempts must
be made to make them flexible to deal with changing objectives that
happen over time.
© Thomson
84. Development of information intensive
agrichemical management services in Wisconsin.
Wolf Steven A and Nowak
Peter J
Environmental
Management 19 (3): 371-382.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Abstract: This paper examines opportunities to
improve the environmental and economic performance of cropping
systems through intensified application of information in
agrichemical management. Through intensified application of
information, both net farm income and environmental quality may
increase through more closely matching the specific needs of the
crop with the type, timing, and volume of chemical inputs used in
crop production. This study examines the current status and future
prospect of agrichemical dealers offering information intensive
agrichemical management services to producers. Agrichemical dealers
are the focus of this study because: (1) farmers are perceived as
ill-prepared to substantially upgrade the sophistication of their
agrichemical management without off-farm support, and (2) dealers
enjoy a close relationship with farmers, which potentially could be
expanded to include a variety of information-based services. A mail
survey was conducted of all agrichemical suppliers/applicators in
Wisconsin. The response rate was 76% (172 of 225). Substantial
numbers of services were found to be offered by many dealers. The
majority of these services were related to traditional
yield-enhancement functions. Services that have a greater potential
to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of inefficient
agrichemical use and have higher on-farm data requirements were
found to be less widely offered by dealers. Analysis of constraints
to further development of information-intensive services indicates
that dealers offering significant numbers of services are concerned
with constraints external to the dealership, while dealers offering
relatively few services perceive internal constraints as most
limiting. This relationship indicates that efforts to accelerate
dealerships development of information-intensive agrichemical
management services should focus on specific constraints operating
on targeted dealerships.
© Thomson
85. Development of more effective conservation
farming systems through participatory on-farm research.
Wuest, S. B.; McCool, D. K.;
Miller, B. C.; and Veseth, R. J.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 14
(3): 98-102. (1999)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
86. Differences between farmer and agency
attitudes regarding policies to reduce phosphorus pollution in the
Minnesota River basin.
McCann, L. M. J. and Easter, K.
W.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 21 (1): 189-207.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 0191-9016
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
87. Do agricultural preservation programs and
preferential property tax programs affect farmland
conservation?
Lynch, L.
American Agricultural Economics
Association, 2003.
Notes: In: Selected papers from the annual meeting of
the American Agricultural Economics Association; July 27-30, 2003;
Montreal, Canada (application/pdf)
NAL Call #: HD1405 .A44
http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pdf%5Fview.pl?paperid=9200
Descriptors:
farmland preservation/ agricultural
land/ agricultural programs and projects/ conservation programs/
governmental programs and projects/ property tax/ econometric
models/ Delaware/ Maryland/ New York/ New Jersey/ Pennsylvania/
Virginia/ farmland loss
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
88. Do Farmers Understand Their Soils? A
Non-Pastoral Look at a Fundamental Challenge to
Conservation.
McCallister, B.; Nowak, P.; and
Leitner, J.
In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual
Meeting of the Soil and Water Conservation Society. (Held 6 Aug 1995-9 Aug 1995 at Des Moines,
IA.)
Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; 1995.
Descriptors:
Wisconsin/ education/ agricultural
practices/ soil properties/ surveys/ soil profiles/ soil
conservation/ farm management/ best management practices/ Education
extramural/ Conservation in agricultural use/ United
States
Abstract: Soil knowledge that is strictly
results-oriented hides potential soil capabilities and may hinder
the long-term quality of the soil resource. Can BMP programs about
tillage and nutrients have long-term success if farmers are unclear
about their soils' textures? How well are farmers prepared to
follow the growing number of soil-based regulations about chemical
use? Is soil knowledge one more information component that the
farm-supply industry will capture through its sale of site-specific
technologies? The 700+ farmers in this Wisconsin study completed a
site-specific mail survey with accompanying airphoto. Results show
that many farmers do not have a solid understanding of the soil at
familiar airphoto locations on their farms. Most commonly, their
most important source of soils knowledge is working the soil with
implements. Thereby, farmers do notice changes in soil surfaces.
Yet, when compared to county soil survey data for that site, farmer
soil knowledge drops off significantly with depth into the soil
profile. Responses to basic questions about soil texture, soil
depth, and other factors reveal that many farmers did not answer
within a generous range of reasonable responses. The pragmatic way
farmers understand their soils suggests that public agencies and
private consultants need to convey ideas about soils and
conservation in a manner more attainable to them. Soil information
for farmers needs reinterpretation so that basic soil concepts from
soil science are not abandoned, but explained in relation to the
jobs of crop management.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
89. Documenting the status of dairy manure
management in New York: Current practices and willingness to
participate in voluntary programs.
Poe, Gregory L. and New York State
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural,
Resource and Managerial Economics.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Dept. of
Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, Cornell
University; 24 p.: ill.; Series: Staff paper (New York State
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural,
Resource, and Managerial Economics) SP 99-03. (1999)
Notes: "September 1999." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 23-24). Funding for this project was provided by
Cornell University's Statewide Program Committee grants, the
Cornell University Water Resources Institute, and Hatch Project #
121-416, and USDA Regional Project W-133.
NAL Call #: HD1407-.C6-no.-99-03
Descriptors:
Dairy
cattle---Manure---Handling---New York State
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
90. A dynamic analysis of the impact of water
quality policies on irrigation investment and crop choice
decisions.
Wu, J. J.; Mapp, H. P.; and
Bernardo, D. J.
Journal of Agricultural and
Applied Economics 26 (2):
506-525. (Dec. 1994)
NAL Call #:
HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708
Descriptors:
maize/ sorghum/ wheat/ irrigation
water/ irrigated farming/ investment/ water quality/ farm
management/ decision making/ crop enterprises/ dynamic models/ cost
analysis/ soil types/ innovation adoption/ economic impact/
irrigation technology
Abstract: A dynamic model is developed to analyze
farmers irrigation investment and crop choice decisions under
alternative water quality protection policies. The model is applied
to an empirical example in the Oklahoma High Plains. The choices of
crops and irrigation systems and the resulting levels of
irrigation, income, and nitrogen runoff and percolation are
simulated over a ten-year period. An effluent tax on nitrogen
runoff and percolation is shown to be effective in reducing nitrate
pollution. The efficacy of cost sharing in adopting modern
irrigation technologies and restrictions on irrigation water use
depends on soil type. A tax on nitrogen use is shown to be the
least effective policy.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
91. Dynamic economic management of soil
erosion, nutrient depletion, and productivity in the north central
USA.
Hopkins, J W; Lal, R; Wiebe, K D;
and Tweeten, L G
Land Degradation and
Development 12 (4): 305-318.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26; ISSN: 1085-3278
Descriptors:
nutrients/ fertilizer application/
initial soil properties: alternative management practice yield
response, susceptibility to degradation, yield sensitivity/
nutrient depletion/ overall farm management implications/ soil
degradation: optimal management response/ soil erosion/ soil
productivity/ soil profile depth depletion
Abstract: Physical scientists have presented a
wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland soil
degradation. Because soil degradation has both on-site and off-site
effects, public policies have often tried to increase rates of
conservation over privately optimal rates. Where private incentives
leave off and public incentives start up is somewhat controversial,
however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not sufficient to
predict conservation actions by farmers in response to the threat
of degradation. This paper provides a partial explanation for why
farmers may adopt differing conservation strategies, even though
they share similar preferences. A model is constructed that divides
soil degradation into reversible and irreversible components. We
portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil
degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an irreversible
facet of soil degradation. Predictions of optimal management
response to soil degradation are accomplished using a closed-loop
model of fertilizer applications and residue management to control
future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile depth. Our model
is applied to degradation data from nine soils in the north central
United States. Three principal findings result: First, due to
differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to
degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and yield response
to alternative management practices, dynamically optimal economic
strategies cannot be inferred directly from physical results but
are inferred from the associated economic implications. Second,
optimal residue management is more variable with respect to soil
type than to the erosion phase of the soil, implying that
substantial gains to targeting are possible. Third, nutrient
depletion is a more compelling motivator for adopting residue
management than soil profile depth depletion. This implies that
motivating residue management requires programs that pay even
greater attention to reversible degradation, and therefore the
overall farm management implications, rather than strictly to
protect topsoil from irreversible degradation.
© Thomson
92. The dynamics of soil erosion in U.S.
agriculture.
Uri, Noel D and Lewis, James
A
Science of the Total
Environment 218 (1): 45-58.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:
land productivity/ sediment
transport: estuary degradation, lake degradation, stream
degradation/ soil conservation policies/ soil depth/ soil erosion
dynamics: off farm impacts, on farm impacts/ Federal Agriculture
Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 [FAIR of 1996]/ United
States
Abstract: Soil erosion has both on-farm and
off-farm impacts. Reduction of soil depth can impair the land's
productivity, and the transport of sediments can degrade streams,
lakes, and estuaries. To address this problem, soil conservation
policies have existed in the United States for over 60 years.
Initially, these policies focused on the on-farm benefits of
keeping soil on the land and increasing net farm income. Beginning
in the 1980s, however, policy goals increasingly included
reductions in off-site impacts of erosion. The Food Security Act of
1985 was the first major legislation explicitly to tie eligibility
to receive agricultural program payments to conservation
performance. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act
(FAIR) of 1996 modifies the conservation compliance provisions by
providing farmers with greater flexibility in developing and
implementing conservation plans. As a consequence of conservation
efforts, total soil erosion between 1982 and 1997 was reduced by
42% and the erosion rate fell from 8.0 tons per acre in 1982 to 5.2
tons per acre in 1997. Still, soil erosion is imposing substantial
social costs. In 1997 these costs are estimated to have been
approx. $29.7 billion. To further reduce soil erosion and thereby
mitigate its social costs, there are a number of policy options
available to induce farmers to adopt conservation practices
including, education and technical assistance, financial
assistance, research and development, land retirement, and
regulation and taxes.
© Thomson
93. An Economic Analysis of Riparian
Landowners' Willingness to Participate in Oregon's Conservation
Reserve Enhancement Program.
Kingsbury, L. and Boggess,
W.
In: Annual Meeting of the American
Agricultural Economics Association. (Held 8 Aug 1999-11 Aug 1999 at Nashville,
Tennessee.)
Ames, IA: American Agricultural
Economics Association; 1999.
http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pdf_view.pl?paperid=1312&ftype=.pdf
Descriptors:
State conservation programs/
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program/ Oregon
Abstract: A survey was used to model the
probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the
economic incentives and expectations, environmental regulation and
preferences, personal characteristics; and prior knowledge about
USDA programs.
94. Economic analysis of soil carbon in
afforestation and forest management decisions.
Sohngen, B.; Alig, R.; and Choi,
S.
In: The potential of U.S. forest
soils to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect/
Kimble, J. M.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2003;
pp. 395-407.
Notes: ISBN: 1-56670-583-5
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
95. An economic analysis of vegetative buffer
strip implementation: Case study: Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay,
California.
Rein, F. A.
Coastal Management
27 (4): 377-390. (1999);
ISSN: 0892-0753
Descriptors:
Coastal zone management/ Water
quality control/ Marine pollution/ Pollution control/ Erosion
control/ Agricultural runoff/ Buffers/ Vegetation cover/ Cost
analysis/ United States, California/ INE, USA, California, Elkhorn
Slough/ Models/ Coastal zone management/ Prevention and control/
Pollution Control and Prevention
Abstract: Vegetative buffer strips (VBS) are being
proposed as a tool to protect water quality from nonpoint pollution
nationwide, yet no studies have investigated the economics of
implementing VBS. This study evaluates environmental costs and
benefits of implementing VBS, both to the grower and to society as
a whole, as a means of capturing nonmarket ecosystem values and
informing decision-making. Results indicate a net economic benefit
to the grower for installing VBS within the first year, if the
economic costs of erosion are considered. The installation of VBS
also has extensive economic benefits to society, including in areas
such as tourism, commercial fisheries, long-term road maintenance,
and harbor protection. These results support installing VBS as a
management strategy in an erosion-prone watershed to protect water
quality and preserve soil fertility, as well as to protect economic
interests. A number of policy tools to encourage VBS implementation
are discussed, including tax incentives and legislative policies.
Government intervention through incentive-based programs is
advocated due to the clear economic and ecologic benefits to
society.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
96. Economic and Conservation Tradeoffs of
Regulatory vs. Incentive-Based Water Policy in the Pacific
Northwest.
Schaible, G. D.
International Journal of
Water Resources Development 16 (2): 221-238. (2000)
NAL Call #:
TD201.I56; ISSN: 0790-0627.
Notes: Special issue: Water and agriculture in the
American West; DOI: 10.1080/07900620050003134
Descriptors:
United States, Pacific Northwest/
Economic Aspects / Water Rights/ Water Conservation/ Agriculture/
Irrigation Water/ Water Policy/ Treaties/ Economic analysis/ Water
use/ Water quality/ Economics/ Rights/ United States, Pacific
Northwest/ Pacific Northwest/ Evaluation process/ Applied
economics/ Water Resources
and Supplies
Abstract: In this paper, onfarm water conservation
and agricultural economic tradeoffs between selected regulatory and
conservation-incentive water-policy choices are evaluated for the
Pacific Northwest. Five broad water-policy perspectives are
analysed using a total of 37 alternative policy scenarios. Policy
analyses use a primal/dual-based, multi-product, normalized
restricted-equilibrium model of Pacific Northwest field-crop
agriculture. Results demonstrate that conservation-incentive water
policy, when integrated within balanced policy reform, can produce
upwards of 1.7 million acre-feet of onfarm conserved water for the
region, while also significantly increasing economic returns to
farmers. Producer willingness to accept water-policy change is
lowest for regulatory policy (US$4-$18 per acre-foot of conserved
water), but highest for conservation-incentive policy that
increases both irrigation efficiency and crop productivity
($67-$208 per acre-foot of conserved water). Conservation-incentive
water policy also enhances decision-maker flexibility in meeting
multiple regional policy goals (i.e. water for endangered aquatic
species, water quality, Native American treaty obligations, and
sustainable rural agricultural economies).
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
97. Economic and environmental effects of
nitrogen testing for fertilizer management.
Bosch, D. J.; Fuglie, K. O.; and
Keim, R. W. Economic Research Service, United States Department of
Agriculture; Staff Report - AGES No. 9413, 1994. iv, 37
pp.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
98. An economic approach to improving water
management in waterlogged and saline areas.
Wichelns, D.
In: Challenges facing irrigation
and drainage in the new millennium: Proceedings. (Held Jun 2000 at
Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S.
Committee on Irrigation and Drainage; pp. 503-522; 2000.
ISBN: 1-887903-09-7
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
99. Economic Benefits with Environmental
Protection: No-till and Conservation Buffers in the
Midwest.
Conservation Technology
Information Center.
Conservation Technology
Information Center, 2002 (application/pdf)
http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/ctic/FINAL.pdf
Abstract: This 32-page publication from the
CTIC examines the adoption of no-till and conservation buffers in
the Midwest. Farmers and the environment in the Great Lakes
watershed and North Central region, which includes Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, and
the western portions of New York and Pennsylvania, stand to benefit
from increases in no-till practices and conservation buffers. The
region, although very productive, has millions of highly erodible
acres. The document explores many of the challenges, opportunities,
management strategies, and successful marketing efforts for
promoting conservation here. Soil quality benefits derived from
no-till practices are explained, along with techniques to overcome
transitional challenges producers face when converting from
conventional systems.
100. An economic evaluation of adoption of the
conservation compliance program: A stochastic dominance
approach.
Govindasamy, R. and Cochran, M.
J.
Journal of
Agribusiness 15 (1):
121-133. (Spring 1997)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.J68; ISSN: 0738-8950
Descriptors:
erosion/ soil conservation/
innovation adoption/ rotation/ stochastic processes/ risk/ soil
types/ farmers/ farmers' attitudes/ returns/ profits/
Iowa
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
101. Economic evaluation of on-farm
conservation practices in the Great Lakes region of North
America.
Stonehouse, D. P.
Environmetrics 10 (4): 505-520. (1999);
ISSN: 1180-4009.
Notes: Conference: Environmental Statistics:
Proceedings of the Conference on Environmetrics, Innsbruck
(Austria), 4-8 Aug 1997
Descriptors:
North America, Great Lakes/ Soil
Conservation/ Farms/ Cost benefit Analysis/ Benefits/ Economic
Aspects/ Water Quality/ Agricultural Practices/ Degradation/
Wildlife Habitats/ Social Aspects/ Agriculture/ Nature
conservation/ Economics/ Costs/ Riparian vegetation/ Pollution
control/ Conservation/ Soil erosion/ Water quality control/
Environmental protection/ Socioeconomics/ North America, Great
Lakes/ Conservation in agricultural use/ Law, policy, economics and
social sciences/ Environmental action
Abstract: Agriculture has long been regarded as a
major contributor to wildlife habitat despoliation, soil
degradation, and downstream watercourse pollution. It would be
possible to largely eliminate natural resource degeneration through
judicious application of on-farm conservation practices. Farmers
have little economic incentive to conserve because, according to
previous research, most conservation techniques have been
demonstrated to be unprofitable. The empirical research into three
alternative types of conservation practices for this study confirms
that two (conservation crops and riparian buffer strips) provide
for net costs to farmers, and that the third (conservation soil
tillage) is not profitable under all circumstances. At the same
time, the research shows that two out of the three sets of
practices, namely riparian buffer strips and conservation tillage,
can be economically beneficial to society as a whole. This raises
the question of whether and to what extent society, as economic
gainers, should offer compensation to farmers as economic losers.
This study furthermore establishes that not all conservation
practices that result in reduced soil erosion will lead to
decreased sediment and phosphorus loadings into watercourses; that
not all reduced sediment and phosphorus loadings lead to improved
water quality; and that, even where an improvement to water quality
in chemical, physical, biological and aesthetic terms can be
obtained, the costs to society of achieving improvement may exceed
the economic benefits. Such outcomes can readily promote
disagreements between environmentalists and ecologists on the one
hand and socio-economists on the other.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
102. Economic factors contributing to the
adoption of reduced tillage technologies in central
Saskatchewan.
Gray, R S; Taylor, J S; and Brown,
W J
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 76 (4) : 661-668 . ( 1996)
NAL Call #:
450-C16; ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors:
crop (Angiospermae)/ plant (Plantae
Unspecified)/ weeds (Tracheophyta)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/
angiosperms/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture/
biobusiness/ crop yield/ economic factors/ herbicide/ pest/ pest
management/ prices/ reduced tillage technology/ soil
science
Abstract: The zero-tillage and minimum-tillage
technologies, which are now being rapidly adopted in many areas of
western Canada, have made a significant contribution to the
sustainability of the soil resource. As a measure of economic
viability of these practices this study uses the Top Management
Model to simulate the 5-yr ending equity given stochastic prices
and yields for a consensus farm in central Saskatchewan.
Simulations are used to compare a minimum disturbance, zero-tillage
system to a more conventional direct-seeding system. At 1994 crop
and input prices, and a 10% yield advantage, zero-tillage systems
compared favourably with conventional direct-seeding system. The
relative crop yield and glyphosate price are key determinants to
the short-run profitability of adopting zero-tillage technologies
with fuel price having a smaller influence. When the switch to zero
tillage allows a net reduction in machinery stock, this
simultaneously increases the profitability, and reduces the
financial risk for the producer. We conclude that in areas of
Saskatchewan where zero-tillage systems provide a yield advantage,
producers will continue to adopt these systems as an economically
viable means of sustaining their soil resource.
© Thomson
103. Economic incentives for coordinated
management of forest land: A case study of southern New
England.
Klosowski, R.; Stevens, T.;
Kittredge, D.; and Dennis, D.
Forest Policy and
Economics 2 (1): 29-38.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
SD1 .F6747; ISSN: 1389-9341
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
104. Economic incentives reduce irrigation
deliveries and drain water volume.
Wichelns, D.; Houston, L.; and
Cone, D.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 10 (2): 131-141.
(May 1996)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
irrigated farming/ irrigation
scheduling/ irrigation requirements/ water costs/ incentives/
drainage water/ volume/ water quality/ water allocation/ irrigation
equipment/ prices/ price policy/ loans/ field crops/ vegetables/
California/ low interest loans/ irrigation depth/ tiered water
pricing
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
105. Economic indicators to assess the
sustainability of conservation farming projects: An
evaluation.
Tisdell, Clem
Agriculture Ecosystems and
Environment 57 (2-3): 117-131. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae Unspecified)/
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ plants/ agriculture/ framework for
the evaluation of sustainable land management/ international board
for soil research and management/ natural resources/
Philippines
Abstract: Multiple criteria for sustainability,
such as the five pillars in the FAO/IBSRAM (International Board for
Soil Research and Management) Framework for the Evaluation of
Sustainable Land Management (FESLM), raise difficult assessment and
evaluation problems. Economic viability is included as one of the
pillars in this FELSM and is essential for the sustained adoption
of conservation farming projects. However, even specifying economic
viability and obtaining operational and predictive indicators for
it is difficult because, for one thing, the economic viability of a
farming system depends upon a variety of attributes. These include
the level of economic returns, the instability and uncertainty of
returns, and in monetary economies, the associated financial
requirements for the farming system, the availability of finance
and its implications for the financial liquidity of the farm. In
all economies, the amount of investment required to adopt a
sustainable conservation farming project will be a major
consideration. As a rule, economic viability is also related to the
sustainability of the natural productivity of soils and other
natural resources on which economic production partially depends,
so economic indicators depend in part on noneconomic factors, and a
holistic approach is needed. Taking such factors into account, as
well as the difficulty of predicting the future economic
sustainability of conservation projects, this paper critically
reviews suggestions made in the literature for developing
appropriate indicators of sustainability, such as those of Lynam
and Herdt (1989), as well as break-even analyses and the scope for
applying various forms of cost-benefit analysis. Illustrations are
drawn from the IBSRAM/ACIAR project investigating land management
on vertisols and on sloping lands, e.g. in Australia and The
Philippines.
© Thomson
106. Economic methods for comparing alternative
crop production systems: A review of the literature.
Roberts, W. S. and Swinton, S.
M.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 11
(1): 10-17. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 [AJAAEZ]
Descriptors:
alternative farming/ cropping
systems/ comparisons/ evaluation/ economic analysis/ environmental
impact/ stability/ profitability/ risk/ sustainability/ North
America/ alternative versus conventional cropping
systems
Abstract: New crop production technologies
developed in response to growing concern over environmental
contamination from agriculture may be neither more profitable nor
higher yielding than the systems they replace, but they often
reduce environmental contamination or improve soil and water
quality. Systems designed with environmental objectives cannot be
evaluated fairly just by productivity, which is what often is done
in economic studies of alternative systems. We review 58 recent
studies comparing alternative crop production systems to identify
the key criteria for system comparisons, the system characteristics
important in designing the analysis, and the methods most suited
for comparing alternative systems. The four key criteria we looked
for in system comparisons are expected profit, stability of
profits, expected environmental impacts, and stability of
environmental impacts. Most economic studies of crop production
focus exclusively on profitability, and incorporate neither
environmental criteria nor the dynamic characteristics inherent in
alternative systems. We identify promising new approaches that take
account of specific environmental characteristics and attempt to
balance the objectives of profitability and environmental risk
management. Balanced environmental-economic analysis is most likely
to be achieved by integrating biophysical simulation models with
economic optimization methods to model the trade-offs among
profitability, environmental impact, and system stability (both
financial and environmental).
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
107. Economic risk and water quality protection
in agriculture.
Bosch, D. J. and Pease, J.
W.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 22 (2): 438-463.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
108. Economic risk, returns and input use under
ridge and conventional tillage in the northern Corn Belt,
USA.
Archer, David W; Pikul, Joseph L
Jr; and Riedell, Walter E
Soil and Tillage
Research 67 (1): 1-8.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48; ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors:
Glycine max [soybean]
(Leguminosae): oil crop/ Zea mays [corn] (Gramineae): grain crop/
Angiosperms/ Dicots/ Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular
Plants
Abstract: Ridge tillage (RT) has been proposed as
an economically viable conservation tillage alternative for row
crop production; however the long-term economic viability of RT in
the northern Corn Belt of the USA is largely unknown. Economic
returns, risk and input use were compared for RT and conventional
tillage (CT) in a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.)
Merr.) rotation with high, medium and low nitrogen treatments. The
analysis was based on 10 years of experimental data from Brookings,
SD on a Barnes clay loam (US soil taxonomy: fine-loamy, mixed,
superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludoll; FAO classification:
Chernozem). Economic returns were significantly higher at the
highest nitrogen treatment levels. Highest average net returns to
land and management were $78 per hectare for RT at the high
nitrogen treatment level (RT-H) followed by $59 per hectare for CT
at the high nitrogen treatment level (CT-H). Risk, measured as the
standard deviation of net returns, was the lowest for CT at the
medium nitrogen treatment level (CT-M) followed by RT-H and CT-H.
However, net returns were substantially lower under CT-M at $32 per
hectare. Average yields and average operating costs were not
significantly different for RT-H and CT-H. Reduced equipment
operating costs for CT-H were offset by increased herbicide costs
for RT-H. Equipment ownership costs were significantly lower for
RT-H than CT-H. There were no significant differences in fertilizer
use for RT and CT. Pesticide use was significantly higher for RT-H
than CT-H. Fuel use was 18-22% lower and labor use was 24-27% lower
for RT-H than CT-H. Despite continued low adoption rates for RT in
the northern Corn Belt, our analysis shows that RT is an
economically viable alternative to CT.
© Thomson
109. Economically efficient watershed
management with environmental impact and income distribution
goals.
Oenal, H.; Algozin, K. A.; Iik,
M.; and Hornbaker, R. H.
Journal of environmental
management 53 (3): 241-253.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
Watersheds/ Catchment area/ Water
management/ Environmental impact/ Economic analysis/ Pollution
control/ Agricultural pollution/ Erosion control/ Costs/
Environment management/ Agriculture/ United States, Illinois/
Watershed Management/ Environmental Effects/ Soil Erosion/
Agricultural Watersheds/ Farms/ Economic Aspects/ United States,
Illinois/ Prevention and control/ Watershed protection
Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for
incorporating environmental impacts and income distribution goals
in economic analysis of watershed management policies. Empirical
results on a small Illinois, USA, watershed indicate that farm
costs are increased notably by restricting agricultural pollution
and soil erosion. The income distribution constraint also reduces
economic efficiency, but the efficiency loss due to implementing
this constraint is less than 10% of the costs resulting from
environmental regulations. An ex post comparison of these results
with the actual payments offered to farmers under the incentive
program currently in place in the watershed reveals that these
payments are approximately equal to the losses estimated by the
analysis when the burden of environmental control is shared equally
among the farmers.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
110. Economics of conservation tillage in the
semiarid prairie.
Zentner, R P; McConkey, B G;
Campbell, C A; Dyck, F B; and Selles, F
Canadian Journal of Plant
Science 76 (4):
697-705 .
(1996)
NAL Call #:
450-C16; ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors:
crop (Angiospermae)/ durum wheat
(Gramineae)/ plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ wheat (Gramineae)/
Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ Triticum aestivum (Gramineae)/
Triticum turgidum (Gramineae)/ angiosperms/ monocots/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agronomy/ biobusiness/
conservation tillage/ economics/ hard red spring/ production costs/
semiarid prairie/ soil science/ soil texture/ yield
Abstract: Concerns about environmental
sustainability and economic survival have changed tillage practices
significantly in western Canada. This study examined the effects of
conventional (CT), minimum (MT), and no-tillage (NT) management on
the economic performance of hard red spring wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) or durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) production when
grown in fallow-wheat (F-W) and continuous wheat (Cont W)
rotations, over a period of up to 12 yr (1982-1993) on three soil
textures in southwestern Saskatchewan. Our results show little
short-term economic incentive for producers to adopt NT management
practices. Production costs were similar on the three soil
textures, averaging 141 ha-1 for F-W and 224 ha-1 for Cont W. Total
costs for Cont W systems averaged 10 to 13% higher for NT compared
to CT. For F-W systems, total costs for NT averaged 29% higher than
for CT on the silt loam, and 14% higher on the heavy clay. Also for
F-W systems, costs for NT averaged 23, 12, and 17% higher than for
MT on silt loam, sandy loam, and heavy clay soils, respectively.
Although conservation tillage (MT and NT) provided savings in
labor, fuel and oil, machine repair, and machine overhead (compared
to CT), these savings were more than offset by greater expenditures
for herbicides. On the silt loam, net returns were highest for Cont
W (CT) and lowest for F-W (NT) at wheat prices greater than 147
t-1; at lower wheat prices, F-W (CT) and Cont W (CT) provided the
highest and about equal net returns. On the sandy loam, F-W (MT)
consistently earned the highest net return; F-W (NT) ranked second
highest, while Cont W systems ranked lowest. On the heavy clay, F-W
(MT) and Cont W (CT) provided the highest net return at wheat
prices greater than 147 t-1, while at lower wheat prices F-W (MT)
ranked highest. In our study, the relatively poor economic
performance of conservation tillage, particularly NT, for
monoculture wheat production was due to a combination of higher
input costs and the lack of significant yield advantages with MT
and NT management.
© Thomson
111. Economics of residue management in
agricultural tillage systems.
Harman, W. L.
In: Managing agricultural
residues/ Unger, P. W. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, 1994;
pp. 377-423.
Notes: ISBN: 0-87371-730-9
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
112. The economics of risk, uncertainty and
learning in the adoption of new agricultural technologies: Where
are we on the learning curve?
Marra, M.; Pannell, D. J.; and
Ghadim, A. A.
Agricultural Systems
75 (2/3): 215-234.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
113. Economics of water quality protection from
nonpoint sources: Theory and practice.
Ribaudo, Marc.; Horan, Richard D.;
Smith, Mark Eugene; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service; iii, 106 p.: ill., col.
maps. (1999)
Notes: Cover title. "November 1999"--P. [i]. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 96-106). SUDOCS: A
1.107:782.
NAL Call #: A281.9-Ag8A-no.-782
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer782/
Descriptors:
Water quality---United States/
Nonpoint source pollution---United States/ Agricultural
pollution---United States/ Water Pollution---Economic
aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
114. The effect of farming practices on
reducing excess nitrogen fertilizer use.
Huang, Wen Yuan and Uri, Noel
D
Environment
International 19 (2):
179-191. (1993)
NAL Call #:
TD169.E54; ISSN: 0160-4120
Descriptors:
nitrogen/ corn (Gramineae)/ soybean
(Leguminosae)/ angiosperms/ dicots/ monocots/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ cropland/ ground water
leaching
Abstract: This paper studies the effects of crop
rotation and a limitation on the application of nitrogen fertilizer
on the reduction of excess nitrogen available for potential
leaching into the ground water. For a farmer initially planting
corn continuously, the adoption of a soybean-corn rotation will
have a smaller compliance cost, but it will not eliminate the
excess application of nitrogen fertilizer under a relatively low
nitrogen fertilizer to corn price ratio. An explicit limitation on
nitrogen fertilizer use would be needed to achieve this objective.
Limiting nitrogen fertilizer use on cropland susceptible to a high
potential for leaching will have a smaller compliance cost than on
cropland with a moderate potential for leaching.
© Thomson
115. Effect of risk perspective on fertilizer
choice by sharecroppers.
Paudel, K. P.; Lohr, L.; and
Martin, N. R.
Agricultural Systems
66 (2): 115-128. (2000)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
116. Efficacy of standards vs. incentives for
managing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
Weaver, R. D.; Harper, J. K.; and
Gillmeister, W. J.
Journal of Environmental
Management 46 (2): 173-188.
(Feb. 1996)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 [JEVMAW]
Descriptors:
water quality/ field crops/ farming
systems/ agricultural production/ environmental impact/ taxes/
regulations/ farm management/ incentives/ standards/ simulation
models/ Pennsylvania/ biophysical models/
economic incentives
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
117. An efficiency approach to managing
Mississippi's marginal land based on the Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP).
Hamdar, B.
Resources, Conservation and
Recycling 26 (1): 15-24.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TP156.R38R47; ISSN: 0921-3449
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
118. Emerging agricultural water conservation
price incentives.
Michelsen, A. M.; Taylor, R. G.;
Huffaker, R. G.; and McGuckin, J. T.
Journal of Agricultural and
Resource Economics
24 (1): 222-238. (July
1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502
Descriptors:
irrigation/ water costs/ water
policy/ water conservation/ prices/ incentives/ water use/ federal
government/ government organizations/ water allocation/ United
States/ U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
119. An empirical analysis of Louisiana small
farmers' involvement in the Conservation Reserve
Program.
McLean Meyinsse, P. E.
Journal of Agricultural and
Applied Economics 26 (2):
379-385. (Dec. 1994)
NAL Call #:
HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708
Descriptors:
land diversion/ federal programs/
program participants/ small farms/ farm income/ returns/ tenants/
probabilistic models/ willingness to participate/ Franklin Parish,
Louisiana/ Richland Parish, Louisiana/ West Carroll,
Louisiana
Abstract: The study examines Louisiana small
farmers' reasons for not participating in the Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP), their awareness of the program, and their
willingness to participate in the program. The results suggest
that: farmers do not participate in the CRP if revenues from
cropland are an important source of income, or if they are tenants;
awareness is significantly related to education, income, race, and
average return per acre; willingness is positively influenced by
payment
per acre, age, and farm status.
Participation depends on whether payments per acre are comparable
to the opportunity costs of removing cropland from
production.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
120. An empirical analysis of the relative
efficiency of policy instruments to reduce nitrate water pollution
in the U.S. Southern High Plains.
Wu, J.; Teague, M. L.; Mapp, H.
P.; and Bernardo, D. J.
Canadian Journal of
Agricultural Economics / Revue Canadienne d'Economie Rurale
43 (6): 403-420. (Nov.
1995)
NAL Call #:
281.8-C16; ISSN: 0008-3976
Descriptors:
nitrate/ water pollution/ water
quality/ water policy/ environmental protection/ nitrogen
fertilizers/ application rates/ regulations/ taxes/ water use/
irrigation water/ incentives/ irrigation systems/ mathematical
models/ simulation/ southern plains states of USA/ epic pst crop
growth/ chemical transport model/ mathematical programming
model
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
121. Encouraging farmers to produce
environmental benefits from agriculture.
Westra, J.; Zimmerman, J.; and
Vondracek, B.
Selected papers from the
annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics
Association (May
2002)
NAL Call #:
HD1405 .A44.
Notes: Supplemental online access through http://agecon.lib.umn.edu.
Descriptors:
farm management/ environmental
protection/ social benefits/ externalities/ water quality/
fisheries/ farm income/ streams/ watersheds/ simulation models/
computer simulation/ land use/ land diversion/ Minnesota/
agricultural drainage and pesticide transport model/ coolwater
stream/ warmwater stream/ Wells Creek Watershed/ Chippewa River
Watershed/ Minnesota
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
122. Enrolling conservation buffers in the
CRP.
Loftus TT and Kraft SE
Land Use Policy
20 (1): 73-84; many ref.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
HD101.L35
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
123. Enrollment of filter strips and recharge
areas in the CRP and USDA easement programs.
Lant, C. L.; Kraft, S. E.; and
Gillman, K.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 50 (2):
193-200. (1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
United States, Midwest/ easements/
groundwater recharge/ soil conservation/ economic aspects/ farms/
cropland/ wetlands/ governmental interrelations/
conservation/ property rights/ Conservation Reserve Program/
Wetland Reserve Program/ Watershed protection
Abstract: Two related contingent valuation surveys
were conducted in ten Cornbelt counties to estimate the potential
enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and a 30-year
easement program of filter strips and cropland in areas vulnerable
to groundwater contamination. It was found that potential CRP
enrollment climbs dramatically in the range $90-140/acre/year.
Filter strip enrollments are greater than recharge area enrollments
at any given rental rate. Thirty-year easements receive
substantially less enrollment than CRP when a lump sum of 10 times
the CRP rate is offered. Tree planting is a low percentage of CRP
enrollments, but is a higher percentage of 30-year easement
enrollments. Allowing enrollments to be used for set-aside
requirements improves enrollments in the CRP by 32% for filter
strips and by 6% for recharge areas; these differences are most
marked at lower annual rental rates. Farmland owners who indicated
they would not enroll gave primarily financial reasons for making
that decision, further indicating that enrollment is very
responsive to rental rates for the CRP and lump sums for easements.
However, allowing variable time periods for contracts, adjusting
rental rates for inflation or local cropland rental rates,
publicizing maximum annual rental rates (MARRs), and simplifying
the enrollment process could increase enrollments.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
124. Environmental and economic tradeoffs of
alternative cropping systems.
Koo SeungMo; Williams, J. R.;
Schurle, B. W.; and Langemeier, M. R.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 15 (4): 35-58.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
125. The environmental consequences of the
conservation tillage adoption decision in agriculture in the United
States.
Uri, Noel D
Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 103 (1-4): 9-33.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors:
agricultural production/
conservation tillage/ corn production/ environmental impact/
fertilization/ pesticide applications/ soil erosion/ water
runoff
Abstract: The environmental consequences of
conservation tillage practices are an important issue concerning
the impact of agricultural production on the environment. While it
is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion will
decline as no tillage and mulch tillage systems are used more
extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide and
fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into this,
the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. Starting
with the assumption that this decision is a two step procedure -
the first is the decision whether or not adopt a conservation
tillage production system and the second is the decision on the
extent to which conservation tillage should be used - appropriate
models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated.
Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States
for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was
adopted is that cropland had above average slope and experienced
above average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and
it had an above average expenditure on pesticides and a below
average expenditure on fuel and a below average expenditure on
custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a
no tillage production practice, an above average expenditure was
made on fertilizer.
© Thomson
126. Environmental dilemmas: Ethics and
decisions.
Berry, R. J.
London; New York: Chapman &
Hall; xxii, 271 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references
and index.
NAL Call #: GF80.E58-1983; ISBN: 0412398001
Descriptors:
Human ecology---Moral and ethical
aspects/ Environmental engineering/ Decision making---Environmental
aspects/ Decision making---Ethics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
127. Environmental Education and Outreach:
Experiences of a Federal Agency.
Newton, B. J.
Bioscience 51 (4): 297-299. (2001)
NAL Call #:
500 Am322A; ISSN: 0006-3568
Descriptors:
Government policy/ Education/
United States/ Aquatic environment/ Governments/ Policies/ Resource
management/ Natural resources/ United States/ aquatic ecosystems/
Education/ Environmental Advocacy, Education and Awareness/
Protective measures and control/ General Environmental
Engineering
Abstract: Conservation of natural resources is
inextricably bound to public attitudes and opinions. Other articles
in this issue of BioScience argue for greater involvement by the
scientific community in public education and outreach. This one
addresses the effectiveness of various outreach and education
techniques, based on the experiences of the Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS), a US Department of Agriculture
nonregulatory agency that is responsible for helping farmers,
ranchers, and landowners conserve natural resources on private
lands.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
128. Environmental farm planning in Ontario:
Exploring participation and the endurance of change.
Smithers, J. and Furman,
M.
Land Use Policy
20 (4): 343-356.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
HD101.L35; ISSN: 0264-8377
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
129. The environmental implications of soil
erosion in the United States.
Uri, Noel D
Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment 66 (3):
293-312. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
agriculture/ conservation policies/
conservation tillage/ economic losses/ ecotoxicology/ education/
environmental degradation/ environmental implications/
environmental legislation/ financial assistance/ land productivity/
land retirement/ research and development/ sediment transport/
social costs/ soil depth: reduction/ soil erosion/ taxes/ technical
assistance
Abstract: Soil erosion has both on-farm and
off-farm impacts. Reduction of soil depth can impair the land's
productivity, and the transport of sediments can degrade streams,
lakes, and estuaries. Since 1933, soil conservation policies have
existed in the United States. Originally they focused on the
on-farm benefits of keeping soil on the land and increasing net
farm income. Beginning in the 1980s, however, policy goals
increasingly included reductions in off-site impacts of erosion. As
a consequence of conservation efforts associated with explicit U.S.
government policies, total soil erosion between 1982 and 1992 was
reduced by 32% and the sheet and rill erosion rate fell from an
average of 4.1 tons per acre per year in 1982 to 3.1 tons per acre
in 1992 while the wind erosion rate fell from an average of 3.3
tons per acre per year to 2.4 tons per acre per year over the same
period. Still, soil erosion is imposing substantial social costs.
These costs are estimated to be about $37.6 billion annually. To
further reduce soil erosion and thereby mitigate its social costs,
there are a number of policy options available to induce farmers to
adopt conservation practices including education and technical
assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land
retirement, and regulation and taxes.
© Thomson
130. Environmental payments to farmers: Issues
of program design.
Claassen, R. and Horan, R.
D.
Agricultural Outlook
(AO) (No. 272): 15-18.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
aHD1751.A422
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
131. Environmental policy and swine manure
management: Waste not or want not?
Hoag, D. L. and Roka, F.
M.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 10
(4): 163-166. (1995)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
132. Environmental protection: Federal
incentives could help promote land use that protects air and water
quality.
United States. General Accounting
Office.
Washington, D.C.: GAO.
(2001)
Notes: Report to Congressional Requesters; Title from
web page. "October 2001." "GAO-02-12." Description based on content
viewed April 14, 2003. Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: TD171-.E68-2001
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0212.pdf
Descriptors:
Environmental protection---United
States/ Environmental protection---United States---Management/ Land
use---Planning---Environmental aspects---United States/ Water
quality management---United States/ Urban runoff---United States/
Urban runoff---United States---Management/
Automobiles---Motors---Exhaust gas---Environmental aspects---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
133. Equilibrium effects of agricultural
technology adoption: The case of induced output price
changes.
Caswell, Margriet F.; Shoemaker,
Robbin; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service.
Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service; viii, 15 p.: ill.; Series: Technical bulletin (United
States. Dept. of Agriculture) no. 1823. (1993)
Notes: Cover title. "September 1993"--P. [iii].
Includes bibliographical references (p. 13).
NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Te-no.1823
Descriptors:
Agricultural innovations---Economic
aspects---United States/ Agricultural innovations---Government
policy---United States/ Agricultural pollution---Economic
aspects---United States/ Agricultural pollution---Government
policy---United States/ Equilibrium---Economics
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
134. Estimating transaction costs of
alternative policies to reduce phosphorus pollution in the
Minnesota River.
McCann, L. and Easter, K.
W.
Staff Paper - Department of
Applied Economics, University of Minnesota (No. P98-7): 30 pp. (1998)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
135. Ethnic diversity and the patterned
adoption of soil conservation in the strawberry hills of Monterey,
California.
Mountjoy, D. C.
Society and Natural
Resources 9 (4): 339-357.
(July 1996-Aug. 1996)
NAL Call #:
HC10.S63; ISSN: 0894-1920 [SNREEI].
Notes: Special Section: Cultural Diversity in Natural
Resource Use. Includes references.
Descriptors:
farmers/ ethnic groups/ soil
conservation/ erosion control/ innovation adoption/ land
management/ ethnicity/ farmers' attitudes/ California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
136. Evaluating barriers to participation by
fertilizer and agricultural chemical dealers in a federal water
quality project.
Lanyon, L. E.; Kiernan, N. E.; and
Stoltzfus, J. H.
Journal of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Education 25 (2): 160-165. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S530 .J6; ISSN: 1059-9053
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
137. Evaluation of a stream-bank fencing
program in Pennsylvania.
Hafner, Christine L and
Brittingham, Margaret C
Wildlife Society
Bulletin 21 (3): 307-315.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors:
Aves (Aves Unspecified)/ Hominidae
(Hominidae)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ animals/ birds/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/ primates/
vertebrates/ farmers attitudes/ summer resident birds/
vegetation
Abstract: Sixty summer resident bird species were
recorded on 3 fenced and 3 unfenced riparian areas located in
grazed pastures in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The greatest
impact of fencing was on nest density and nest success. Nest
density was higher on fenced than control sites, but nest success
was lower on fenced compared to control sites. Although nest
success was lower, overall productivity (no. of successful
nests/ha) did not differ between fenced and control sites. Reducing
stream-bank erosion, improving water quality, and the belief that
fencing would become mandatory in the future were the primary
reasons landowners gave for participating in the fencing program.
After joining the program, the major concerns or complaints
landowners had about fencing involved weeds, fence maintenance, and
loss of pasture. These issues will need to be addressed to maintain
high levels of voluntary participation in fencing
programs.
© Thomson
138. Evaluation of farmers' perceptions of soil
quality indicators.
Liebig, M. A. and Doran, J.
W.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 14
(1): 11-21 . ( 1999)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 [AJAAEZ]
Descriptors:
farmers/ soil fertility/ soil
texture/ knowledge/ technology transfer/ monitoring/ evaluation/
techniques/ organic farming/ questionnaires/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
nutrient availability/ soil color/ soil compaction/ infiltration/
farmers' attitudes/ Nebraska
Abstract: Understanding farmers' knowledge of soil
quality and health is essential to ensure transfer of appropriate
technology for on-farm assessments. The objective of this study was
to evaluate farmers' knowledge of soil quality by comparing their
perceptions of soil conditions for "good" and "problem" soils on
their farms with values of soil quality indicators as determined by
established assessment protocol. Twenty-four conventional and
organic farmers throughout eastern Nebraska were paired within
regions of similar climate, topography, and soil type and their
perceptions of soil quality indicators were queried using a written
questionnaire. Questionnaire data were compared directly to values
of soil quality indicators and perception accuracy indices were
calculated. Overall, perception accuracy of soil quality indicators
did not differ between conventional and organic farmers. Farmers'
perceptions of soil quality indicators tended to be more accurate
for "good" soils as compared to "problem" soils. Indicators that
were incorrectly estimated at a frequency greater than 33% included
available nitrogen and phosphorus, soil color, degree of
compaction, and infiltration rate. Despite this, farmers'
perceptions were correct or nearly-correct over 75% of the time for
the majority of indicators evaluated in the study. Evaluation of
social and managerial factors indicated that perception accuracy of
soil quality indicators declined as the time of on-farm tenure
increased. Results from this study indicate that agriculturists
should seek out farmers' knowledge of soil characteristics as a
first iteration to point-scale evaluation of soil
quality.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
139. Evaluation of policy tools to establish
forests and protect water quality in cornbelt
watersheds.
Lant, C. and Kraft, S.
E.
Urbana, Ill.: Water Resources
Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Rept No:
UILUWRC93217, USGSG201706, 1993. 27 p.
Notes: "Research report."; "May 1993." "... supported
in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the
Interior as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1984."
"Project no. G-2017-06." "UILU-WRC-93-217."--Cover. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 19-20).
NAL Call #: TC424.I3I4--no.217
Descriptors:
Soil conservation
projects---Illinois---Central Region/ Water resources
development---Illinois---Central Region/ Watershed
management---Illinois---Central Region/ Water quality
management---Illinois---Central Region/
Groundwater---Illinois---Central Region---Quality
Abstract: The 1990 Farm Bill provides a
number of incentives to farmers and farmland owners to improve
water quality by retiring critical croplands through the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and the Agricultural Wetland
Reserve Program (AWR), and by controlling chemical use through the
Water Quality Incentives Program (WQIP). The study utilizes two
contingent valuation methodologies on 770 mail surveys and 157
personal interviews in 10 cornbelt counties to estimate potential
participation in these programs as a function of financial
incentives offered. It also identifies possible barriers to
increased enrollment and presents farmers' attitudes toward these
programs as well as toward Swampbuster. The results show that
potential enrollments in the WQIP are low; only 17.5 percent of
respondents indicated an interest in participating. In contrast,
potential enrollments of filter strips, recharge areas, and farmed
wetlands in the CRP respond strongly to annual rental rates,
particularly in the range $90 -140/acre.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
140. Evaluation of the experimental Rural Clean
Water Program: Barriers and Incentives.
Gale, Judith A. and United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands,
Oceans
and Watersheds
Washington, D.C.: United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and
Watersheds, Nonpoint Source Control Branch,
1993. 559 p.
Notes: "May 1993." "National Water Quality Evaluation
Project." "EPA-841-R-93-005"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references. Sponsor: Rural Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality
Evaluation and Technical Assistance (Project).
NAL Call #: TD370.E92--1993
http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu/info/rcwp/index.html
Descriptors:
Rural Nonpoint Source Control Water
Quality Evaluation and Technical Assistance Project/ Water
quality---United States/ Water quality management---United
States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
141. Explaining farmers' conservation
behaviour: Why do farmers behave the way they do?
Beedell, J D C and Rehman,
T
Journal of environmental
management 57 (3): 165-176.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/
Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ Theory of
Planned Behavior/ attitudes/ conservation behavior/ decision making
processes / hedges/ landscape management/ social pressure/ social
psychology/ wildlife management
Abstract: This paper attempts to illustrate the use
of a structured social psychology methodology, the Theory of
Planned Behaviour, in explaining how and more crucially why farmers
manage the existing wildlife and landscape features on their
holdings. The hedge management behaviour of Bedfordshire farmers is
studied to illustrate the theory and it was found that the more
'conservation minded' ones regarded the conservation benefits of
hedge management more likely to be true and value them more highly
than other farmers do. Such farmers also felt under greater social
pressure to manage their hedges. This use of the Theory of Planned
Behaviour suggests that it can provide a useful insight into
farmers' decision-making processes and their conservation
behaviour.
© Thomson
142. Explaining irrigation technology choices:
A microparameter approach.
Green, G.; Sunding, D.; Zilberman,
D.; and Parker, D.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 78 (4): 1064-1072. (Nov. 1996)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
irrigation water/ water costs/
technology/ soil properties/ innovation adoption/ irrigation
systems/ decision making/ probability/ probabilistic models/
multivariate analysis/ California/ San Joaquin Valley/
California
Abstract: Water price reforms are increasingly
being used to encourage improvements in irrigation efficiency
through technology adoption. A microparameter approach based on
field-level data is used to assess the effect of economic
variables, environmental characteristics, end institutional
variables on irrigation technology choices. The results show that
water price is not the most important factor governing irrigation
technology adoption; physical and agronomic characteristics appear
to matter more. The results demonstrate the importance of using
micro-level data to determine the effects of asset heterogeneity
and crop type on technology adoption.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
143. Facilitating User Participation in
Irrigation Management.
Kolavalli, S. and Brewer, J.
D.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 3: 249-273.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TC801 .I66; ISSN: 0168-6291.
Notes: DOI: 10.1023/A:1006211725291
Descriptors:
Water Users/ Cost benefit Analysis/
Irrigation Systems/ Organizations/ Cost effectiveness / Irrigation
water/ Cost allocation, cost sharing, pricing/ Underground Services
and Water Use
Abstract: This paper examines various factors which
contribute to performance of water user associations. The
capability of collective organizations such as WUAs to develop
appropriate rules and to enforce them while keeping the level of
conflict low is considered to be the core of organizational
performance. We focus on the processes in collective organizations
with greater attention to costs of working together. Four factors
representing benefits and costs, the rights held by the WUAs,
magnitude of expected benefits, external assistance received and
leadership explain most of the differences in performance. The
prospect of benefits is a necessary condition for individuals to
act collectively. But it is not sufficient. Expected organizational
costs need to be low. The prospect of costs being low or being
absorbed by one or more individuals - either external agents or
internal leaders - provides an encouraging environment. Effective
internal leadership appears to be essential as it can lead to
greater congruence in interests and greater possibility of mutual
assurances which are critical for collective action.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
144. Factor-input demand subject to economic
and environmental risk: Nitrogen fertilizer in Kansas dryland corn
production.
Carriker, G. L.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 17 (1): 77-89.
(Jan. 1995)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
Descriptors:
zea mays/ nitrogen fertilizers/
crop production/ dry farming/ cost analysis/ farm inputs/ risk/
environmental impact/ farm management/ decision making/ demand/
returns/ equations/ Kansas/ external costs
Abstract: Factor-input demand should be affected
when a producer considers environmental risks in the
decision-making process; this is a straight forward application of
the LeChatelier Principle. The two-fold purpose of this study is to
develop a model to estimate environmental costs arising from excess
factor inputs and to examine how firm-level factor-input demand is
affected by economic and environmental risk. Nitrogen fertilizer
use in northeast Kansas dryland corn production is used as an
example. Weather and corn growth simulation models were used to
generate 50-year distributions of dryland corn yields and potential
environmental damage (surplus nitrogen). A model for approximating
external environmental costs of surplus factor inputs was
developed. Private (environmental costs not included) and social
(environmental costs included) net returns distributions were
generated for 1991 Farm Bill program participation and
non-participation. Stochastic dominance analysis with respect to a
function was used to identify the risk-efficient fertilizer
strategies from among the 24 private and 24 social net returns
distributions. Constrained (private) and unconstrained (social)
nitrogen fertilizer demand schedules were then approximated on a
per-pound of fertilizer basis as measures of the incremental value
of nitrogen fertilizer. As expected, the results suggest that: (1)
in the absence of environmental risk, nitrogen demand is more
elastic as a producer becomes more risk averse; and (2) when
environmental risk is introduced into the decision-making process,
nitrogen demand is more elastic than when environmental risk is
excluded. The findings support the hypothesis that producers when
provided with information regarding the potential environmental
effects of production strategies, may choose those that are more
environmentally benign.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
145. Factors affecting attitudes toward
groundwater pollution among Ohio farmers.
Napier, T. L. and Brown, D.
E.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 48 (5):
432-438. (1993)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
146. Factors affecting conservation practice
behavior of CRP participants in Alabama.
Onianwa, O.; Wheelock, G.; and
Hendrix, S.
Journal of
Agribusiness 17 (2):
149-160. (1999); ISSN: 0738-8950
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
147. Factors affecting environmental impacts:
The effect of technology on long-term trends in cropland, air
pollution and water-related diseases.
Goklany, Indur M
Ambio 25 (8): 497-503. (1996)
NAL Call #:
QH540.A52; ISSN: 0044-7447
Descriptors:
agriculture/ conservation/
environmental impact assessment/ global food demand/ pollution/
water related diseases
Abstract: Long-term trends for cropland harvested,
air emissions and deaths due to water-related diseases (selected as
indicators of land, air and water pollution, respectively) are
analyzed primarily for the US from the early 1900s onward. Due to
technological change, the increases in these indicators are
generally less than those for population (P), affluence (A) or
their product (PA) - sometimes by an order of magnitude.
Technological change resulted from secular improvements in
technologies which were adopted voluntarily - owing to greater
affluence and other economic factors - or because of national
environmental laws. While environmental impacts had diminished
substantially even before their enactment, these laws, whose very
stringency may depend on affluence, consolidated and extended those
gains. The analysis suggests that fostering economic growth and
technological change will help reduce adverse environmental
impacts, including further losses of habitat and biodiversity, as
new cropland is created to meet future global food
demand.
© Thomson
148. Factors affecting farmers' use and
rejection of banded pesticide applications.
Rikoon, J. S.; Constance, D. H.;
and Geletta, S.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 51
(4):
322-329. (July 1996-Aug.
1996)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
water quality/ water resources/
environmental protection/ farm management/ herbicides/ band
placement/ innovation adoption/ decision making/ change/ farmers'
attitudes/ constraints/ assessment/ surveys/ methodology/ best
management practices
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
149. Factors affecting initial use and decision
to abandon banded pesticide applications.
Rikoon, J. S.; Vickers, R.; and
Constance, D.
In: Agricultural research to
protect water quality: Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993-24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis,
Minnesota.)
Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; pp. 335-337; 1993.
NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993
Descriptors:
pesticides/ band placement/
farmers/ United States/ innovation adoption/ decision making/
regional surveys/ water pollution/ water quality/ low input
agriculture
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
150. Factors affecting NIPF landowner
participation in management programs: A Massachusetts case
study.
Stevens, T. H.; White, S.;
Kittredge, D. B.; and Dennis, D.
Journal of Forest
Economics 8 (3): 169-184.
(2002); ISSN:
1104-6899
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
151. Factors affecting nutrient application
rates within three Midwestern watersheds.
Napier, T. L. and Tucker,
M.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 56 (3):
220-228. (2001)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
152. Factors affecting the adoption of
conservation tillage on clay soils in southwestern Ontario,
Canada.
Wandel, J. and Smithers,
J.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 15
(4): 181-188. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
153. Factors affecting the adoption of
productive pastures by participants in a paired-paddock extension
program.
Trompf, J. P.; Sale, P. W. G.; and
Graetz, B.
Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 40
(8): 1089-1099. (2000)
NAL Call #:
23-Au792; ISSN: 0816-1089
Descriptors:
pastures / extension/ innovation
adoption/ grasslands/ surveys/ farmers' attitudes/ stocking rate/
phosphorus fertilizers/ application rates/ farm management/
rain/ South Australia/ New South Wales/ Victoria/
Tasmania
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
154. Factors affecting use of conservation
farming practices in east central Ohio.
Camboni SM and Napier
TL
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 45 (1-2): 79-94;
26 ref. (1993)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
155. Factors influencing best management
practice implementation in Virginia's Chesapeake Bay drainage
basin.
Lowery, James B.
Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996.
Notes: Report (M.S.); Bibliography: leaves
207-208.
NAL Call #: ViBlbV
LD5655.V851-1996.L694
Descriptors:
agriculture/ best management
practices/ cost share/ nonpoint source pollution/ survey
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
156. Factors influencing farmer participation
in the environmentally sensitive areas scheme.
Wilson, Geoff A
Journal of Environmental
Management 50 (1): 67-93. (1997)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
agri-environmental schemes/
conservation/ decision making behavior/ environmentally sensitive
areas scheme/ ESA scheme/ farmer participation/ remnant wildlife
habitat
Abstract: This study investigates factors
influencing farmers' motivations for participation in the Cambrian
Mountains ESA scheme (Wales, U.K.). Emphasis is placed on analysing
whether significant correlations exist between ESA participation
and specific factors. A behavioural approach is used for analysis,
largely based on Brotherton's classification into 'scheme factors'
(e.g. payments) and 'farmer factors' (e.g. age of farmer), but
which expands this classification by including the 'information
environment' of a farmer and 'dynamics within the farm district' -
variables which this study shares with some actor-network
approaches. While size and existence of remnant wildlife habitats
were strongly correlated with overall participation, payments
offered by the scheme, information provided by ADAS, scheme
flexibility, the 'successors factor' and dynamics within the
district were of particular importance for participation on farms
of marginal ESA eligibility (i.e. small farms lacking substantial
semi-natural habitats). Age, education and length of residency were
important for explaining differential entering of specific habitats
(especially broadleaved woodlands) into the ESA scheme, while
scheme duration, dependence on the farm for income, tenure and the
general information environment of the farmer did not influence
overall participation. The paper concludes by arguing that a
behavioural approach offers a valuable insight into farmers'
decision-making behaviour with regard to participation in
agri-environmental schemes, and that this study may be seen as a
starting point that could be expanded through the use of related
methodologies.
© Thomson
157. Factors influencing farmer's participation
in agri-environmental measures: A Belgian case study.
Vanslembrouck, Isabel; Van
Huylenbroeck, Guido; and Verbeke, Wim
Mededelingen Faculteit
Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen
Universiteit Gent 65 (4):
99-104. (2000)
Descriptors:
Belgian agri environmental
management/ agricultural policy/ environmental quality/ farmer
participation/ farmer's participation associated influences/ non
market service reward development/ resource management
© Thomson
158. Factors to Consider when Bringing
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Land or Idle Land Back into
Production.
Murdock, L.; Herbek, J.; Townsend,
L.; Hershman, D.; Martin, J.; Rasnake, M.; Hill, D. B.; Clark, B.;
and Trimble, R. L. University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture,
Cooperative Extension Service; ID-124, 1997.
http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id124/id124.htm
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve Program/
United States
Abstract: Looked at factors to consider, such
as which cropping system to use, pests that will be encountered,
fertility status of the field, other nontraditional options, and
the economics of bringing land back into production after CRP
contract expiration.
159. Family Factors Affecting Adoption of
Sustainable Farming Systems.
Salamon, S.; Farnsworth, R. L.;
Bullock, D. G.; and Yusuf, R.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 52 (4):
265-271. (Aug. 1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
United States, Illinois/ comparison
studies/ farming/ attitudes/ decision making/ social aspects/
education/ agricultural practices/ family factors/ Evaluation
process
Abstract: A paired comparison of 60 Illinois farm
families was employed, 30 using sustainable systems and 30 using
conventional systems, to determine factors affecting adoption of
sustainable farming systems. The groups do not diverge
significantly along dimensions typically accounting for farming
contrasts, but are distinctive socially. Families using sustainable
systems have traditions of environmentalism, systematically do
on-farm experimentation, and are prudent about resources. Rather
than making a paradigm shift to environmentally sensitive farming,
families who adopt have a predisposition toward sustainable
practices in all aspects of their lives. Adoption of sustainable
systems is therefore as much for efficiency or financial motives as
it is for environmental reasons. Families farming conventionally
but sharing many characteristics identified with sustainable
families, potentially are those best targeted for educational
programs.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
160. Farm*a*Syst/Home*a*Syst: A Framework for
Voluntary Action That Is Both Effective and Replicable.
Castelnuovo, R.
Water Science and
Technology 39 (12): 315-322.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: IAWQ 3, International Conference on
Diffuse Pollution, Edinburgh (UK), 21 Aug-4 Sep 1998
Descriptors:
Canada/ Australia/ United States/
North America/ Education/ Risk/ Behavior/ Interagency Cooperation/
Evolution/ Water Pollution Prevention/ Water Pollution Control/
Public Participation/ Nonpoint pollution/ Pollution prevention/
Agriculture/ Environment management/ Farm*A*Syst/ Home*A*Syst/
Water quality control/ Environmental action
Abstract: Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst has developed an
applied approach to education that results in voluntary actions
effective in preventing pollution. Easy-to-use assessment
worksheets are a key innovation that enable landowners to identify
pollution risks on their property and develop plans to correct
problems. This active learning process produces high levels of
awareness that translate into changes in behavior.
Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst supports voluntary action by landowners
with a unique structure that emphasizes interagency cooperation and
local program delivery. The program's capacity for replication is
demonstrated by its evolution in the United States as well as its
adoption in North America and beyond. Examples of international use
include the Environmental Farm Plan developed in Canada and a
cotton- specific adaptation in Australia. As a result of the
ongoing expansion of this common sense approach to pollution
prevention, Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst offers many options to involve
and motivate farmers and other non-industrial audiences whose
voluntary participation is needed to reduce diffuse
pollution.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
161. Farm Economics to Support the Design of
Cost-Effective Best Management Practice (BMP) Programs to Improve
Water Quality: Nitrogen Control in the Neuse River Basin, North
Carolina.
Wossink, G. A. A. and Osmond, D.
L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 57 (4):
213-220. (2002)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
United States, North Carolina,
Neuse River/ Watershed Management/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/
Water Pollution Control/ Nitrogen/ Best Management Practices/
Public Participation/ Economic Aspects/ Cost Analysis/ Cost
Sharing/ Water quality control/ Water Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation
Abstract: This paper shows how farm economics
information that is widely available can be used to help guide
local resource managers and watershed groups in their efforts to
design cost-effective programs to improve water quality. The focus
is on the economic elements driving farmer and landowner decisions
and how those compare with incentive payments to alter these
decisions. The approach is illustrated for the case of Best
Management Practices (BMPs) mandated for nitrogen control in the
Neuse River Basin in North Carolina. The empirical research shows
that the economics of the BMPs are very different for the three
regions in the basin as distinguished by physiographic conditions.
Economic differences in implementing BMPs should be taken into
account by state and federal authorities when they are determining
cost-share programs. The research also shows that the cost-share
payments offered for grass buffers might not be in line with the
relative reduction in nitrogen emission offered by this
BMP.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
162. Farm management and protection of natural
resources: Analysis of adaptation process and dependence
relationships.
Gafsi, M. and Brossier,
J.
Agricultural Systems
55 (1): 71-97. (Sept.
1997)
NAL Call #:
HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X [AGSYDS]
Descriptors:
mineral waters/ farm management/
natural resources/ environmental protection/ adaptation/ contracts/
farming systems/ innovation adoption/ resource management/ case
studies
Abstract: In the new farming context, farms are
under considerable pressure from their socio-economic and
administrative environment to adhere to service or management
contracts, which create new constraints regarding production
systems, leading farmers to modify their farming practices with a
highly limiting effect on their manoeuvring power. Using the
example of protection of a mineral water perimeter, we analyse in
this paper: (i) the techno-economic results of the adaptation
process on the farms; and (ii) the question of dependence of farms
with regard to the other party involved in the contract. The
methodological approach used is crucial to the reliability of this
analysis. We have used the physical and monetary flow method to
carry out detailed studies of the farms based on the case-study
method. Results after the changes show a trend to specialise and
extensify production systems, and also positive economic results
with a new source of farm revenue (bonuses). The analysis shows
that pressure to change leads to several types of external control
on farms, and also that farmers are able to react in a number of
ways. The success of such programmes can be put down to a certain
number of factors which are examined here.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
163. Farm Operators' Preferences for Soil
Conservation Service Information: Results From Three Tennessee
Watersheds.
Pompelli, G.; Morfaw, C.; English,
B. C.; Bowling, R. G.; Bullen, G. S.; and Tegegne, F.
Journal of Production
Agriculture 10 (3): 472-476.
(1997)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68; ISSN: 0890-8524
Descriptors:
United States, Tennessee/ Soil
Conservation/ Watersheds/ Attitudes/ Farms/ Regional Analysis/
Information Systems/ Prediction/ Legislation/ Water quality/
Agriculture/ Environmental information/ Human factors/ Information
exchange/ Watershed protection/ Environmental action/ Conservation
in agricultural use
Abstract: Recent water quality legislation requires
that the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) reach a more diverse range
of farm operators, especially small farm operators. With few, if
any, additional resources, the effectiveness of the SCS's efforts
to communicate soil conservation information to new audiences is
critical. Thus, a better understanding about farm operators'
predispositions toward SCS information may help SCS personnel reach
these new audiences more efficiently. This study examines the
extent to which farm and farm operator characteristics can be used
to predict farm operators' attitudes about the usefulness of soil
conservation information supplied by the SCS. The results of this
study indicate that farm operators contacted by SCS and extension
personnel, who also participate in government commodity programs
have an increased likelihood of considering SCS information useful.
Although regional influences negatively affect the likelihood that
farm operators will consider the SCS soil conservation information
useful, farm size, gross sales, years of education, and other farm
and farm operator characteristics were not found to be significant
factors.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
164. Farm organization and resource
use.
Campbell, M. B. and Dinar,
A.
Agribusiness 9 (5): 465-480. (Sept. 1993)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.A56; ISSN: 0742-4477
Descriptors:
farm management/ decision making/
resource utilization/ farm inputs/ labor/ irrigated farming/
drainage/ innovation adoption/ classification/ organization of
work/ farm comparisons/ California/ San Joaquin Valley,
California
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
165. Farm production systems of Mennonite and
non-Mennonite land owner-operators in Ohio.
Napier, T. L. and Sommers, D.
G.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 51 (1): 71-76.
(Jan. 1996-Feb. 1996)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
farming systems/ farm structure/
comparisons/ social differentiation/ religion/ ethnicity/ farmers/
cultural behavior/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/
technical progress/ environmental protection/ resource
conservation/ educational programs/ technology transfer/ diffusion
of information/ rural sociology/ Ohio
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
166. Farmer adoption of improved nitrogen
management technologies in rice farming: Technical constraints and
opportunities for improvement.
Balasubramanian, V.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 53 (1):
93-101. (Jan. 1999)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC].
Notes: In the special issue: Resource management in
rice systems: nutrients / edited by V. Balasubramanian, J.K. Ladha,
and G.L. Denning. Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ crop management/
farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ soil management/ climatic
factors/ nitrogen/ use efficiency/ irrigation/ weeds/ agricultural
research/ spatial variation/ temporal variation/ soil fertility/
nutrient balance/ drainage/ soil degradation/ soil compaction/
flooding/ rain/ drought/ solar radiation/ stress/ tolerance/
farming systems/ technology transfer/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
167. Farmer evaluation of precision farming
technologies.
Batte, M. T. and Arnholt, M.
W.
Journal of the American
Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers : 78-89. (2002)
NAL Call #:
281.8-Am32; ISSN: 0003-116X
Descriptors:
site specific crop management/
farmers' attitudes/ perception/ innovation adoption/ probit
analysis/ farm surveys/ cost benefit analysis/ Ohio
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
168. Farmer irrigation scheduling: A case study
in Arizona.
Lamacq, S.; Gal, P. Y. le;
Bautista, E.; and Clemmens, A. J.
In: Evapotranspiration and
irrigation scheduling: Proceedings of the International
Conference.
(Held 3 Nov 1996-6 Nov 1996 at San
Antonio, Texas.) Camp, C. R.; Sadler, E. J.; and Yoder, R. E.
(eds.); pp. 97-102; 1996. ISBN: 0-929355-82-2
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
169. Farmer participation in irrigation: 20
years of experience and lessons for the future.
Meinzen Dick, R.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 11 (2): 103-118.
(May 1997)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
irrigated farming/ irrigation/
farmers/ organizations/ farmers' associations/ irrigation water/
irrigation scheduling/ farmers' attitudes/ participation/ water
policy/ water allocation/ Philippines/ Sri Lanka/ Pakistan/
Senegal/ Mexico/ western states of USA/ water users'
associations/ Columbia Basin area of USA
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
170. Farmer perspectives on the Wetlands
Reserve Program: A series of focus groups conducted by the Soil and
Water Conservation Society, October 1993-February 1994.
Soil and Water Conservation
Society (U.S.).
Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water
Conservation Society. (1994)
Descriptors:
Wetlands Reserve Program U.S/
Wetlands---Law and legislation---United States/ Wetland
conservation---Law and legislation---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
171. Farmer rationality and the adoption of
environmentally sound practices; a critique of the assumptions of
traditional agricultural extension.
Vanclay, F. and Lawrence,
G.
European Journal of
Agricultural Education and Extension 1 (1): 59-90. (Apr. 1994)
NAL Call #:
S530.E97; ISSN: 1381-2335
Descriptors:
extension/ sustainability/ low
input agriculture/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/
environmental protection/ social benefits/ economic impact/
Australia/ United States/ Europe/ barriers to innovation
adoption
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
172. Farmer's willingness to pay for
groundwater protection.
Lichtenberg, E. and Zimmerman,
R.
Water Resources
Research 35 (3): 833-841.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
173. Farmers' and experts' opinion on
no-tillage in Western Europe and Nebraska (USA).
Tebrügge, F. and Böhrnsen,
A.
In: Conservation agriculture:
Environment, farmers experiences, innovations, socio-economy,
policy/ Garc�a-Torres, L.; Benites, J.; Mart�nez-Vilela, A.; and
Holgado-Cabrera, A. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic,
2003; pp. 69-78.
Notes: ISBN: 1-4020-1106-7
NAL Call #: S604.5 .C64 2003
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
174. Farmers and the custody of the
countryside: Trends in loss and conservation of non-productive
habitats 1981-1998.
Macdonald, D W and Johnson, P
J
Biological
Conservation 94 (2):
221-234. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmers/
Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/
conservation policy/ cultivation type/ farmland management/ habitat
destruction/ habitat restoration/ hedgerow/ non productive
habitats
Abstract: Using questionnaires circulated in 1981
and 1998, we assess the extent to which wildlife habitats were lost
from English farms during the 1970s and 1990s, and attempt to
identify the forces which motivated farmers to act as they did. We
investigate how farmers' professed interest in wildlife and
involvement with different leisure activities, particularly field
sports, was related to their actions, and how these patterns had
changed between the two surveys. These patterns are of some
interest in assessing how the availability of subsidies, and
changes in the legal framework surrounding farmland management, may
effect the behaviour of farmers. There were large regional
differences between farmers in their reported strategies with
respect to unproductive land in both surveys, which could be at
least partially related to regional variation in cultivation types.
While economic reasons were predominant in motivating farmers to
remove hedgerows and other habitats in the 1970s, a large
proportion of farmers then also professed positive attitudes to
wildlife and stated that they would be willing to co-operate with
schemes for habitat restoration if subsidies were available. In the
1990s subsidies have become available, and many of the 1990s
respondents had made use of the various schemes recently in place
to encourage habitat restoration and preservation. There was some
evidence that fieldsport involvement was influential; hunting
farmers reported least hedgerow destruction in both decades and
shooting farmers reported creating more new woodland in the 1990s
than did other farmers.
© Thomson
175. Farmers' attitudes about farming and the
environment: A survey of conventional and organic
farmers.
Sullivan, Shannon; McCann,
Elizabeth; De Young, Raymond; and Erickson, Donna
Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 9 (2):
123-143.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
BJ52.5 .J68; ISSN: 1187-7863
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae)/ animals/
chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ vertebrates/ agriculture/
conservation/ conventional farming/ environmental attitudes/
farmer/ farming attitudes/ human ecology/ organic
farming
Abstract: Farmers have been characterized as people
whose ties to the land have given them a deep awareness of natural
cycles, appreciation for natural beauty and sense of responsibility
as stewards. At the same time, their relationship to the land has
been characterized as more utilitarian than that of others who are
less directly dependent on its bounty. This paper explores this
tension by comparing the attitudes and beliefs of a group of
conventional farmers to those of a group of organic farmers. It was
found that while both groups reject the idea that a farmer's role
is to conquer nature, organic farmers were significantly more
supportive of the notion that humans should live in harmony with
nature. Organic farmers also reported a greater awareness of and
appreciation for nature in their relationship with the land. Both
groups view independence as a main benefit of farming and a lack of
financial reward as its main drawback. Overall, conventional
farmers report more stress in their lives although they also view
themselves in a caretaker role for the land more than do the
organic farmers. In contrast, organic farmers report more
satisfaction with their lives, a greater concern for living
ethically, and a stronger perception of community. Finally, both
groups are willing to have their rights limited (organic farmers
somewhat more so) but they do not trust the government to do
so.
© Thomson
176. Farmers' attitudes to the benefits and
barriers of adopting automation for surface irrigation on dairy
farms in Australia.
Maskey, R.; Roberts, G.; and
Graetz, B.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 15 (1): 39-51.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TC801.I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG]
Descriptors:
dairy farms/ farmers' attitudes/
surface irrigation/ automation/ automatic irrigation systems/
factor analysis/ irrigated pastures/ innovation adoption/
Victoria
Abstract: The study reports farmers' attitudes and
perceptions towards the "barriers" and "benefits" of automatic
irrigation systems. Factor analysis was used to identify perceived
"barriers" and "benefits" and the impact of these on farmers'
priority to adopt automation was examined. Results suggest that
farmers' attitudes, particularly with respect to "cost" and
"lifestyle" influenced the priority given to adopting automatic
irrigation systems. The area under pasture cultivation was also an
important determinant in the farmers' priority for adopting
automatic irrigation systems.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
177. Farmers' attitudes toward the carrying out
of wildlife habitat improvement actions (WHIA) in intensive
agricultural areas of Northern Italy.
Genghini, M; Spalatro, Fiorenza;
and Gellini, S
Zeitschrift fuer
Jagdwissenschaft 48
([supplement]): 309-319. (2002); ISSN: 0044-2887
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmer, hunter,
manager, public functionary/ livestock (Mammalia): commercial
species/ plant (Plantae): fruit crop, game crop/ wildlife
(Animalia)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/
Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Plants/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ abandoned
fields: reclamation / age effects/ agri environmental management/
attitudes/ community participation/ crop residues maintenance/
economic compensation/ farm structures/ financial subsidies/
hunting permits/ intensive agricultural areas/ livestock breeding/
outsourcing/ payment levels/ set aside lands/ socio economics/
wildlife damage/ wildlife habitat improvement actions
[WHIAs]
Abstract: The research aims at estimating farmers'
willingness to carry out selected measures for creating or
improving wildlife habitat on their farms. We have surveyed almost
all farmers of one agricultural province (Ravenna) in Northern
Italy, by sending 9,500 questionnaires enclosed in three major farm
publications. The questionnaire was elaborated on the basis of the
results of previous interviews with several farmers, hunters,
public functionaries and managers of agri-environmental and
wildlife sectors. The questionnaire was organised by dividing it
into two main sections: the first covers socio-economic information
about farmers and farm structures, while the second asks
respondents about their willingness to carry out some selected
wildlife habitat improvement actions (WHIA). Four main measures
were proposed, involving: game crops, crops residues maintenance,
management of set-aside land for wildlife and management and
reclamation of abandoned fields. Different payment levels were
proposed for each measure. A telephone survey of 100 farmers
revealed that only 10% of them were aware of the questionnaires. We
collected a total of 303 valid questionnaires (3.2% of the total,
and 31.9% of the examined questionnaires); they arrived partly by
mail and partly through agricultural extension agents. 128 of such
farmers (42%) expressed a general willingness to carry out actions
in favour of wildlife in the case of economic compensation; only 36
(12%) were willing to carry out the proposed intervention if a low
level of subsidy were involved (the level actually proposed in
agri-environmental and/or wildlife habitat measures in the Ravenna
province). Variables correlating positively with participation in
the WHIA program are: farm size, certain types of farm (mixed, with
prevalence of arable crops, and with pasture, woodland and
set-aside fields), previous participation in agri-environmental
programmes, presence of hunting permits in the family, absence of
wildlife damage experience, farmers' age (in upland areas), etc.
Variables correlating negatively with participation in the WHIA
program are: fruit crops, livestock breeding, absence of
outsourcing, farmers' age (on the plain), etc.
© Thomson
178. Farmers' Choices: Management Practices to
Reduce Nutrient Leakage Within a Swedish Catchment.
Bratt, A.
Journal of Environmental
Planning and Management 45
(5): 673-689. (2002); ISSN: 0964-0568.
Notes: DOI: 10.1080/0964056022000013066
Descriptors:
decision making/ Agriculture/
Catchments/ Water quality control/ Eutrophication/ Nutrients/
Sweden/ Water Quality Management/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/
Catchment Areas/ Agricultural Practices/ Best Management Practices/
Public Participation/ Attitudes/ Pollution (Nonpoint sources)/
Decision theory/ Sweden/ Freshwater pollution/ Water Pollution:
Monitoring, Control & Remediation/ Water quality control/ Water
Quality
Abstract: This paper analyses farmers' strategies
on management practices for the reduction of nutrient releases,
within a Swedish catchment. The main objective of the European
Union water framework directive is to obtain good ecological water
quality, and the approach is specifically stipulated to be
catchment-based. Eutrophication is generally stated as the main
environmental problem in water management and agricultural
production is the major cause of nutrient leakage. The analysis
concentrates on current agricultural management practices to reduce
nutrient leakage. Farmers are beginning to experience a new
awareness about nutrient use and see manure as a resource instead
of a waste product. Further, those factors that are decisive for
decision making are investigated, including information sources.
The farm economy, the level of ecological knowledge and regulations
illustrate the main obstacles linked to decision making.
Professional magazines and informal discussions are considered the
most esteemed information sources. Farmers' disposition to change,
and co-operation, are also discussed, both of which are of vital
importance for the development of new official administrative
procedures.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
179. Farmers' commitment to continued use of
the late spring soil nitrogen test.
Contant, C. K. and Korsching, P.
F.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 12 (1): 20-27. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 [AJAAEZ]
Descriptors:
soil testing/ nitrogen/ nutrient
availability/ determination/ spring/ tests/ technical progress/ new
products/ utilization/ farmers' attitudes/ opinions/ innovation
adoption/ decision making/ crop management/ nutrient
management
Abstract: Within the past decade, low cost and
convenient soil tests have been developed and marketed to permit
better matching of soil nitrogen levels with crop needs. We explore
the factors related to farmers' initial adoption and their
commitment to continued use of one such kit, marketed in Iowa as
N-Trak. Early adopters of the N-Trak had many of the same personal
and farm operation characteristics as farmers who have been early
adopters of other farming innovations. Further, the principal
factors in differentiating between various levels of commitment to
continued use of the kit were perceptions of technological
attributes of the kit and, to a much lesser extent, farmer
attitudinal factors and personal characteristics. These results
suggest that perceived attributes of the technology, especially its
returns to time, effort, and financial investment, were critical in
the decision to adopt and continue to use the N-Trak kit. Early
adopters' decisions to continue using it focused primarily on cost,
profitability, and technological issues, to the exclusion of water
quality concerns measured by attitudinal items. These findings
suggest that providing information that shows the kit's ease,
compatibility, and advantages, would be more persuasive than
marketing it as a tool to enhance water quality.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
180. Farmers' decision processes and adoption
of conservation tillage.
Westra, John.; Olson, Kent D.; and
University of Minnesota. Dept. of Applied Economics.
St. Paul, MN: Dept. of Applied
Economics, University of Minnesota; 35 p.; Series: Staff paper
(University of Minnesota. Dept. of Applied Economics) P97-9.
(1997)
Notes: "June 1997." "Research sponsored by the Twin
Cities Water Quality Initiative of the Metropolitan Council."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 23).
NAL Call #: HD1761.A1M5-no.97-9
http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/mn/p97-09.pdf
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
181. Farmers' incentives to conserve soil
resources: A dynamic model applied to the North-Central United
States.
Hopkins, J. W.; Schnitkey, G. D.;
Miranda, M. J.; Sohngen, B. G.; and Tweeten, L. G.
In: Land quality, agricultural
productivity, and food security: Biophysical processes and economic
choices at local, regional, and global levels/ Wiebe, K., 2003; pp.
305-318.
Notes: ISBN: 1-84064-752-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
182. Farmers' information sources, problem
recognition and the adoption of water quality-related management
practices.
O'Keefe, G.; Rursch, J.; Anderson,
S.; and Nowak, P.
In: Agricultural research to
protect water quality: Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993-24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis,
Minnesota.)
Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water
Conseravation Society; pp. 252-253; 1993.
NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993
Descriptors:
farmers/ decision making/ farm
management/ water quality/ diffusion of information
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
183. Farmers' landscape decisions:
Relationships between farmers' values and landscape
practices.
Busck, A. G.
Sociologia Ruralis
42 (3): 233-249. (2002);
ISSN: 0038-0199
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
184. Farmers' motivations for adopting
conservation practices along riparian zones in a mid-western
agricultural watershed.
Ryan, R. L.; Erickson, D. L.; and
de Young, R.
Journal of Environmental
Planning and Management 46
(1): 19-37. (2003); ISSN: 0964-0568
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
185. Farmers' needs for nature conservation
education in Greece.
Pyrovetsi, M and Daoutopoulos,
G
Journal of environmental
management 56 (2): 147-157.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
herbicides: herbicide/ pesticides:
pesticide/ human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/
Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ environmental awareness/ farming
practices: environmental impact/ landscape/ nature conservation
education/ soil/ sustainable agriculture/ water quality/ wetlands:
conservation
Abstract: Impact of farming practices on the
environment and on wetlands is determined, to a great extent, by
the level of farmers' environmental awareness. Effective
conservation of wetlands cannot depend merely on prohibitions but
instead it is necessary to investigate users' knowledge and
attitudes towards these vulnerable resources and then inform and
encourage sustainable use. In the present study we examine: (1)
farmers' knowledge of the environmental impact of modern
agriculture practised adjacent to two Ramsar wetlands, Lakes
Kerkini and Prespa, and on the Plain of the Serres Basin, (2)
absence of knowledge associated with characteristics of farming
operations and their managers; and (3) which groups are in greater
need of environmental awareness and knowledge. Data analysis
revealed that the majority of farmers ignored the environmental
impact of modern agriculture. Wetland farmers were more ignorant
and practised a more intensive form of agriculture than those on
the Plain. Prespa farmers were the most intensive farmers and were
also the most ignorant with regards to water quality, soil and
landscape and the use of pesticides and herbicides. This is
particularly important since Prespa is a National Park. Kerkini
farmers showed less environmental awareness and farmed more
intensively, compared to their adjacent counterparts on the Plain.
Those more 'knowledgeable' concerning environmental impacts of high
input agriculture are those younger crop farmers with higher formal
education and training. The findings of the study call for
immediate action to implement specifically designed training
programmes for wetland farmers, primarily of Prespa, so that they
become more environmentally aware and eventually change their
behaviour in a pro-environmental direction. This study highlights
the necessity to build a conservation consensus among farmers in
environmentally sensitive areas by educating them to conserve
natural resources, training them to practise sustainable
agriculture and rewarding the most environmentally friendly
agriculture.
© Thomson
186. Farms adaptation to changes in flood risk:
A management approach.
Pivot, J. M.; Josien, E.; and
Martin, P.
Journal of Hydrology
267 (1/2): 12-25. (2002)
NAL Call #:
292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
187. Flexible incentives and water quality
control technologies for the Everglades Agricultural
Area.
Lee, Donna J. and Milton, J.
Walter.
Gainesville: University of
Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Food and
Resource Economics Dept.; 26 p.: ill.; Series: Staff paper
(University of Florida. Food and Resource Economics Dept.) SP98-11.
(1998)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
25-26).
NAL Call #: FU S49.S7-SP98-11;
HD1751.A1S73-no.98-11
Descriptors:
Water
quality---Florida---Everglades/ Agriculture---Florida---Everglades/
Water quality management---Florida---Everglades
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
188. Forest owner incentives to protect
riparian habitat.
Kline, J. D.; Alig, R. J.; and
Johnson, R. L.
Ecological Economics
(Amsterdam) 33 (1): 29-43.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
189. A framework for evaluating the economic
benefits, costs, and trade- offs associated with riparian-area
management practices and strategies.
Obermiller, F. W.
Natural Resources and
Environmental Issues
1: 53-64. (1994); ISSN: 1069-5370
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
190. From researcher to farmer: The use of
extension programs to transfer biological control technology in
developed countries.
Mahr, D L
Entomophaga 41 (3-4):
387-404. ( 1996)
NAL Call #:
421 EN835M; ISSN: 0013-8959
Descriptors:
arthropod (Arthropoda Unspecified)/
insect (Insecta Unspecified)/ invertebrate (Invertebrata
Unspecified)/ Arthropoda (Arthropoda Unspecified)/ Insecta (Insecta
Unspecified) / animals/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/
biobusiness/ biological control/ biological control agent/
education/ extension programs/ integrated pest management/ pest/
pest control method/ pest management/ technology
transfer
Abstract: Effective use of biological control by
the pest manager requires knowledge of the biologies of the pests
and natural enemies, and their interactions with their environment
and agronomic practices. Manufacturers provide information for
products such as microbial pesticides and entomophagous arthropods
used in augmentative biological control. However, information about
process-oriented methods such as classical importation biological
control and conservation of natural enemies is not often available
to the farmer. Governmental extension programs are one method for
providing practical biological control information, but
availability in developed countries varies considerably. Examples
of transfer of biological control information are provided for New
Zealand, Canada, and Australia. In the United States, the Extension
Service, a branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, provides
partial funding and coordination for pest management educational
programs conducted at the national, regional, state and local
levels. In a twelve-state region of the North Central United
States, university extension and research entomologists have
developed a coordinated program to educate county extension
personnel, farmers, and private consultants about the use of
biological controls in pest management. The details of this model
program are discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the
educational constraints that must be overcome to successfully
increase the adoption of biological control.
© Thomson
191. From science to technology adoption: The
role of policy research in improving natural resource
management.
Hazell, Peter and Wood,
Stanley
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 82 (1-3):
385-393. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
food production/ global climate
change/ natural resource management: policy research/ technology
adoption
Abstract: GCTE3 science seeks to predict the
effects of global change on agriculture, forestry and soils. Better
understanding the response of these ecological systems, it is
argued, will enable society to better ameliorate, adapt to, and
even benefit from, the forces of global change. The argument
presented in this paper, however, is that the response of managed
ecosystems can only be understood by treating likely human response
to global change as an integral part of the research agenda.
Linking science and policy research matters because the adoption of
technologies for improved natural resource management, or of other
interventions that scientific research may help design, is
conditioned by socio-economic factors that policy research is
better equipped to articulate. The paper first discusses how
natural resource management and technology adoption are influenced
by policy factors. It then explores why science - including GCTE -
research needs to be linked to policy research. The reasons
include: (a) that understanding biophysical processes is necessary
but insufficient to understanding the socio-economic consequences
of global change; (b) that the design of interventions to
ameliorate negative and foster positive change at a global scale
depends on gauging the likely human behavioral responses to change;
(c) that although global impacts arise from an accumulation of
local changes, interventions are often best coordinated in an
international forum where the interests of potential "winners" and
"losers" can best be matched. Different (winner and loser) nations
have different policy stances on the underlying promoters of
change, e.g., population growth, carbon emissions, biodiversity
loss, etc. Failure to understand the (often economic) incentives
underlying the "business-as-usual" position of many countries can
hamper progress, even if the scientific arguments are compelling.
The paper also assesses how best to link GCTE science research and
policy research. Researchers need to be: (a) concerned at many
scales, from local to global; (b) able to predict and allow for the
influences of technical change; (c) able to model biophysical
processes and behavioral norms and responses in an integrated way.
Interactive models in which biophysical processes impact on human
behavioral response and vice versa are increasingly required. Even
where land use and socio-economic models are not formally linked,
significant gains may be made from multidisciplinary approaches and
information exchange that develop common scenarios under which
biophysical and economic analyses are made separately, but at least
in complementary ways.
© Thomson
192. Future land use decisions of North Dakota
Conservation Reserve Program participants.
Gustafson, Cole. and Hill, Chester
Lewis.
Fargo, ND: Dept. of Agricultural
Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State
University; v, 43 p.: map. ( 1993)
Notes: Cover title. "August 1993." Includes
bibliographical references (p. 29-31).
NAL Call #: 281.9-N814A-no.302
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve
Program---United States/ Agricultural Conservation Program---North
Dakota/ Soil conservation projects---North Dakota
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
193. Goal-oriented agricultural water quality
legislation.
Gannon, R. W.; Osmond, D. L.;
Humenik, F. J.; Gale, J. A.; and Spooner, J.
Water Resources
Bulletin 32 (3): 437-450.
(June 1996)
NAL Call #:
292.9-Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370 [WARBAQ]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ water quality/
water pollution/ pollution control/ legislation/ nonpoint
source pollution/ 1995 Farm Bill/ Clean Water Act/ Coastal Zone
Management Act
Abstract: While significant nonpoint source (NPS)
pollution control progress has been made since passage of Section
319 in the 1987 Water Quality Act, existing federal legislation
does not provide for the most timely and cost-effective NPS
pollution reduction. In this paper, we use findings from the Rural
Clean Water Program and other nationwide agricultural NPS pollution
control programs, building on legislative history, to recommend a
coordinated and efficient direction for agricultural water quality
legislation. A collaborative framework should be established to
accomplish the goals of the Clean Water Act (CWA), Coastal Zone
Management Act (CZMA), and the Conservation Title of the Farm Bill.
Valuable elements of the 1990 CZMA amendments that created a
coastal NPS program should be subsumed into the CWA. The CWA should
reemphasize use of receiving water quality criteria and standards
and should allow states flexibility to tailor basin-scale NPS
program implementation to local needs. Implementation should
involve targeting of NPS pollution control efforts to critical land
treatment areas and use of systems of best management practices to
address these targeted water quality problems. The 1995 Farm Bill
should reorient production incentives toward water quality to
support the collaborative framework, implementing ecologically
sound source reduction principles. The Farm Bill and the CWA should
contain interrelated provisions for voluntary, incentive-assisted
producer participation and fallback regulatory measures. Such
coordinated national water quality and Farm Bill legislation that
recognizes the need for flexibility in state implementation is
supported as the most rational and cost-effective means of
attaining water quality goals.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
194. A group incentive program for farmer
adoption of best management practices: An application to the
nitrate pollution problem in central Illinois.
Ipe, V. C. and DeVuyst, E.
A.
Selected papers from the
annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics
Association (1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1405-.A44.
Notes: Supplemental online access through http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 8-11, 1999 in
Nashville, Tennessee.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
farm management/ pollution control/
nitrate/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ incentives/
program participants/ Illinois/ best management
practices
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
195. Growers' perceptions and acceptance of
soil quality indices.
Andrews, S. S.; Flora, C. B.;
Mitchell, J. P.; and Karlen, D. L.
Geoderma 114 (3/4): 187-213. (2003)
NAL Call #:
S590.G4; ISSN: 0016-7061
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
196. A hedonic analysis of herbicides: Do user
safety and water quality matter?
Beach, E. D. and Carlson, G.
A.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 75 (3): 612-623. (1993)
NAL Call #:
280.8 J822; ISSN: 0002-9092
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
197. How do growers deal with regulatory
induced change?
Matthews, Charles H Jr and Botts,
Daniel A
Soil and Crop Science
Society of Florida: Proceedings 55: 74-76. (1996)
NAL Call #:
56.9 So32; ISSN: 0096-4522
Descriptors:
agriculture/ best management
practices/ hazardous analysis and critical control points
techniques/ regulatory induced change/ silviculture/ water
disposal
Abstract: Florida fruit and vegetable growers
continue to face a myriad of regulatory challenges. These
challenges result in constant changes for growers. This paper
discusses how growers deal with regulatory induced changes,
including examples of 1) the adoption of silviculture BMPs for
surface-water protection during forest-related operations, 2) the
development of BMPs dealing with water disposal from tomato
packinghouse dump tanks, and 3) the application of Hazardous
Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) techniques to minimize
microbiological contamination of food products. Florida-based
scientists (i.e., academia) are encouraged to avoid the adoption of
far-reaching conclusions based solely on basic research and/or
preliminary results, and to become more heavily involved in the
extension or implementation of research findings to the point of
grower-ready techniques.
© Thomson
198. How does water price affect irrigation
technology adoption.
Green, G.; Parker, D.; Sunding,
D.; Trotter, C.; Ziberman, D.; and Collup, S.
California Agriculture
(California Agricultural Experiment Station) 50 (2): 36-40. (Mar. 1996-Apr. 1996)
NAL Call #:
100-C12Cag; ISSN: 0008-0845 [CAGRA3]
Descriptors:
irrigation systems/ innovation
adoption/ decision making/ irrigation water/ water costs/ crops/
agricultural soils/ permeability/ slope/ field size/ probabilistic
models/ California/ low volume irrigation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
199. How economic incentives for growers can
benefit biological diversity.
Howitt, R. E.
California Agriculture
(California Agricultural Experiment Station) 49 (6): 28-33. (Nov. 1995-Dec. 1995)
NAL Call #:
100-C12Cag; ISSN: 0008-0845 [CAGRA3]
Descriptors:
wetlands/ species diversity/
irrigated farming/ environmental impact/ economic policy/
agricultural policy/ California/ biodiversity management
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
200. How to organise nature production by
farmers.
Slangen, L. H. G.
European Review of
Agricultural Economics
24 (3/4): 508-529. (1997);
ISSN: 0165-1587
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
201. Identification of farmer characteristics
and farm strategies explaining changes in environmental management
and environmental and economic performance of dairy
farms.
Ondersteijn, CJM.; Giesen, GWJ.;
and Huirne, RBM.
Agricultural Systems
78 (1): 31-55. (2003)
NAL Call #:
HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X.
Notes: Number of References: 49; Publisher: Elsevier
Sci Ltd
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ strategic
management/ environmental management change/ environmental
performance change/ farmer characteristics/ farm strategies/ dairy
farming/ LISREL analysis/ conservation practices/ efficiency/
diversification/ behavior/ decision/ models/ goals
Abstract: In 1998, the Mineral Accounting System
(MINAS) was introduced in The Netherlands. MINAS penalises farms
with a levy if the farm nutrient surpluses exceed a certain
threshold. The threshold is strict, meaning that most farmers need
to change their environmental management and performance to avoid
high levies. Since MINAS is designed to leave ample room for
farmers to follow the course of change of their choice, it is
crucial to know whether or not different farmers and different farm
strategies lead to different environmental results. A strategic
management framework is used to model changes in implementation and
performance on specialised dairy farms. Financial and nutrient
bookkeeping data of 114 farms, collected over the period 1997-1999
are combined with survey data on farmer characteristics and farm
strategies. Results of Linear Structural Equation Analysis (LISREL)
showed that the main farmer characteristic explaining change in
environmental management was education. Better-educated farmers
chose to increase the intensity of the farming system, and cope
with the corresponding increase in environmental pressure by
improving the production capacity of the herd and improving
operational management. Farm strategies explain the differences in
the changes in nutrient management. A strategy of process control
focuses on optimising tactical management, whereas a growth
strategy and a diversification strategy are strongly related to
changes in farm structure. Changes in technical and environmental
performance in addition to changes resulting from implementation
changes are positively affected by education, but show no strong
relationship with any strategy, indicating that environmental
improvements can be achieved regardless of the way a farmer chooses
to develop his farm. Finally, an improvement of financial
performance was shown to be significantly related to an improvement
of environmental performance. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson ISI
202. Impact of irrigation water use on water
quality in the central Colorado water conservancy
district.
Emond, H.; Loftis, J. C.; and
Podmore, T.
Fort Collins, CO: Colorado Water
Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, 1993.
Notes: COMPLETION REPORT: 179
Descriptors:
irrigation water/ water quality/
environmental effects/ water management/ surface runoff/
percolation/ nitrates/ water quality standards/ groundwater
pollution/ fertilizers/ water conservation/ United States,
Colorado, Greeley/ irrigation/ runoff/ agriculture/ environmental
impact/ groundwater contamination/ agricultural pollution/ Sources
and fate of pollution/ Use of water of impaired quality/ Freshwater
pollution/ Prevention and control
Abstract: This paper presents the results of
a two year study sponsored by the Colorado Water Resources Research
Institute, the United States Geological Survey, and the United
States Environmental Protection Agency on the impact of irrigation
water use on water quality in the agricultural area near Greeley,
Colorado. Data on water management techniques, consumptive use,
irrigation application efficiency, deep percolation, surface runoff
and nitrate levels were collected. Results indicated a wide range
of application efficiencies and deep percolation percentages.
Nitrate levels in the pumped ground water often exceeded EPA
drinking water standards, while nitrate levels of water from the
South Platte River were generally below the drinking water
standards. There are opportunities for improving irrigation
application efficiency in this area, but there may be repercussions
for downstream water users. Decreasing the quantity of nitrate
going into the ground water can occur through increased water
conservation and through reducing the actual amount of nitrates
applied in the irrigation water or fertilizers. There is currently
little incentive for farmers to implement these
measures.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
203. Impact of participation in government
programs on tenant and landlord risk-returns for crop shared
rice.
Parsch, L. D.; Cao, G.; and
Rhoades, S. R.
Research Series - Arkansas
Agricultural Experiment Station (No. 456): 198-205. (1997)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
204. Impact of Spring 2000 Drought Forecasts on
Midwestern Water Management.
Changnon, S. A. and Vonnahme, D.
R.
Journal of Water Resources
Planning and Management 129
(1): 18-25. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TC401.A45; ISSN: 0733-9496
Descriptors:
United States, midwest/ Water
Management/ Weather Forecasting/ Drought/ Case Studies/ Management
Planning/ Social Impact/ Economic Impact/ Surveys/ Attitudes/ Case
study/ Sociology/ Economics/ Survey/ Water resources/ Droughts /
Sociological aspects/ United States, Midwest/ Evaluation process/
Water Resources and Supplies
Abstract: In March 2000, the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration issued forecasts of spring and summer
droughts for five Midwestern states. Summer brought heavy rains
across the Midwest, ending the drought and revealing the forecast's
failure. The uses of forecasts and the resulting impacts were
assessed by interviewing 45 state agency water managers in the
drought region plus managers of 31 community water systems facing
serious shortages. All state water managers had received the
forecasts and most believed the forecast was accurate. As a result
of the forecast, 70% of them initiated various activities,
primarily by warning managers of water short communities and
initiating meetings of state drought response groups. Many managers
of water-short local systems reported that the forecast led them to
impose water use restrictions or to seek new sources of water. Most
state water officials and local managers felt the forecast-based
actions were beneficial and created few problems. State
climatologists handled many complaints, primarily from agricultural
interests who claimed large losses resulting from use of the
forecast. The forecast failure led to a loss of credibility over
future use of climate forecasts by water managers. Long-range
weather forecasts issued without expressing levels of uncertainty
are misleading.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
205. Impacts of Voluntary Conservation
Initiatives in the Darby Creek Watershed of Ohio.
Napier, T. L. and Johnson, E.
J.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 53 (1): 78-84.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
Ohio/ Darby Creek/ Watersheds/ Soil
Conservation/ Water Conservation/ Public Participation/ forming /
Assessments/ Agricultural Practices/ volunteers/ Conservation in
agricultural use/ Conservation/ United States
Abstract: Land owner-operators in the Darby Creek
watershed located in central Ohio were provided the opportunity to
participate in a comprehensive soil and water conservation program
sponsored by several public and private conservation organizations.
Extensive human and economic resources were appropriated by the
cooperating organizations to implement a conservation effort that
emphasized information, education, and cost-sharing to motivate
land owner-operators to adopt soil and water protection practices
at the farm level. Data were collected in 1991 prior to the
implementation of the conservation program and again in 1994 after
conservation efforts had been in operation for approximately 3
years. Analysis of longitudinal data revealed that conservation
efforts were not very successful in motivating land owner-operators
to change production practices. While significant modifications in
production practices were observed over time, the changes were not
uniformly desirable from the perspective of soil and water
conservation. The findings also revealed that land owner-operators
within the study area become more polarized in terms of the types
of farm production systems employed. Such findings suggest that it
may become more difficult to motivate land owner-operators who have
resisted using conservation production systems in the past to adopt
conservation production systems in the future. Study findings bring
into serious question the utility of continuing to implement soil
and water conservation practices using traditional voluntary
approaches such as those used in the Darby Creek
watershed.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
206. Implementation of landscape planning and
nature conservation in the agricultural landscape: A case study
from Saxony.
Luetz, M and Bastian, O
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 92 (2-3):
159-170. (2002)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
agri-environmental measures: farm
income, subsidies/ agroecosystems: agriculture society
interface
Abstract: The interface between environment,
agriculture and society needs more attention to improve nature
conservation in rural landscapes. The present paper attempts to
identify the conditions on which ecological landscape plans can be
implemented in agricultural practice, considering the prevailing
conditions of agricultural policy. The case study was carried out
in a local authority area in Saxony (Germany). Calculation of
variable margins indicated that most of the measures proposed by
the landscape plan (such as planting hedgerows, reduction of land
use intensity, establishment of field margins rich in arable weeds)
can be realised without loss of farmers' income. That is 6% of the
agricultural area can be withdrawn from cultivation without any
negative financial effect for the farmers. In addition, a certain
proportion of arable fields and grassland can be managed less
intensively. Nevertheless, the attitude of farmers towards nature
conservation was an obstacle in the realisation of ecological
measures, even with generous economic incentives. The method
applied was adequate to show that agriculture in this area is
dependent on payments from agri-environmental programmes. It is
proposed to strengthen the link between such subsidies and more
effective agri-environmental measures.
© Thomson
207. Implementing irrigation efficiency: The
energy savings incentive.
Pinkham, R.
In: Basin planning and management:
Water quantity and quality/ Mueller, D. K.; Fort Collins, CO:
Colorado Water Resour. Res. Inst., Colorado State Univ. (Series:
Information Series of the Colorado Water Resources Institute 73),
1993. pp. 39-42
Notes: Conference: 1993 Basin Planning and Management
Symp., Thornton, CO (USA), 5 Mar 1993
Descriptors:
irrigation efficiency/ energy/
water demand/ technology/ cost analysis/ environmental
effects/ water quality/ water resources management/ water
conservation/ irrigation water/ water use/ United States/ water
resources/ water management/ Conservation in agricultural use/
Protective measures and control
Abstract: Efficient use of water in
irrigation is increasingly important throughout the western United
States. Desired crop yields can be obtained using less water, and
saved water can be applied to additional fields, sold to other
users, or devoted to environmental needs and enhancement.
Irrigation efficiency may reduce groundwater overdraft, helping
perpetuate the agricultural future of some regions. Reduced water
applications can also reduce leaching of salts and agricultural
chemicals, thereby maintaining or enhancing surface and groundwater
quality. These benefits of efficient irrigation are well-known. So
too are the many technologies and practices that can increase
on-farm water efficiency. As with any good idea, the critical
question in irrigation efficiency is how to implement it. How can
farmers be motivated to change equipment and management techniques?
Wherever water is pumped, rather than moved by gravity, cutting the
cost of energy use can be an important motivation for implementing
water-efficient irrigation technologies and practices. Even where
water itself has a zero or low price, irrigation efficiency may
provide economic payoffs by reducing the pumping costs to move
water to farms, to distribute water to fields, and to pressurize
water application systems. These energy savings can be significant
for individual farmers and for water providers. They have also
become important to energy utilities, many of which, as this paper
will show, are developing innovative programs to work with farmers
and water districts.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
208. Improving farmers' access to advice on
land management: Lessons from case studies in developed
countries.
Garforth, C.; Angell, B.; Archer,
J.; and Green, K.; Network Paper - Agricultural Research and
Extension Network No.125, 2003. iv, 19 p.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
209. Incentive payments to encourage farmer
adoption of water quality protection practices.
Cooper, J. C. and Keim, R.
W.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 78 (1): 54-64. (Feb. 1996)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
water quality/ farm management/
incentives/ innovation adoption/ probit analysis/ integrated pest
management/ legumes/ manures/ soil water/ nitrogen fertilizers/
application rates/ profits/ costs/ legislation/ federal programs/
USDA/ farmers' attitudes/ mathematical models/ legume crediting/
manure testing/ willingness to accept
Abstract: Farmers can be encouraged to voluntarily
adopt environmentally sound management practices through the use of
incentive payments. This paper uses both a bivariate probit with
sample selection model and a double hurdle model on data from a
survey of farmers to predict farmer adoption of the practices as a
function of the pay merit offer. The five management practices
addressed here are integrated pest management, legume crediting,
manure testing, split applications of nitrogen, and soil moisture
testing. Also estimated are models that predict the acreage on
which these practices would be applied given the decision to accept
the incentive payments estimated.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
210. Incentives for avoiding the tragedy of the
commons.
Uphoff, Norman and Langholz,
Jeff
Environmental
Conservation 25 (3):
251-261. (1998)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929
Descriptors:
biodiversity/ common property/
environmental protection/ incentives/ natural resources/ Tragedy of
the Commons
Abstract: Efforts to protect vulnerable
environmental resources have focused largely on legal prohibitions
and sanctions or on economic rewards or penalties. The role and
importance of social and cultural factors have been much less
considered. While theoretical arguments have addressed whether
state institutions must be involved in resource protection, or
whether private incentives can be manipulated to achieve desired
outcomes, this preoccupation with either public sector or private
sector solutions to the problems of environmental conservation has
caused a neglect of social values and community consensus. The
analysis offered here seeks to enlarge the debate from being
two-sided to three-cornered. By bringing in a third set of
considerations, the sociocultural, the analysis underscores that
individual decisions are embedded in community and local contexts.
All three kinds of incentives are considered to be potentially of
equal importance for resource-conserving behaviour (RCB) vis-a-vis
resource-degrading behaviour (RDB). The analysis is concerned first
with the strength of different incentives in favour of RCB compared
to RDB, comparing legal and economic with sociocultural
considerations affecting RCB and RDB. Efforts to protect vulnerable
resources can seek to alter in an RCB direction the attitudes and
incentives of people along any or all of these three dimensions of
motivation, or they can seek to make a particular domain of
motivation more salient if it is supportive of environmental
conservation. This analysis is proposed in part to get the
sociocultural domain taken more seriously alongside the legal and
economic domains, as well as to prompt more systematic
consideration of different kinds of policies, investments, actions
or pronouncements that could shift the net balance of incentives in
favour of RCB. While the analysis is admittedly simplified, there
is utility in encouraging focused comparisons and evaluations of
conservation alternatives. Examples of efforts to promote RCB in
Madagascar and Costa Rica are given to illustrate this.
© Thomson
211. Incentives for countryside management: The
case of environmentally sensitive areas.
Whitby, Martin and C.A.B.
International.
Wallingford: CAB International;
ix, 286 p.: ill., maps. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p.
273-280) and index.
NAL Call #: QH77.G7I53--1994;
ISBN: 0851988970 (pbk)
Descriptors:
Landscape protection---Great
Britain/ Agricultural conservation---Great Britain
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
212. Incentives in soil conservation: From
theory to practice.
Sanders, David W. and World
Association of Soil and Water Conservation.
Enfield, N.H.: Science Publishers;
xvii, 384 p.: ill., maps. (1999)
Notes: "World Association of Soil and Water
Conservation." Includes bibliographical references and
index.
NAL Call #: S627.I54-I53-1999; ISBN: 1578080614
Descriptors:
Incentives in soil
conservation
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
213. Information and Farmers' Attitudes About
Pesticides, Water Quality, and Related Environmental
Effects.
Lichtenberg, E. and Zimmerman,
R.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 3: 227-236.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809.
Notes: DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00053-5
Descriptors:
United States, Mid Atlantic states/
Attitudes/ Surveys/ Agricultural Chemicals/ Pesticides/
Environmental Quality/ Wildlife/ Drinking Water/ Information
Systems/ Farms/ Agricultural pollution/ Sociological aspects/ Water
quality/ Environmental protection/ Ecosystem disturbance/
Agriculture/ Agrochemicals/ Perception/ Public concern/
Occupational safety/ Environmental impact/ Information exchange/
United States/ farmers' attitudes/ Evaluation process/ Behavior and
fate characteristics/ Environmental action
Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of
information from different sources on farmers' attitudes regarding
the effects of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals on
environmental quality using a survey of 2700 farmers in three
mid-Atlantic states. Farmers' beliefs are similar to those of the
general public on average, but are distributed more uniformly,
suggesting that the farm community may be more polarized on
environmental issues than the general public. Farmers regard
first-hand sources of information such as direct field observation
and pesticide labels as being the most important. Chemical dealers
and extension rank next in importance. Farmers who attached greater
importance to information from news media and extension expressed
greater environmental concern. Farmers who found information from
chemical dealers more important expressed greater concern about
injury to wildlife and pesticides in drinking water but less
concern about general environmental quality problems associated
with agricultural chemicals.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
214. Information and the adoption of precision
farming.
Daberkow, S. G. and McBride, W.
D.
Selected papers from the
annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics
Association (2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1405-.A44.
Notes: Supplemental online access through
http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 5-8, 2001, in
Chicago, Illinois. Includes references.
Descriptors:
site specific crop management/
information services/ innovation adoption/ decision making/ farming
systems
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
215. Information for policy design: Modelling
participation in a farm woodland incentive scheme.
Crabtree, B.; Chalmers, N.; and
Barron, N. J.
Journal of Agricultural
Economics 49 (3): 306-320.
(1998); ISSN:
0021-857X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
216. Innovating conservation agriculture: The
case of no-till cropping.
Coughenour, C. M.
Rural Sociology
68 (2): 278-304. (2003);
ISSN: 0036-0112
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
217. Integrated Land and Water Management in
the United Kingdom: Narrowing the Implementation Gap.
Ducros, C. and Watson, N.
M.
Journal of Environmental
Planning and Management 45
(3): 403-423. (2002); ISSN: 0964-0568.
Notes: DOI: 10.1080/09640560220133423
Descriptors:
British Isles/ Watershed
Management/ Riparian Land/ Environmental Policy/ Policy Making/
Social Participation/ Farms/ Decision Making/ Surveys/ Case
Studies/ Statistical Analysis/ Water management/ Farms and farming/
Decision theory/ Survey/ Case study/ British Isles/ riparian buffer
zones/ Water quality control/ Water Resources and Supplies/ General
Environmental Engineering
Abstract: Riparian buffer zones have been
incorporated in land and water management policy for England since
1994, when the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
introduced a Water Fringe Option (WFO) as part of a broader habitat
conservation scheme. Whilst natural scientists have examined the
functioning of riparian buffer zones, understanding of farmers'
decision making regarding the adoption or non-adoption of voluntary
buffer zone policies is very limited. This paper examines the
factors influencing the decision making of farmers who were
eligible to join the WFO in three river catchments. Quantitative
and qualitative information was collected from farmers using
semi-structured interviews and was supplemented with in-depth
interviews with representatives of public agencies, agricultural
groups and independent experts. Data analysis was completed using
the 'Framework' analytical approach and the Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences 8.0 computer software. The research revealed
that decisions to participate in the WFO were influenced by a mix
of situational, psychological and sociological characteristics,
which suggests that policy makers must attach greater importance to
implementation conditions and farmers decision making if riparian
buffer zones are to play a more prominent role in the management of
land and water in rural catchments. Tightly structured schemes will
only appeal to a narrow segment of the farming population and will
not lead to widespread re-creation of riparian habitats. A more
flexible and collaborative style of policy development is needed in
order for riparian buffer zone policies to meet the circumstances
and needs of the diverse UK farming community.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
218. Integrated pest management systems: Back
to basics to overcome adoption obstacles.
Herbert, D. A.
Journal of Agricultural
Entomology 12 (4): 203-210.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
SB599.J69; ISSN: 0735-939X.
Notes: Conference: Symposium: The Crisis in IPM: Is
There a Solution to the Gap Between Theory and Practice?, at Annual
Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN
(USA), Dec 1993
Descriptors:
integrated control/ agricultural
practices/ Agricultural & general applied entomology
Abstract: Adoption of Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) practices into agricultural programs and the constraints
affecting adoption are topics that have been addressed since the
mid-1970s when the implementation of agricultural IPM programs
began. Adoption has never occurred at the levels hoped for and the
constraints slowing this process have been well reviewed by many
authors. The purpose of this work is to highlight the primary
obstacles to IPM adoption and discuss solutions that could bring
about positive change. As the title implies, these solutions are
not new, but basic to implementation of any innovative system or
change. With a new focus on these basic solutions, it is hoped that
those involved with IPM may be reminded of their importance and
reemphasize them in the planning, development, and implementation
phases of programs.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
219. Integrating crop and livestock production
in Inland Northwest farming systems.
Hardesty, L. H. and Tiedeman, J.
A.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 11 (2/3): 121-126. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 [AJAAEZ].
Notes: Paper presented at the U.S.-Middle East
Conference and Workshop on "Dryland Farming Systems and
Technologies for a more Sustainable Agriculture" held October
18-23, 1993, Moscow, Idaho. Includes references.
Descriptors:
crop production/ animal production/
dry farming/ farming systems/ integrated systems/ integration/
sustainability/ Pacific Northwest states of USA/ ecological
integration/ economic integration
Abstract: The demand for more ecologically and
economically sustainable agriculture arises because we currently
integrate products economically in a fashion that distorts
ecological relationships. Early farms were ecologically integrated
through feeding of forage crops and crop residues to livestock,
with livestock contributing draft power and manure for crops. Today
we have almost entirely uncoupled plant and animal production,
eliminating the contribution that each can make to the productivity
of the other. Barriers to integrating farming systems include the
large volume of information needed for sophisticated production
systems and the lack of infrastructure. Also, many chemicals used
on crops have not been evaluated for their safety in food animals.
Winter feeding and calving may conflict with crop production
cycles; balancing year-round forage supplies is another obstacle.
Opportunities include using the Conservation Reserve Program to
shift land to livestock production. Domestic demand for meat is
changing, and range livestock production is seen by some people as
more humane than confinement. Animals fed less grain may be more
acceptable in some markets. As agriculture responds to changes in
society, ecological integration may become more compatible with
economic integration.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
220. An interactive and participative approach
to water quality management in agro-rural watersheds.
Mtetwa, S and Schutte, C
F
Water SA (Pretoria)
28 (3): 337-344. (2002);
ISSN: 0378-4738
Descriptors:
agro rural watershed/ environmental
degradation / farming/ land use practices/ river/ rural community/
stakeholder participation/ water pollution/ water
quality
Abstract: An interactive and participative approach
to involve and mobilise rural communities in water quality control
programmes was investigated. Agro-rural watersheds are experiencing
serious environmental degradation mainly because of inappropriate
land use practices due to various competing and opposing priorities
in the community. The communities tend to concentrate on
availability of land and water for their activities regardless of
the state of that resource. The methodology is designed to bring
awareness to the rural farmers of the amounts of pollutants they
contribute to a river system and the benefits of adhering to good
land-use and farming practices both in terms of production and
environmental protection. It is based on a pilot project, dealing
with an argo-rural watershed in a semi-arid developing area. A
strong emphasis was put on stakeholder participation, an area
neglected by many researchers. It became clear that pollutant
flushes from the catchments are influenced by many factors, of
which agricultural practices is only one.
© Thomson
221. An interdisciplinary approach to integrate
a range of agro-landscape values as proposed by representatives of
various disciplines.
Van Mansvelt, J D
Agriculture Ecosystems and
Environment 63 (2-3):
233-250. (1997)
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:
aesthetics/ agriculture/ agro
landscape values/ biobusiness/ biotope diversity/ conservation/ eco
coherence/ ethics/ humane development/ interdisciplinary approach/
landscape development/ philosophy and ethics/ resource efficiency/
rural conditions/ system integration
Abstract: A Concerted Action has been initiated to
discuss the assessment of sustainable agro-landscape values in the
EU. The objective is to find out how criteria and parameters can be
defined that would help farmers, authorities and politicians to
manage the agro-landscape towards sustainability and socio/cultural
appreciation. Such parameters should most probably consist of a
general mainframe with compatible regional specifications. They
could eventually be a base for income support/cross-compliance type
of payments that farmers receive for their landscape management
performance. Referring to the papers presented in this special
issue, an effort is made to integrate the values proposed by the
wide range of participating disciplines into a consistent and
knowledgeable system. This is done by linking the different values
as mentioned by the participants to the human motivations, phrased
according to Maslow, that they are meant to serve. The disciplines
present have been provisionally clustered into three areas with two
main issues: (1) environment (resource conditions) and ecology
(biological relations); (2) economy (flows of finances and
services) and sociology (participative procedures); (3) psychology
(appreciation and aesthetics) and anthropology (history and
ethics). In these three realms, they are perceived as representing
a double hierarchy of priorities: from the environment onward they
represent the evolutionary option of basic human needs, evolving
from sheer survival to the development of the individual potentials
(food first, then ethics). From the cultural aspect of ethics to
the environmental conditions they represent a more humanistic
(humane), immaterial priority of ethical values, leading social and
economic priorities to their environmental impacts. From this
effort, indications are derived pointing at options for a coherent
system of agro-landscape values, especially when seen in the
perspective of sustainable land use. A table showing the various
agro-landscape quality aspects is presented. Throughout this paper,
the agro-landscape is perceived as an integrated product of human
actions, of agro-technical, political and mental (ethical)
character.
© Thomson
222. Interrelationship between conservation
tillage and energy and other input use in U.S.
agriculture.
Uri, Noel D
Energy Sources 18 (8): 917-940. (1996); ISSN: 0090-8312
Descriptors:
agronomy/ conservation/
conservation tillage adoption decision/ corn production/ pesticide
application/ rainfall/ tillage practices
Abstract: An important issue with regard to the
overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing
the impact of agricultural production on the environment concerns
what happens to energy, pesticide, and fertilizer use as these
practices are more extensively adopted To gain some insight into
this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modeled.
Starting with the assumption that the conservation tillage adoption
decision is a two-step procedure-the first is the decision whether
or not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the
second is the decision on the extent to which conservation tillage
should be used-appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman
(dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn
production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on
which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had
above average slope and experienced above average rainfall, the
farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above average
expenditure on pesticides, a below average expenditure on energy,
and a below average expenditure on custom pesticide applications.
Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage production practice,
an above average expenditure was made on fertilizer.
© Thomson
223. Iowa prairie: Original extent and loss,
preservation and recovery attempts.
Smith, Daryl D
Journal of the Iowa Academy
of Science 105 (3): 94-108.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors:
ecosystem recovery/ grassland/
history/ natural resources/ original land surveys/ prairie demise/
prairie reconstruction/ prairie restoration/ savanna/
settlement
Abstract: Iowa's prairie has to be assessed in the
context of the pre- and post-agriculturally dominated ecosystem in
which it now exists. This requires an understanding of prairies and
of society's perspective of prairies. Therefore, the attitudes of
people through time have to be considered; (1) those who were
involved in the demise of the prairie, (2) those who helped saved
the pieces of the prairie and (3) those who may be called upon to
recover the prairie ecosystem. of Iowa prairie to agriculture was
rapid and extensive. Most of the Iowa prairie was settled and much
of it converted to agriculture Prairie preservation was recommended
in the Twenty-Five Year Conservation Plan 14 years after it was
first suggested by Hayden in 1919. A committee chaired by Shimek
proposed a 5000 acre preserve in NW Iowa as a part of a continental
plan to conserve the North American prairie. During the 1940s,
Hayden emerged as a leader of a major effort of the Iowa Academy of
Science to identify and preserve prairies. These preservation
efforts culminated in the dedication of Iowa's first prairie
preserve in 1947. Hayden's information also was valuable in
subsequent preservation of prairies by conservation organizations
and governmental agencies. In the past two decades, interest in
locating and protecting prairie remnants has increased. Remaining
prairie is best represented in western Iowa's Loess Hills and in
the northwestern pan of the state. Many prairie remnants have
survived because they were used as hay fields. In spite of
increased efforts to preserve prairie, remnants are still being
degraded or lost to agriculture and urban sprawl. Within the past
decade there has been increased recognition of the importance of
ecosystem recovery. Iowa's roadsides are now acknowledged as a
valuable natural resource for establishment and restoration of
prairie. This recognition has led to the development of a program
of integrated roadside vegetation management chat utilizes native
prairie as a means of controlling weeds, reducing soil erosion,
improving aesthetics and reducing costs. The 580,000 acres of
primary and secondary roadsides in the state have the potential of
becoming a statewide network of prairie corridors. Furthermore,
three large-scale prairie recovery projects are in various stages
of development (1) Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge by the U.
S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (2) Waterman Creek Project by the
Iowa Department of Natural Resources and (3) the Loess Hills
Landscape Conservation Plan by the Nature Conservancy. All prairie
recovery projects face numerous challenges, but such attempts are
essential if we hope to recover a vanishing ecosystem.
© Thomson
224. IPM implementation and acceptance by
cucurbit growers over a 5 year period in the Lower Rio Grande
Valley, Texas.
Anciso, Juan R; Trevino, Gloria E;
and Torres, Norma
Subtropical Plant
Science 53: 40-43.
(2001)
Descriptors:
cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae): vegetable
crop/ whitefly (Homoptera): pest/ Angiosperms/ Animals/ Arthropods/
Dicots/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular
Plants/ alternative techniques implementation/ cucurbit growers/
current practices/ economic/ action thresholds/ educational
meetings/ perceptions/ spring crop
Abstract: Questionnaires mailed to cucurbit growers
in two Texas counties (Cameron and Hidalgo) in 1995 and 1999 were
used to assess perceptions and current practices regarding
integrated pest management (IPM). A total of 32 of the 79 surveys
(41%) solicited from potential cucurbit growers in the two county
area were returned in 1995. However, IPM concepts in general were
not widely accepted in 1995 since only 44% were willing to
participate or practice IPM strategies even if improved
recommendations were proven with sound field or grower experience.
In 1999, a post-questionnaire was mailed to 78 cucurbit producers
in the two county area to determine whether the adoption of IPM
practices had increased due to the response effort of educational
meetings and implementation of alternative techniques through the
various grower demonstrations. This questionnaire was conducted
during the fall of 1999 after the spring crop of cucurbits to
determine any changes in attitudes, knowledge, or practices as
compared to 1995. A total of 45 of the 78 surveys (58%) mailed and
solicited from potential cucurbit growers in the two county area
were returned in 1999. Of the 45 that responded, 96% answered that
IPM strategies were important in their cucurbit production system
in 1999. The use of economic/action thresholds and monitoring is
fundamental to the practice of IPM. Respondent's attitudes about
the use of action thresholds and monitoring were assessed in 1995
and the majority used them (77%) but this did not increase in 1999
since 77% still practiced them. The results indicated that the
growers perceptions have not changed on the use of action
thresholds and monitoring mainly because some distrust them but the
majority use these practices. However, a dramatic increase occurred
in practicing or participating in IPM strategies from 44% in 1995
to 96% in 1999. The IPM strategies identified as important did not
solely depend on monitoring and action thresholds but were quite
varied from planting earlier, spraying earlier for the whitefly,
awareness/conservation of beneficials and increasing
fertility.
© Thomson
225. IPM: Overcoming conflicts in
adoption.
Trumble, J. T.
Integrated Pest Management
Reviews 3 (4): 195-207.
(Dec. 1998)
NAL Call #:
SB950.9.I572; ISSN: 1353-5226 [IPMRF5]
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/
innovation adoption/ economics/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
226. Irrigation scheduling revisited:
Historical evaluation and reformulation of the concept.
Clyma, W.
In: Evapotranspiration and
irrigation scheduling: Proceedings of the International
Conference.
(Held 3 Nov 1996-6 Nov 1996 at San
Antonio, Texas.) Camp, C. R.; Sadler, E. J.; and Yoder, R. E.
(eds.); pp. 626-631; 1996. ISBN: 0-929355-82-2
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
227. Joint adoption of multiple technologies: A
dual, latent demand approach.
Lichtenberg, E. and Strand, I.
E.
College Park, MD: Department of
Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland; 00/14,
2000 . 28 p. Working Papers: Department of Agricultural and
Resource Economics, University of Maryland.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
228. A joint framework for analysis of
agri-environmental payment programs.
Cooper, J. C.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 85 (4): 976-987. (2003)
NAL Call #:
280.8 J822; ISSN: 0002-9092.
Notes: Number of References: 23
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ Economics/
best management practices/ EQIP/ incentive payments/ multinomial
probit/ simulated maximum likelihood estimation/ simulated
multivariate normal / WTA/ quality protection practices/ contingent
valuation/ water quality/ farmer adoption/
simulation/ choice
Abstract: This article presents an approach for
simultaneously estimating farmers' decisions to accept incentive
payments in return for adopting a bundle of environmentally benign
best management practices. Using the results of a multinomial
probit analysis of surveys of over 1,000 farmers facing five
adoption decisions in a voluntary program, we show how the farmers'
perceptions of the desirability of various bundles change with the
offer amounts and with which practices are offered in the bundle.
We also demonstrate an estimator for the mean minimum willingness
to accept for the adoption of a practice conditional on the cost
share offers for
other practices.
© Thomson ISI
229. Knowledges in action: An actor network
analysis of a wetland agri-environment scheme.
Burgess, J.; Clark, J.; and
Harrison, C. M.
Ecological Economics
35 (1): 119-132. (2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E26
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
230. Land allocation, soil quality, and the
demand for irrigation technology.
Green, G. P. and Sunding, D.
L.
Journal of Agricultural and
Resource Economics 22 (2):
367-375. (Dec. 1997)
NAL Call #:
HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502
Descriptors:
citrus/ vineyards/ crop production/
irrigation systems/ water use/ innovation adoption/ land resources/
resource allocation/ land evaluation/ water costs/ decision making/
mathematical models/ probability/ elasticities/ California/
discrete choice models/ low pressure technology adoption
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
231. Land application of sewage sludge:
Perceptions of New Jersey vegetable farmers.
Krogmann, U.; Gibson, V.; and
Chess, C.
Waste Management and
Research 19 (2): 115-125.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TD896.W37; ISSN: 0734-242X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
232. Land tenure and the adoption of
conservation practices in the United States.
Soule, M. J. and Tegene,
A.
In: Land quality, agricultural
productivity, and food security: Biophysical processes and
economic
choices at local, regional, and
global levels/ Wiebe, K., 2003; pp. 319-336.
Notes: ISBN: 1-84064-752-3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
233. Land Use Characteristics and Water
Quality: A Methodology for Valuing of Forested Buffers.
Basnyat, P.; Teeter, L.; Lockaby,
B. G.; and Flynn, K. M.
Springer-Verlag [Also available
as: Environmental Management Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 153-161; DOI:
10.1007/s002670010078], 2000 (application/pdf)
http://web6.duc.auburn.edu/academic/forestry_wildlife/forest_policy_ctr/teeter/env-mgt-value.pdf
Descriptors:
water quality/ economics/
models
234. Land-Use Dynamics in a Southern Illinois
(USA) Watershed.
Lant, C.; Loftus, T.; Kraft, S.;
and Bennett, D.
Environmental
Management 28 (3): 325-340.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
Watersheds/ Land use/ Agriculture/
Environmental economics/ Hydrology/ decision making/ environmental
policy/ Resource management/ Environment management/ Agricultural
land/ Crop production/ Government policy/ United States, Illinois/
Crops/ Farms/ Cultivated Lands/ Sediment Load/ Nonpoint
Pollution Sources/ Agricultural Runoff/ Watershed Management/
United States, Illinois, Cache River/ United States, Illinois/
Environmental action/ Planning and development/ Ecological impact
of water development
Abstract: The Cache River of southernmost Illinois
is used as a case study for developing and demonstrating an
approach to quantitatively link (1) national agricultural policy
and global agricultural markets, (2) landowner's decisions on land
use, (3) spatial patterns of land use at a watershed scale, and (4)
hydrologic impacts, thus providing a basis to predict, under a
certain set of circumstances, the environmental consequences of
economic and political decisions made at larger spatial scales. The
heart of the analysis is an estimation, using logistic regression,
of the affect of crop prices and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
rental rates on farmland owner's decisions whether to reenroll in
the CRP or return to crop production. This analysis shows that
reasonable ranges for crop prices (80%-150% of 1985-1995 values)
and CRP rental rates (0-125% of 1985-1995 rates) result in a range
of 3%-92% of CRP lands being returned to crop production, with crop
prices having a slightly greater effect than CRP rental rates. Four
crop price/CRP rental rate scenarios are used to display resulting
land-use patterns, and their effect on sediment loads, a critical
environmental quality parameter in this case, using the
agricultural non point source (AGNPS) model. These scenarios
demonstrate the importance of spatial pattern of land uses on
hydrological and ecological processes within watersheds. The
approach developed can be adapted for use by local governments and
watershed associations whose goals are to improve watershed
resources and environmental quality.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
235. Landlord involvement in environmental
decision-making on rented Missouri cropland: Pesticide use and
water quality issues.
Constance, D. H.; Rikoon, J. S.;
and Ma, J. C.
Rural Sociology
61 (4): 577-605. (Winter
1996)
NAL Call #:
281.28-R88; ISSN: 0036-0112 [RUSCA]
Descriptors:
landowners/ farmland/ rent/ farm
management/ decision making/ participation/ pesticides/ United
States/ water quality/ tenure systems/ trends/ sociology/
Missouri
Abstract: The need to better understand landlord
involvement in decision-making related to pesticide use and water
quality issues is evidenced by several trends. These trends include
the increasing documentation of water pollution by farm pesticides,
the changing characteristics of farm ownership and operator tenure,
and evolutions in resource policy and protection planning. This
paper utilizes a theoretical approach to the sociology of land
tenure to interpret results from an investigation of landlord
involvement in environmental decision making regarding pesticide
selection on rented land. Eight counties with high susceptibility
of water contamination by pesticides were selected for study.
Structured, in-person interviews were administered to in-county
landlords, and a mail survey was used to poll out-of-county
landlords. Results indicate that participation is generally low
with very little difference between landlord groups. Renters make
most of the organizational and operational decisions on rented
farmland. Landlord participation is predominantly based on
economic, rather than on social or environmental, factors.
Furthermore, while economic variables are important predictors of
participation for both groups, gender and social ties to the renter
tend to increase local landlord involvement, but not absentee
involvement. These results have important implications for both
federal programs and further research on land tenure and
environmental stewardship.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
236. Landowner decision making about riparian
buffers.
Lynch, L. and Brown, C.
Journal of Agricultural and
Applied Economics 32 (3):
585-596. (Dec. 2000)
NAL Call #:
HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708
Descriptors:
land types/ landowners/ decision
making/ agricultural land/ land use/ land diversion/ environmental
policy/ federal programs/ simulation/ mathematical models/ riparian
buffers / Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
237. Landowner perceptions and the adoption of
agroforestry practices in southern Ontario, Canada.
Matthews, S.; Pease, S. M.;
Gordon, A. M.; and Williams, P. A.
Agroforestry Systems
21 (2): 159-168. (1993)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
238. Legal, institutional and economic
indicators of forest conservation and sustainable management:
Review and evaluation of available information in the United
States.
Ellefson, Paul V.
St. Paul Minn,: College of Natural
Resources and Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University
of Minnesota; xi, 64 p. (2002)
Notes: "September 2002." Includes bibliographical
references.
NAL Call #: SD144.M6-S72-no.-163
http://www.cnr.umn.edu/FR/publications/staffpapers/Staffpaper163.pdf
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
239. The link between local participation and
improved conservation: A review of issues and
experiences.
Little, Peter D.
Airlie, Va.: Liz Claiborne Art
Ortenberg Foundation; 34 p. (1993)
Notes: Cover title. "Prepared for the Liz Claiborne
Art Ortenbreg Foundation Community Based Conservation Workshop,
Airlie, Virginia, 18-22 October 1993." Includes bibliographical
references (p. 28-32).
NAL Call #: S944.5.C57-L57-1993
Descriptors:
Conservation of natural
resources---Citizen participation
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
240. Linking land quality, agricultural
productivity, and food security.
Wiebe, K. Economic Research
Service, US Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Economic Report
No.823, 2003. iii, 60 p.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer823/
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
241. A literature review on the adoption and
diffusion of management practices in agriculture.
Hill, W. Lee.; Mezzatesta, R.;
Long, G.; New South Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Conservation.
Technical Services Directorate; and New South Wales. Dept. of Land
and Water Conservation. Water Quality Services Unit.
Parramatta, N.S.W.: Dept. of Land
& Water Conservation, Technical Services Directorate; iv, 43 p.
(1995)
Notes: "October 1995" "TS 95.152" "Public document"
Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-39).
NAL Call #: S562.A8-H56-1995; ISBN: 0731023404
Descriptors:
Farm management---Australia---New
South Wales/ Agricultural conservation---Australia---New South
Wales
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
242. Livestock and poultry producers' waste
management practices and attitudes in North Carolina.
Hoban, T. J. and Clifford, W.
B.
In: Animal waste and the
land-water interface.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis
Publishers, 1995; pp. 441-448.
Notes: ISBN: 1566701899
NAL Call #: TD930.A55-1995
Descriptors:
animal wastes/ management/
attitudes/ pollution control/ North Carolina/ best management
practices
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
243. Livestock waste management: Watershed
approach in Italy, Florida and Texas.
Frarey L; Mennella V; Abbozzo P;
and Macellari E
Rivista di Ingegneria
Agraria 29 (3):
180-191;
25 ref. (1998)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
244. Local groundwater management effectiveness
in the Colorado and Kansas Ogallala region.
White, S. E. and Kromm, D.
E.
Natural Resources
Journal 35 (2): 275-307.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5N3
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
245. Local perceptions and values for a
Midwestern river corridor.
Ryan, Robert L
Landscape and Urban
Planning 42 (2-4): 225-237.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
landscape architecture: education,
research/ river corridor: local perceptions, values/ rural
landscape planning
Abstract: Rivers are vital natural corridors under
increasing environmental pressure from rural development. This
study addressed rural resident's perceptions and values, including
their preferences for and attitudes toward riparian landscapes.
Study participants were 120 rural property owners living in two
communities near the River Raisin of southeastern Michigan. They
completed a mailed survey which included a schematic diagram to
determine their perceptions of those landscapes which form the
river corridor, a photo-questionnaire to measure preference for
scenes typical of the river corridor, and written questions to
assess perceptions of both positive and negative characteristics of
riverfront land. The results showed that local residents see the
river corridor as four inter-connected zones: the river, woods,
farms and built areas. New residents showed significantly higher
preference for more natural areas, such as woods and river zone,
than did long-time residents. Farmers, by contrast, had a higher
preference for less natural landscapes such as farms and built
areas. Residents' landscape preference related more to their
surrounding landscape-type than to the actual distance between
their home and the river, although water quality problems were felt
more strongly by those living near the river. The results point to
the need to consider the riparian corridor as a series of
inter-connected landscapes in planning efforts. Decisions about
protection and development in these zones require not only an
ecological understanding of these resources but an appreciation of
the residents' values as well.
© Thomson
246. Making conservation tillage conventional:
Building a future on 25 years of research -- Research and extension
perspective.
Derpsch, R.
In: Making conservation tillage
conventional: Building a future on 25 years of research --
Proceedings of 25th Annual Southern Conservation Tillage Conference
for Sustainable Agriculture. (Held 24 Jun 2002-26 Jun 2002 at Auburn,
AL.)
Santen, E. van (eds.); pp. 25-29;
2002.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
247. Making soil and water conservation
sustainable: From coercion and control to partnerships and
participation.
Pretty, J N and Shah, P
Land Degradation and
Development 8 (1): 39-58. ( 1997)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26; ISSN: 1085-3278
Descriptors:
conservation/ conservation program/
erosion/ rural development policy/ soil conservation/ sustainable
agriculture/ sustainable conservation/ water
conservation
Abstract: For close to a century, rural development
policies and practice have taken the view that farmers are
mismanagers of soil and water. This paper reviews the history of
farmers being advised, paid and forced to adopt new soil and water
conservation measures and practices. Many have done so, and
environments and economies have benefitted in the short term, but
ill-conceived policies and badly designed programmes and projects
have undermined these efforts in the name of conservation. Most
efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful, often resulting in more
erosion. They have undermined the credibility of conservation and
wasted huge sums of money. For a new era of soil and water
conservation, new initiatives are showing how to make conservation
sustainable. Farmers are now considered the potential solution
rather than the problem, and so the value of local knowledge and
skills is being put at the core of new programmes. This involves a
major focus on building farmers' capacity to innovate and develop
technologies appropriate to their own conditions. Local
organizations are strengthened through participatory processes,
this participation being interactive and empowering. Recent
evidence is indicating that these new interactions between
professionals and farmers are producing considerable productive and
sustainable benefits. For widespread impact, enabling policy
frameworks are still needed to encourage the spread of more
sustainable practices for agriculture.
© Thomson
248. Making Watershed Partnerships Work: A
Review of the Empirical Literature.
Leach, W. D. and Pelkey, N.
W.
Journal of Water Resources
Planning and Management 127
(6): 378-385. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TC401.A45; ISSN: 0733-9496
Descriptors:
Water Resources Management/
Watershed Management/ Organizations/ Literature Review/ Public
Policy/ Theoretical Analysis/ Institutional Constraints/ Remedies/
Factor Analysis/ Water management/ Catchment areas/ Public opinion/
Water policy/ Economics/ Water law and institutions/ Water
Resources and Supplies
Abstract: Two main goals are achieved in this
review of the empirical literature on factors affecting conflict
resolution in watershed partnerships. The first is an assessment of
two public policy theories relevant to partnership structure and
function. The second is a set of practical suggestions for
designing successful partnerships. The 37 available studies
collectively identified 210 "lessons learned," which were grouped
into 28 thematic categories. The most frequently recurring themes
are the necessity of adequate funding (62% of the studies),
effective leadership and management (59%), interpersonal trust
(43%), and committed participants (43%). Exploratory factor
analysis was used to search for patterns in the lessons. Four
factors were identified, which together explain 95% of the variance
in the 28 themes. The first two factors emphasize the importance of
(1) balancing the partnership's resources with its scope of
activities; and (2) employing a flexible and informal partnership
structure. The third and fourth factors offer modest support for
two theoretical perspectives on collaborative resource
management--the alternate dispute resolution framework and the
institutional analysis and development framework.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
249. Managing agricultural resources at the
urban-rural interface: A case study of the Old Mission
Peninsula.
Westphal, Joanne M
Landscape and Urban
Planning 57 (1): 13-24.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
agricultural resource management/
land use/ landscape planning/ urban rural interface
Abstract: Despite the vast landmass of the United
States, resource managers, landscape architects, and planners are
becoming increasingly aware of the difficulty in protecting natural
resources at the urban-rural interface. Because of the legal
framework of the United States, individual states retain the rights
to regulate and manage the affairs of land use within their
jurisdictions. Each state, in turn, has transferred portions of
this right to county and local bodies of government through
"enabling legislation". Because each of these layers of government
has different agenda, oftentimes, a coordinated, effective land use
planning effort that could protect natural resources, especially at
the urban-rural interface, is impossible to develop. This paper
examines one local community's effort to preserve farmland and open
space at the urban-rural interface. As a case study, it presents
some of the historic land use management tools in Michigan that
have been used to protect farmland. It also discusses the political
and economic factors that determine the success or failure of these
tools. Because of the inadequacies of some of the tools to protect
open space and farmland, the township adopted an alternative land
use planning strategy. It appears that this strategy has
successfully integrated the best of the old planning tools with
some of the newer alternatives to curb urban sprawl in a rapidly
growing area in Michigan, USA.
© Thomson
250. Managing material transfer and nutrient
flow in an agricultural watershed.
Nord, E. A. and Lanyon, L.
E.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 32 (2): 562-570.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
251. Manure Management for Water Quality: Costs
to Animal Feeding Operations of Applying Manure Nutrients to
Land.
Ribaudo, Marc; Gollehon, Noel;
Aillery, Marcel; Kaplan, Jonathan; Johansson, Robert; Agapoff,
Jean; Christensen, Lee; Breneman, Vince; and Peters, Mark; Economic
Research Service.
U. S. Department of Agriculture
[Also available as: Agricultural Economic Report No. 824; AER824],
2003 (application/pdf)
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer824/aer824.pdf
Descriptors:
agricultural economics/ animal
manure management/ animal manures/ nutrients/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/
water quality/ concentrated animal feeding operations/ animal
feeding operations / Chesapeake Bay/ land application/ Clean Water
Act/ manure management/ livestock waste/ CAFOs/ AFOs/ manure
hauling/ ERS
Abstract: Nutrients from livestock and
poultry manure are key sources of water pollution. Ever-growing
numbers of animals per farm and per acre have increased the risk of
water pollution. New Clean Water Act regulations compel the largest
confined animal producers to meet nutrient application standards
when applying manure to the land. The additional costs for managing
manure have implications for feedgrain producers and consumers as
well. This report's farm-level analysis examines onfarm technical
choice and producer costs across major U.S. production areas. A
regional analysis focuses on off-farm competition for land to
spread surplus manure, using the Chesapeake Bay region as a case
study. Finally, a sectorwide analysis addresses potential long-term
structural adjustments at the national level and ultimate costs to
consumers and producers.
252. Market-based incentives for addressing
non-point water quality problems: A residual nitrogen tax
approach.
Huang, W. and LeBlanc,
M.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 16 (3): 427-440.
(Sept. 1994)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
Descriptors:
zea mays/ nitrogen fertilizers/
water quality/ taxes/ groundwater/ economic impact/ farm income/
incentives/ profits/ case studies/ Corn Belt States of
USA
Abstract: This study analyzes the implications of a
nitrogen tax for agricultural producers. A tax scheme is examined
that penalizes farmers for applying nitrogen in excess of a crop's
nitrogen uptake. Farmers are taxed for the potential leaching of
residual nitrogen into groundwater and are rewarded for growing
crops that capture and utilize residual soil nitrogen. Corn
production is used to illustrate the differential impacts of a
residual nitrogen tax on farm income in Corn Belt
States.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
253. Maxims for the Third Resource Conservation
Act Appraisal.
Shogren, J. F. and Johnson, S.
R.
Ecological Economics
10 (2): 113-123. (1994)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009
Descriptors:
conservation/ agricultural
practices/ government policy/ United States/ economics/
Legislation/ Conservation
Abstract: The paper explores three issues in the
development of an ecological economics approach to the USDA's Third
Resource Conservation Act (RCA) Appraisal. First, profit-maximizing
farmers respond to incentives provided by both the USDA and the
EPA, implying that explicit interagency policy strategies are
critical. Second, evaluating sustainable agriculture options with
the Appraisal can improve our understanding of the attractiveness
of widespread adoption, but only if systematic operational systems
are developed to evaluate the economic and environmental
trade-offs. Third, the Appraisal policy options should be evaluated
in light of the argument that preferred policies often only resolve
a problem by transferring the problem to another time or location.
The Appraisal offers a unique opportunity to address these and
other issues.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
254. Microcatchment water harvesting for
agricultural production: Socio-economic considerations.
Renner, H. F. and Frasier,
G.
Rangelands 17 (3): 79-82. (June 1995)
NAL Call #:
SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 0190-0528.
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] II.
Descriptors:
water harvesting/ cost benefit
analysis/ semiarid zones/ sustainability/ innovation
adoption
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
255. Midwestern Farmers' Perceptions of
Monitoring for Conservation Compliance.
Esseks, J. D. and Kraft, S.
E.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 48 (5):
458-465. (1993)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
Erosion control/ Soil conservation/
Compliance/ Monitoring/ Rural areas/ Attitudes/ Agricultural
runoff/ Agricultural watersheds/ Midwest/ Regulations/ Public
opinion/ Watershed protection/ Evaluation process
Abstract: By 1995, more that 1.2 million producers
are supposed to have fully implemented approved conservation plans
that collectively have the potential for substantially reducing
soil erosion in the U.S. Studies of other regulatory programs
suggest that implementation of these plans will depend on various
conditions: (1) an assessment of the legitimacy of the regulations;
(2) the perception of the net benefits of compliance; (3) the
likelihood of noncompliance being detected; and (4) the penalties
for not complying. In six diverse Midwestern sites, operators of
farms with highly erodible land were interviewed about conservation
compliance. In all sites the majority of the respondents believed
in at least a medium probability (50-50 chance) of noncompliance
being detected. The majority also believed that a 50-50 chance was
sufficient to encourage compliance. The results of a logistic
regression analysis suggest that farmers are more likely to expect
at least a 50-50 probability of detection if they have relatively
frequent contact with local U.S. Department of Agriculture offices
and also if they believe that monitoring makes use of aerial
photography. (Author's abstract)
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
256. The Missouri MSEA Project: A model for
"the partnership approach" to water quality concerns.
Smith, M.
In: Proceedings National Watershed
Water Quality Project Symposium / National Watershed Water Quality
Project Symposium. (Held 22 Sep 1997-26 Sep 1997 at Washington,
D.C.)
Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of
Water; pp. 9-14; 1997.
NAL Call #: TD223.N386-1997
Descriptors:
low input agriculture/ pollution
control/ water pollution/ atrazine/ herbicide residues/ management
systems evaluation area/ best management practices
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
257. Mitigating climate change by planting
trees: The transaction costs trap.
Kooten, G. C. van; Shaikh, S. L.;
and Suchánek, P.
Land Economics 78 (4): 559-572. (2002)
NAL Call #:
282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
258. Mitigation options for diffuse phosphorus
loss to water.
Withers, P J A and Jarvis, S
C
Soil Use and
Management 14 (supplement):
186-192. (1998)
NAL Call #:
S590.S68; ISSN: 0266-0032
Descriptors:
phosphorus: loss mitigation/
eutrophication/ land management/ surface water pollution
Abstract: Agriculture contributes significant loads
of P to surface waters. The reductions in these diffuse P inputs
necessary to help prevent eutrophication problems and/or assist in
the restoration of water quality will require controls over both
nutrient inputs and their subsequent transport in land runoff.
Specific mitigation options include nutrient budgeting, input
management, soil conservation, land use management and the
establishment of riparian, and other buffer zones. The variable
nature of diffuse P loss suggests that the best approach to control
is through integrated management at a range of scales. Critical
control concepts at the farm level include targeting source areas
adequately, maintaining P input loading rates within recommended
limits and avoiding high-risk management actions. Since
eutrophication is a natural phenomenon and with potential conflicts
with the need to meet production targets and/or minimize loss of
other nutrients (N), some assessment of acceptable levels of P
loss, of cost effectiveness of options and some prioritization of
goals are necessary to find optimal solutions. As the requirements
of individual waterbodies differ, these solutions need to be site
specific and their successful adoption requires an appreciation by
farmers of the importance of minimizing agricultural P loss both as
individuals and collectively within a catchment.
© Thomson
259. A model of investment under uncertainty:
Modern irrigation technology and emerging markets in
water.
Carey, J. M. and Zilberman,
D.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 84 (1): 171-183. (Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
irrigation water/ irrigated
farming/ technology/ innovation adoption/ investment/ uncertainty/
dynamic models/ farm management/ profit functions/ decision
making
Abstract: This article develops a stochastic
dynamic model of irrigation technology adoption. It predicts that
farms will not invest in modern technologies unless the expected
present value of investment exceeds the cost by a potentially large
hurdle rate. The article also demonstrates that, contrary to common
belief, water markets can delay adoption. The introduction of a
market should induce farms with abundant (scarce) water supplies to
adopt earlier (later) than they would otherwise. This article was
motivated by evidence that, contrary to NPV predictions, farms wait
until random events such as drought drive returns significantly
above costs before investing in modern irrigation
technologies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
260. Modeling multiple adoption decisions in a
joint framework.
Dorfman, J. H.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 78 (3): 547-557. (Aug. 1996)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
apples/ innovation adoption/ farm
management/ irrigation/ integrated pest management/ technology/
decision making/ Bayesian theory/ multivariate analysis/
probabilistic models/ probit analysis/ California/ Michigan/ New
York/ North Carolina/ Oregon/ Pennsylvania/ Virginia/ Washington/
multinomial probit model/ technology bundles
Abstract: A multinomial probit (MNP) model is
applied to the modeling of adoption decisions by farmers facing
multiple technologies which can be adopted in various combinations.
This model allows for full investigation of the interactions
between decisions to adopt or not adopt several technologies.
Estimation is carried out in a Bayesian framework employing Gibbs
sampling to circumvent past difficulties encountered in maximum
likelihood estimation of the MNP model. The model is estimated for
a sample of U.S. apple growers with four possible sustainable
production technology bundles. The results show that adoption
decisions are most significantly influenced by off-farm labor
supply.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
261. Modifying the neo-classical approach to
technology adoption with behavioral science models.
Lynne, G. D.
Journal of Agricultural and
Applied Economics 27 (1):
67-85. (July 1995)
NAL Call #:
HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708.
Notes: Paper presented at the meeting of the Southern
Agricultural Economics Association, January 30, 1995, New Orleans,
Louisiana.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
water conservation/ technology/
innovation adoption/ neoclassical economics/ mathematical models/
Florida/ behavioral economics
Abstract: The dualistic nature of humans has been
recognized for centuries. The intriguing question is the extent to
which the human being with her/his display of concern for others
can simultaneously act as an egoist, the latter being descriptive
of the homo oeconomicus rendition of the human. Multiple utility
theory suggests a way to approach research on such issues. A test
case of water conserving technology adoption behavior by Florida
growers is examined. Empirical evidence supports moving toward an
expanded version of the mono-utility or I-utility model to include
a We-utility.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
262. Money talks: But to whom? Financial versus
nonmonetary motivations in land use decisions.
Koontz, T. M.
Society and Natural
Resources 14 (1): 51-65.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC10.S63; ISSN: 0894-1920
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
263. Moral hazard, risk aversion and compliance
monitoring in agri-environmental policy.
Ozanne, A.; Hogan, T.; and Colman,
D.
European Review of
Agricultural Economics 28
(3): 329-347. (Sept. 2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.E92; ISSN: 0165-1587 [ERAEDA]
Descriptors:
environmental policy/ innovation
adoption/ efficiency/ costs/ farmers' attitudes/ risk/ social
welfare/ simulation models/ monitoring/
United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
264. A multiple utility approach to
understanding conservation technology adoption: Application to the
Florida tomato industry.
Casey, C. Franklin University of
Florida, 1996.
Notes: Thesis (Ph. D.); Includes bibliographical
references (leaves 140-147).
NAL Call #: FU LD1780-1996.C338
Descriptors:
Conservation of natural
resources---Florida/ Tomato industry---Florida/
Tomatoes---Irrigation/ Water conservation---Economic
aspects
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
265. National Perspectives on Management
Options for Lands Concluding Their Tenure in the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP).
Schumacher, T. E.; Lindstrom, M.
J.; Blecha, M. L.; and Langdale, G. W.
In: Crop Residue Management To
Reduce Erosion and Improve Soil Quality: Southeast, Conservation
Research Report Number 39 United States Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, 1995.
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve Program/
Regional conservation programs/ Southeastern United
States
Abstract: Addressed the options for post-CRP
land related to ground cover, grass types, long-tern soil
improvement, and management strategies in the Southeast portion of
the U.S.
266. National Watershed Water Quality Project
Symposium: Proceedings.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development; U. S. Department of
Agriculture.
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency [Also available as: EPA625-R-97-008], 1997
(image/tiff)
NAL Call #: TD223 N386 1997
http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/claritgw?op-Display&document=clserv:ORD:2084;&rank=4&template=epa
Descriptors:
watershed management/ water
quality/ nonpoint source pollution/ governmental programs and
projects/ pollution control/ innovation adoption/ best management
practices/ environmental monitoring/ group process/ Management
Systems Evaluation Areas/ United States/ Hydrologic Unit Area/ HUA/
MSEAs/ 319 National Monitoring Program/ BMPs
Abstract: The lessons learned from watershed
projects addressing nonpoint source problems are recorded in these
proceedings of the National Watershed Water Quality Project
Symposium, held September 22-26, 1997, in Washington, D.C. The
symposium featured accomplishments of local projects funded under
EPA's Section 319 (Clean Water Act) National Monitoring Program and
USDA's Demonstration, Hydrologic Unit Area Programs, and Management
Systems Evaluation Areas.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
267. Nature provision by farmers and the
principal agent framework: How to achieve environmental
improvements in agriculture through improved payment
schemes.
Nuppenau, E. A. and Slangen, L. H.
G.; Forum, Reports on Current Research in Agricultural Economics
and Agribusiness Management No. 24, 1998. 49 p.
Notes: ISBN: 3-8175-0284-2
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
268. New federal support for priority watershed
management needs.
Ogg CW and Keith GA
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 38 (2): 577-586; many ref. (2002)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
269. Nonchemical pest and nutrient management
practices: Limitations to adoption and policy options.
Ferguson, W.; Yee, J.; and
Fitzner, M.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 7 (4): 45-56.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
270. North Carolina producers' adoption of
waste management practices.
Hoban, T. J.; Clifford, W. B.;
Futreal, M.; and McMillan, M.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 52 (5):
332-339. (Sept. 1997-Oct. 1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
intensive livestock farming/ animal
wastes/ management/ farm management/ decision making/ innovation
adoption/ resistance to change/ waste utilization/ application to
land/ environmental protection/ water quality/ farmers' attitudes/
opinions/ surveys/ North Carolina
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
271. Nutrient management planning:
Justification, theory, practice.
Beegle, D. B.; Carton, O. T.; and
Bailey, J. S.
Journal of Environmental
Quality 29 (1): 72-79.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
272. On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive
nitrogen management technologies for rice systems.
Balasubramanian, V.; Morales, A.
C.; Cruz, R. T.; and Abdulrachman, S.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 53 (1):
59-69. (Jan. 1999)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC].
Notes: In the special issue: Resource management in
rice systems: nutrients / edited by V. Balasubramanian, J.K. Ladha,
and G.L. Denning. Includes references.
Descriptors:
oryza sativa/ nitrogen/ crop
management/ leaves/ use efficiency/ chlorophyll/ color/ application
rates/ technology transfer/ nitrogen content/ nutrient
availability/ meters/ decision making/ cultivars/ diagnostic
techniques/ literature reviews/ fertilizer requirement
determination/ chlorophyll meter
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
273. On-farm adoption of conservation
practices: The role of farm and farmer characteristics,
perceptions, and health hazards.
Traoré, N.; Landry, R.; and Amara,
N.
Land Economics 74 (1): 114-27. (1998)
NAL Call #:
282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
274. On-farm system performance in the
Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District
area.
Clemmens, A. J.; Dedrick, A. R.;
Clyma, W.; and Ware, R. E.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 14 (1/2): 93-120.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
TC801 .I66; ISSN: 0168-6291
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
275. On-farm water conservation practices in
southern Alberta.
Johnston, T. R. R.; Kromm, D. E.;
and Byrne, J. M.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 37 (3): 737-750. (June 2001)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X [JWRAF5]
Descriptors:
water conservation/ on farm
conservation/ irrigated farming/ irrigation/ innovation adoption/
diffusion of information/ farm surveys/ Alberta
Abstract: In southern Alberta, as elsewhere,
pressures on limited water supplies are increasing. Not
surprisingly, a great deal of attention has been focused on
irrigated agriculture, which accounts for the largest share of
water consumed in the region. In order to meet broadly accepted
water conservation goals, some commentators have suggested that
irrigation water use should be metered and that irrigators should
be charged based on the amount of water used. An alternative
proposal would have water management authorities rely upon the
perceived adaptability of irrigators. This paper offers a
perspective on the willingness of irrigators to conserve water.
Based on a survey of 183 irrigation farmers conducted over the
summer and early fall of 1998, we found that irrigators are
generally aware of the need to conserve water and soil moisture,
and that a variety of water conserving strategies were being
employed. Water saving technologies specific to irrigation
agriculture were less widely adopted. The findings suggest that
there is considerable potential to reduce the amount of water
consumed by the irrigation sector through increased efficiency, but
that change will be limited if current economic circumstances and
institutional arrangements persist.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
276. Optimal adoption strategies for no-till
technology in Michigan.
Krause, M. A. and Black, J.
R.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 17 (3): 299-310.
(Sept. 1995)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
Descriptors:
maize/ soybeans/ no-tillage/ farm
machinery/ replacement/ decision making/ learning ability/ farmers'
attitudes/ risk/ innovation adoption/ dynamic models/ profits/
Michigan/ learning curves
Abstract: Adjustment costs and risk aversion are
hypothesized to delay adoption of no-till technology on
representative corn and soybean farms in Michigan. The relevant
adjustment costs include: (1) the cost of replacing the
conventional planter already in use; and (2) the cost of learning
how to obtain high crop yields with no till technology. Previous
economic analyses of no-till adoption have not considered
adjustment costs and risk aversion together. This analysis uses
dynamic programming models to evaluate the effects of machinery
replacement, risk aversion, a learning curve, and crop yield
expectations on adoption strategies by representative
profit-maximizing and risk-averse, expected utility-maximizing
farmers in Michigan. Mean net revenues for the no-till technology
are higher than net revenues for conventional tillage when mean
crop yields are assumed to be equal for the two technologies. The
estimated mean corn and soybean yields are higher for the no-till
system than for conventional tillage, but the differences are not
statistically significant. The representative risk-averse farmer
waits until both the conventional planter and the current tractor
have aged many years before adopting the no-till technology when
equal mean yields and a learning curve are assumed. The
representative profit-maximizing farmer replaces this machinery and
adopts the no-till technology more quickly, especially when no
learning curve is considered. Both representative farmers adopt the
no-till technology much more quickly when the estimated mean crop
yields are assumed than when equal mean crop yields are assumed.
Crop price expectations also exert a large influence on the optimal
adoption strategy for the risk-averse farmer. The results support
efforts to promote no-till technology by demonstrating superior to
yields and lowering learning costs.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
277. Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement
Program: Likely Participation and Recommendations for
Implementation.
Kingsbury, L.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
University, 1999.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors:
State conservation programs/
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program/ Oregon
Abstract: Assessed the willingness of private
riparian landowners to participate in Oregon's CREP under various
contract provisions.
278. Participatory assistance: An alternative
to transfer of technology for promoting change on farms.
Lanyon, L. E.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 9
(3): 136-142. (1994)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 [AJAAEZ]
Descriptors:
farming systems/ change/ farm
management/ decision making/ innovation adoption/ farmers/
participation/ technology transfer/ comparisons
Abstract: Participatory assistance (PA) is a
proposed approach for promoting change that involves both the
biophysical processes of farms and the management processes of
farmers. It integrates external expertise, inputs, and expectations
with the unique character of a particular farming system. It
focuses on improving the processes of the farm and farmer rather
than on the traditional interests of "outsiders" such as
disciplinary researchers, industry sales people, government
regulators, consumers, or environmental interest groups. As an
alternative to transfer of technology, it promotes learning both by
the farmer and by specialists from academia, industry, government,
and the public. Participatory assistance can promote innovations in
the operation of farms, in the conduct of research and education,
in the development of products and services, in the formulation of
policy, and in the involvement of the public in agriculture. The
outcome is not assumed to be the adoption of the "best" technology,
but may be found in the emerging properties that result from
innovations. Assessing the improvement that follows each innovation
will require clear specification of the relevant performance
criteria, provision of appropriate technical support, and
reinforcement by the appropriate incentives. Reconciling today's
farming with water quality protection illustrates the potential of
the PA approach.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
279. Participatory landscape ecology: A basis
for acceptance and implementation.
Luz, Frieder
Landscape and Urban
Planning 50 (1-3): 157-166.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
participatory landscape ecology:
acceptance, implementation
Abstract: Until recently, participation by local
actors (decision-makers, lobbyists, farmers or representatives of
various interest groups) played little or no role in landscape
ecology and planning in Germany. Research in southern Germany
between 1990 and 1996 and other more recent studies demonstrate how
a lack of communication between scientists, planners,
administrators and local stakeholders hinder acceptance and
implementation of landscape planning projects. As part of
practically-oriented research project, measures to improve
communication were applied in several communities and the effects
measured over several years. Participatory and communicative
methods such as round tables, workshops, marketing of regional
products and information campaigns caused significant acceleration
of the implementation, suggesting that landscape ecology can be
holistic only if public awareness and participation play an equal
role with the expert views of natural scientists and
planners.
© Thomson
280. Past investments in conservation
research.
Napier, T. L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 52 (1): 32-33.
(Jan. 1997-Feb. 1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Commentary.
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ water
conservation/ programs/ farmers' attitudes/ participation/
resistance to change/ innovation adoption/ incentives/
disincentives/ decision making/ social sciences/
research
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
281. Perceptions of risk associated with use of
farm chemicals: Implications for conservation
initiatives.
Tucker, M. and Napier, T.
L.
Environmental
Management 22 (4): 575-587.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
282. Pesticide free production of field crops:
Results of an on-farm pilot project.
Nazarko, Orla M; Acker, Rene C
van; Entz, Martin H; Schoofs, Allison; and Martens, Gary
Agronomy Journal
95 (5): 1262-1273.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
4-AM34P; ISSN: 0002-1962
Descriptors:
Avena sativa [oat] (Gramineae):
grain crop/ Hordeum vulgare [barley] (Gramineae): grain crop/ Linum
usitatissimum [flax] (Linaceae): fiber crop/ Triticum aestivum
[wheat] (Gramineae): grain crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots / Monocots/
Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ on farm pilot project/
pesticide free crop production: organic production transition,
weeds, yield
Abstract: Existing strategies for pesticide use
reduction in the northern Great Plains have suffered from limited
adoption. A novel approach, Pesticide Free Production (PFP), was
recently developed in Manitoba, Canada. A participatory, on-farm
study was conducted to assess the potential of PFP to be
implemented on typical farms and the level of success farmers
experienced with PFP. Pesticide Free Production prohibits the use
of in-crop pesticide and seed treatments during one crop year as
well as prior use of residual pesticides. Synthetic fertilizer use
is permitted, as are pre-emergent applications of nonresidual
pesticides. A total of 71 farmers, representing 120 fields and 11
crops, participated in the study. Fields and farmers were grouped
based on whether or not fields (i) achieved PFP certification and
(ii) were in transition to organic production. Certification was
achieved for 83% of the participating area. Spring cereals were the
most likely crops to achieve PFP certification. Yields in all
groups were slightly lower than conventional averages in Manitoba
but were not significantly different among groups. Weed densities
were higher (P=0.065) in noncertifiable fields than in certifiable
fields. Most farmers reported manageable weed densities in the year
following PFP. Soil conservation practices were used on a high
proportion of PFP fields. Management practices associated with PFP
included the use of delayed seeding, forages in rotation, and
increased seeding rates. Agronomic and demographic characteristics
of participating fields and farmers were typical for Manitoba.
Pesticide Free Production demonstrates considerable potential to be
successfully adopted by mainstream farmers.
© Thomson
283. Policy prospects for brush control to
increase off-site water yield.
Thurow, T. L.; Thurow, A. P.; and
Garriga, M. D.
Journal of Range
Management 53 (1): 23-31.
(Jan. 2000)
NAL Call #:
60.18-J82; ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors:
watershed management/ brush
control/ water yield/ cost analysis/ ranching/ farm surveys/
wildlife management/ game animals/ decision making/ hunting/
leases/ farm income/ range management/ Texas
Abstract: Water yield from rangeland on the Edwards
Plateau, Texas is significantly greater if a site is dominated by
grass instead of brush. Brush control programs are being considered
by policy-makers as a way to relieve water shortages in the region.
This research analyzed ranchers' willingness to participate in a
publicly-funded brush control cost-sharing program that would be
ranch-revenue neutral. A survey instrument was mailed to 226
ranchers, 119 were completed and returned (53%). The cost sharing
program required that brush on enrolled land be cleared and
maintained at 3% cover for a 10-year period. Respondents estimated
that current brush cover on their land averaged 41%, which
contrasted with their preference that brush cover average 27%. This
expression of preferred brush cover was similar to an independent
estimate by a panel of experts in the region which indicated ranch
livestock and deer-hunting lease value would be maximized at 30%
brush cover. These estimates indicate that a program designed to
increase water yield by reducing brush cover to 3% would likely
require a financial incentive to offset the cost of brush control
that exceeded the preference of the owner. Sixty-six percent of
respondents indicated a willingness to enroll some portion of their
land in the cost-sharing program described in the survey
instrument. Ranch size, the percentage of ranch income earned from
deer-hunting leases and livestock, and whether or not ranchers
indicated that
expense limited past brush control
efforts were the variables measured by the survey instrument which
best explained the probability of participation and the amount of
land the owner was willing to enroll.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
284. A policy simulation of the Wetlands
Reserve Program.
Parks, P. J. and Kramer, R.
A.
Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management 28
(2): 223-240. (1995); ISSN: 0095-0696
Descriptors:
agricultural practices/ government
policy/ wetlands/ environmental restoration/ costs/ models/ United
States/ agriculture/ government policies/ economics/ ecosystem
disturbance / land use/ environmental protection/ urbanization/
cost analysis/ land reclamation/ Modeling/ mathematics/
computer applications/ Reclamation/ Environmental action/
Protective measures and control/ Evaluation process/ Freshwater/
United States
Abstract: Farmer participation in wetlands
restoration practices is explained using land benefits, land
attributes, and owner attributes. The probability of participation
is estimated using county-level data, and used to calculate the
expected acreage restored. National restored wetlands reserves are
simulated by sorting counties on government cost and enrolling
acreage into the reserve until the acreage target is reached. Total
government cost for a million-acre reserve ranges from $1736
million to $1869 million, depending on the administrative strategy
used. Using estimated participation rates in place of hypothetical
rates suggests that achieving acreage targets may be more expensive
than previously thought.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
285. The potential of the 1990 Farm Bill to
conserve and restore wetlands in cornbelt watersheds.
Lant CL; Kraft SE; and Campbell
KL.
In: Versatility of wetlands in the
agricultural landscape: Hyatt Regency, Tampa, Florida, USA, 17-20
September, 1995.; pp. 295-303; 1995.
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
286. Practical considerations in assessing
barriers to IPM adoption.
Nowak, P.; Padgett, S.; and Hoban,
T. J.
In: Proceedings of the Third
National IPM Symposium and Workshop: Broadening support for 21st
century IPM.
(Held 27 Feb 1996-1 Mar 1996 at
Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Economic Research Service; pp. 93-114; 1997.
Notes: Miscellaneous publication (United States. Dept.
of Agriculture) no. 1542
NAL Call #: 1-Ag84M-no.1542
Descriptors:
integrated pest management/ crop
management/ decision making/ innovation adoption/ resistance to
change/ sociological analysis
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
287. Precision farming adoption and use in
Ohio: Case studies of six leading-edge adopters.
Batte, M. T. and Arnholt, M.
W.
Computers and Electronics
in Agriculture 38 (2 ):
125-139. (Feb. 2003)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.D3C652; ISSN: 0168-1699 [CEAGE6]
Descriptors:
site specific crop management/
variable rate application/ data collection/ innovation adoption/
farmers' attitudes/ information technology/ case studies/
interviews/ farm management/ evaluation/ geographical information
systems/ diffusion of information/ technology transfer/
Ohio
Abstract: Precision farming (PF) has the potential
to help farmers improve input allocation decisions, thereby
lowering production costs or increasing outputs, and, potentially,
increasing profits. However, little is known about how farmers use
PF technologies to support managerial decision-making, or about the
relative magnitude of benefits and costs of PF technologies on
individual farms. An embedded, multiple-case study approach was
used to collect information about PF from six farms. The objective
was to collect information about adoption and use of PF from early
adopters to glean information that would be useful to those
considering adoption of this farming system. Results suggest that
farmers credit benefits to PF for a wide variety of decision types.
The case study farmers appear to derive more value from information
gathering technologies (e.g. yield monitors and mapping) than from
variable rate application technologies.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
288. Predicting Drip Irrigation Use and
Adoption in a Desert Region.
Skaggs, R. K.
Agricultural Water
Management 51 (2): 125-142.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:
United States, New Mexico/
Irrigation Practices/ Drip Irrigation/ Crop Production/ Farms/
Surveys/ Attitudes/ Regression Analysis/ Model Studies/
Conservation in agricultural use
Abstract: The possibility that drip irrigation
technology could increase yields, reduce the incidence of crop
diseases, and improve fruit quality has been identified as a
critical research issue for the New Mexico chile pepper industry.
Numerous hypotheses have been expressed regarding the low incidence
of drip irrigation usage among New Mexico farmers. A survey of
farmers was conducted in 1999 to assess commercial chile pepper
producers' attitudes toward and knowledge of drip irrigation
technology. The survey data were used in logistic regression models
that predict current high-tech irrigation system usage, drip
irrigation usage, and plans for future drip irrigation adoption by
chile pepper producers. The results of this research provide
information useful to extension personnel, other researchers, and
chile industry members. Results also raise questions about the
impact of widespread drip irrigation adoption on multi-user
irrigation systems, such as those found in New Mexico.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
289. Preferred sources and channels of soil and
water conservation information among farmers in three Midwestern US
watersheds.
Tucker, M. and Napier, T.
L.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 92 (2/3):
297-313. (Nov. 2002)
NAL Call #:
S601-.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
farmers/ farmers' attitudes/ soil
conservation/ water conservation/ information services/ information
needs/ diffusion of information/ watersheds/ decision making/
prediction/ data analysis/ Iowa/ Ohio/ Minnesota
Abstract: This research examines farmers' use of
various sources and channels of conservation information in three
Midwestern US watersheds. A primary objective was to determine
perceptual and farm structure factors influencing the use of
particular information sources for farm-level decision-making. Data
were collected from 1011 farm operators, the Maquoketa River
watershed in east-central Iowa, the Lower Minnesota River watershed
in southeast Minnesota, and the Darby Creek watershed in central
Ohio. Respondents were asked to indicate frequency of use for 22
sources of conservation information identified from the literature
and to rank the perceived importance of 11 of the most common
communication channels for accessing agricultural information.
Factor analysis was used to reduce the number of information
sources to a smaller set of variables that explained much of the
variance of the original data set. Selected elements of diffusion,
risk communication, and farm structure theories were used to
interpret the factor loadings and to identify predictors of
information use. Regression analysis was used to test the
communication source models developed for the overall data set and
for each state. Descriptive findings revealed that farmers use
multiple sources and channels when accessing soil and water
conservation information. Substantial differences in
information-use patterns were noted among the study watersheds. The
results of the factor analysis showed that the 22 information
sources could be categorized into six overarching groups based on
their intercorrelation. The regression models were shown to vary
widely in their predictive capacity, explaining from 1 to 29% of
the total variance in source use. The variability noted among
farmers' information-use patterns and perceptions across the three
study areas casts doubt on the value of broad-based or "shotgun"
approaches for delivering agricultural information. The use of
factor analysis has promise in future studies as a valuable tool
for developing empirical measures of information use and improving
measurement of key theoretical constructs in agricultural
communication.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
290. A Preliminary Analysis of Texas Ranchers'
Willingness to Participate in a Brush Control Cost-Sharing Program
to Improve Off-Site
Water Yields.
Thurow, A. P.; Conner, J. R.;
Thurow, T. L.; and Garriga, M. D.
Ecological Economics
37 (1): 139-152. (2001)
NAL Call #:
QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009
Descriptors:
Environmental economics/ Public
concern/ Cost benefit analysis/ Agriculture/ Perception/ Regional
planning/ Water resources/ Ecology/ United States, Texas/ Water
Yield/ Water Supply/ Farming/ Economic Aspects/ Water Management/
Arid environments/ Environment management/ Socioeconomic aspects/
United States, Texas, Edwards Plateau/ brush control/ Environmental
action/ Water yield improvement/ General Environmental Engineering/
Freshwater
Abstract: Brush cover of 30% is estimated to be
economically optimal for ranches on the Edwards Plateau, Texas.
This contrasts with a regional objective to increase off-site water
yield, which is maximized if brush cover is removed. Survey
research was conducted to assess ranchers' willingness to enter a
10-year easement contract to clear brush to 3%, for a fixed
cost-share payment to offset their opportunity costs of
participation. Sixty-six percent of the 119 ranchers surveyed were
willing to enroll. Ranch size, income from livestock and
deer-hunting enterprises, and perceptions about brush control costs
were important explanatory variables in statistical analysis using
probit and Cragg models.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
291. Private farmer's attitudes to land, work
and landscape: Interpretation of a case study in landscape
ecological framework.
Lapka, Miloslav and Cudlinova,
Eva
Ekologia Bratislava
18 (4): 401-412. (1999);
ISSN: 1335-342X
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/
Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ rural
landscapes: ecological framework
Abstract: This paper looks at the private farmer's
attitudes to their land, their own work and surrounding landscape.
We employed a data coming from the socio-ecological research of
family farmers in the South Bohemian landscape of the Czech
Republic. Using farmer's attitudes to land, work and to landscape,
the paper charts the ecological consequences of our cases in
context with sustainable agriculture as so as in more theoretical
context of landscape ecology. Farmer's attitudes mentioned above
contains the potential to be a positive (from an ecological point
of view) driving force for landscape preservation and land use.
However, the application of these ecological positive attitudes is
not a task only the farmer's internal factors. There are playing
also great role external factors like agriculture policy, subsidies
and last, but not least understanding of co-existence of natural
and social patterns in rural landscape.
© Thomson
292. Program participation behavior of
non-industrial forest landowners: A probit analysis.
Nagubadi, V.; McNamara, K. T.;
Hoover, W. L.; and Mills, W. L. Jr.
Journal of Agricultural and
Applied Economics 28 (2):
323-336. (1996); ISSN: 0081-3052
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
293. Property tax distortions and participation
in federal easement programs: An exploratory analysis of the
Wetlands Reserve Program.
Poe, G. L.
Agricultural and Resource
Economics Review 27
(1): 117-124; 40 ref. (1998)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A2N6
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
294. Property taxation and participation in
Federal easement programs: Evidence from the 1992 Pilot Wetlands
Reserve Program.
Poe, Gregory L. and New York State
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural,
Resource and Managerial Economics.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Dept. of
Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, Cornell
University; 15 p.; Series: Working paper (New York State College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and
Managerial Economics) WP 96-06. (1996)
Notes: "May 1996"--Cover. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 15).
NAL Call #: HD1751.W67--no.96-06
Descriptors:
Conservation easements---United
States/ Real property and taxation---United States/ Wetland
conservation---Economic aspects---United States
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
295. Public marginal willingness to trade off
among water quality programs: Estimates of statewide and
watershed-specific budget values.
Blomquist GC; Newsome MA; and
Stone DB
Water Resources
Research 36 (5): 1301-1313;
12 ref. (2000)
NAL Call #:
292.8 W295
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
296. Public policies and private decisions:
Their impacts on Lake Erie water quality and farm
economy.
Forster, D. L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 55 (3):
309-322. (2000)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
297. Publicly-provided information in
environmental management: Incorporating groundwater quality goals
into herbicide treatment recommendations.
Liu, W; Moffitt, L J; Lee, L K;
and Bhowmik, P C
Journal of environmental
management 55 (4): 239-248.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:
herbicide: treatment
recommendations/ environmental management/ groundwater quality
goals / publicly provided information
Abstract: Use of publicly-provided information to
promote environmental quality has received somewhat less attention
in the environmental management literature than use of other
environmental policy tools based on economic incentives such as
emissions taxes, subsidies and marketable permits. Yet
publicly-provided information may have potential as an
environmental policy tool, especially in managing problems of
agricultural pollution, due in large part to the existing
capability of public information agencies associated with the
agricultural research community. Information provided by these
agencies is known to be an important factor in decision making in
agriculture and may have potential for influencing decisions that
relate directly to preserving the integrity of environmental
resources. Moreover, this potential may have particular relevance
for protecting groundwater quality from agricultural production
since the results of contamination are often at least partially
internal to the farm decision maker. This paper develops an
empirical model to formulate publicly-provided herbicide treatment
recommendations designed to protect both the quality of groundwater
and the income of farmers. An economic and statistical model of a
crop-pest system is used in conjunction with a groundwater loading
model to derive the trade-off relationship between producer income
and movement of herbicide material through the root zone. The
trade-off relationship can provide the basis for formulating
herbicide treatment recommendations and can also shed light on
appropriate groundwater quality goals.
© Thomson
298. The pursuit of efficiency and its
unintended consequences: Contract withdrawals in the environmental
quality incentives program.
Cattaneo, A.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 25 (2): 449-469.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195.
Notes: Number of References: 11; Publisher: Amer
Agricultural Economics Assoc
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Agronomy/ Economics/
water quality/ moral hazard
Abstract: This article analyzes why the USDA's
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) experiences
contract withdrawals. Among approved contracts, 17% withdrew one or
more conservation practices. After presenting a model of producers'
behavior, a logit model is used to examine the withdrawal
phenomenon. Withdrawals are linked to producers having an incentive
to include low cost-share payments and practices in the
conservation plan that increase the probability of approval, but
may not be profitable. These results are discussed in light of the
changes to EQIP that have been introduced by the 2002 Farm
Act.
© Thomson ISI
299. Qualitative Evaluation of the Continuous
Sign-Up Program: Results of Five Focus Groups.
Applied Research Systems Natural
Resource Conservation Service, 1996.
Notes: Prepared for Natural Resource Conservation
Service.
Descriptors:
Conservation Reserve Program/
United States/ Continuous CRP
Abstract: Presented the results of five focus
groups comprised of farmers to a promotional campaign for buffer
strips and continuous CRP.
300. Reallocating water from agriculture to the
environment under a voluntary purchase program.
Isé, S. and Sunding, D.
L.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 20 (1): 214-226.
(1998)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 0191-9016
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
301. Recruiting the new conservationists:
Farmers' adoption of agri-environmental schemes in the United
Kingdom.
Morris, C. and Potter,
C.
Journal of Rural
Studies 11 (1): 51-63. (Jan.
1995)
NAL Call #:
HT401.J68; ISSN: 0743-0167
Descriptors:
conservation/ land diversion/ land
management/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ environmental
policy/ contracts/ program participants/ incentives/ farm surveys/
south east England/ environmentally sensitive areas program/ agri
environmental policy
Abstract: Financial incentives available to farmers
under the Government's relaunched agri-environmental policy (AEP)
promise to recruit more farmers into conservation schemes than ever
before. The success of these voluntary schemes, which offer
payments in return for farmers agreeing to desist from certain
damaging operations or carry out environmentally sensitive ones, is
widely proclaimed, chiefly with reference to the promising levels
of enrolment that have already been achieved under the
Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) programme. Increasingly,
however, attention is focusing on the environmental benefits that
are being achieved on the ground and their longer-term durability.
This paper reports on a survey of 101 farmers in South East England
conducted with a view to investigating the level of engagement of
those currently enrolled in such schemes. Focusing on the
motivational aspects, it points to wide variations in the level of
commitment and sympathy with the wider objectives of AEP schemes
and places farmers on a participation spectrum ranging from the
most resistant nonadopters at one end to the most active adopters
at the other. The policy implications of this categorisation are
explored and recommendations made for pushing more farmers towards
the active end of the spectrum.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
302. Relationships among farm operators' water
quality opinions, fertilization practices, and cropland potential
to pollute in two regions of Virginia.
Pease, J. and Bosch, D.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 49 (5):
477-483. (1994)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
303. Relevance of scale dependent approaches
for integrating biophysical and socio-economic information and
development of agroecological indicators.
Dumanski, J.; Pettapiece, W. W.;
and McGregor, R. J.
Nutrient Cycling in
Agroecosystems 50 (1/3):
13-22. (Mar. 1998)
NAL Call #:
S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 [NCAGFC].
Notes: In the special issue: Soil and water quality at
different scales / edited by P.A. Finke, J. Bouma and M.R.
Hoosbeek. Proceedings of a workshop held August 7-9, 1996,
Wageningen, The Netherlands. Includes references.
Descriptors:
sustainability/ growth/ technology
transfer/ innovation adoption/ indicators/ ecology/ agriculture/
ecosystems/ costs/ natural resources/ environmental degradation/
socioeconomics/ soil chemistry/ soil physical properties/ soil
fertility/ water quality/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
304. Research experience with tools to involve
farmers and local institutions in developing more environmentally
friendly practices.
Noe, E. and Halberg, N.
In: Environmental co-operation and
institutional change: Theories and policies for European
agriculture/ Hagedorn, K.
Cheltenham, UK: Edw. Elgar Publ.,
2002; pp. 143-161.
Notes: ISBN: 1-84064-841-4
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
305. Results of irrigation management transfer
in the Columbia Basin Project, USA.
Svendsen, M. and Vermillion, D.
L.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International
Irrigation Management Institute; Short Report Series on Locally
Managed Irrigation No. 15, 1996. v, 16 p.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
306. A review and evaluation of agroecosystem
health analysis: The role of economics.
Yiridoe, E. K. and Weersink,
A.
Agricultural Systems
55 (4): 601-626. (Dec.
1997)
NAL Call #:
HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X [AGSYDS]
Descriptors:
ecosystems/ resource utilization/
sustainability/ economic evaluation/ opportunity costs/ systems
approach
Abstract: A conceptual framework for evaluating
sustainable agroecosystems based on economic theory is presented.
Agroecosystem sustainability embraces human socioeconomic and
bioecological aspects. There are tradeoffs, complementarities, and
interrelationships among alternative choices that have to be made
in a world of resource scarcity in order to achieve a sustainable
agroecosystem. Analyzing these choices in an integrated framework
is a central component of modern economic analysis.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
307. A review of the socio-economic analysis of
soil degradation problems for developed and developing
countries.
Thampapillai, D. J. and Anderson,
J. R.
Review of Marketing and
Agricultural Economics 62
(3): 291-315. (Dec. 1994)
NAL Call #:
286.8-N47M; ISSN: 0034-6616
Descriptors:
soil degradation/ soil
conservation/ topsoil/ farm inputs/ agricultural production/
renewable resources/ non renewable resources/ resource utilization/
costs/ economic impact/ income/ innovation adoption/ optimization
methods/ developing countries/ common property resources/ user
costs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
308. Risk of public disclosure in environmental
farm plan programs: Characteristics and mitigating legal and policy
strategies.
Yiridoe, E. K.
Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 13
(1/2): 101-120. (2000)
NAL Call #:
BJ52.5 .J68; ISSN: 0893-4282
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
309. Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of
irrigation in Saskatchewan.
Kulshreshtha, S. N. and Brown, W.
J.
Irrigation and Drainage
Systems 7 (2): 85-98.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
TC801 .I66; ISSN: 0168-6291
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
310. The role of integrating concepts in
watershed rehabilitation.
Hilden, M.
Ecosystem Health
6 (1): 39-50; 48 ref.
(2000)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
311. The role of on-farm demonstrations in
addressing constraints to the adoption of remedial
practices.
Nowak, P. and Hakanson,
K.
In: Agricultural research to
protect water quality: Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993-24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis,
Minnesota.)
Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; pp. 344-346; 1993.
NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993
Descriptors:
demonstration farms/ adoption/
assessment/ farmers
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
312. The role of planting flexibility and the
acreage reduction program in encouraging sustainable agriculture
practices.
Huang, W. Y. and Daberkow, S.
G.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 7 (1): 63-79.
(1995)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:
farm management/ decision making/
agricultural policy/ federal programs/ land diversion /
participation/ deficiency payments/ crop mixtures/ diversification/
mathematical models/ sustainability/ farming systems/ case studies/
Corn Belt States of USA/ normal flex acres/ commodity
programs
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
313. Selection and sustainability of land and
water resource management systems.
Prato, T. and Hajkowicz,
S.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 35 (4): 739-752. (1999)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
314. Sequential adoption of site-specific
technologies and its implications for nitrogen productivity: A
double selectivity model.
Khanna, M.
Selected papers from the
annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics
Association (1999)
NAL Call #:
HD1405-.A44.
Notes: Supplemental online access through http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 8-11, 1999 in
Nashville, Tennessee.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
site specific crop management/
nitrogen fertilizers/ soil testing/ variable rate application/ farm
management/ decision making/ innovation adoption/ soil fertility/
probit analysis/ Illinois/ Iowa/ Indiana/ Wisconsin
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
315. Simulation of a Group Incentive Program
for Farmer Adoption of Best Management Practices.
Ipe, V. C.; Devuyst, E. A.;
Braden, J. B.; and White, D. C.
Agricultural and Resource
Economics Review 30
(2): 139-150. (2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A2N6; ISSN: 1068-2805
Descriptors:
United States, Illinois/ Watershed
Management/ Agricultural Watersheds/ Best Management
Practices/ Farms/ Environmental Policy/ Economic Aspects/ Watershed
protection
Abstract: A group incentive program to encourage
farmer adoption of best management practices is simulated for a
typical watershed in central Illinois. The incentive payments,
program costs and environmental impacts of the program are
simulated. The results show that the best management practices may
not actually reduce farm profits but may increase farm profits and
reduce environmental pollution. The sponsor in most cases may not
have to pay anything under the incentive contract. This may bring
about a win-win situation for the sponsor, the farmer participating
in the program, and society as a whole. The program could be
implemented as an educational effort to demonstrate the benefits of
sound management practices.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
316. Site-specific management: The application
of information technology to crop production.
Plant, R. E.
Computers and Electronics
in Agriculture 30 (1/3):
9-29. (Feb. 2001)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.D3C652; ISSN: 0168-1699 [CEAGE6].
Notes: In the millennium special issue: Past
Developments and Future Directions. Part I. Precision Agriculture
and Information Technology / edited by D.L. Schmoldt. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
site specific crop management/ crop
production/ crop yield/ spatial variation/ measurement/ data
analysis/ information technology/ technology transfer/ innovation
adoption/ economic evaluation/ reviews
Abstract: Site-specific management (SSM; also
called, precision agriculture) is the management of agricultural
crops at a spatial scale smaller than that of the whole field.
Widespread farmer adoption of SSM practices is contingent on its
economic advantage. Three criteria that must be satisfied in order
for SSM to be justified are, (1) that significant within-field
spatial variability exists in factors that influence crop yield,
(2) that, causes of this variability can be identified and
measured, and (3) that, the information from these measurements can
be used to modify crop management practices to increase profit or
decrease environmental impact. The objective of this paper is to
review the state of SSM at the turn of the millennium and to offer
some speculation as to its future course. The review is organized
around the essential components of SSM listed above, i.e. measuring
spatial variability, analyzing the data obtained from these
measurements, using information gained from this analysis to effect
changes in management practices, and determining whether the
resulting benefits are worth the costs. The discussion section
considers some potential effects of large-scale adoption of SSM,
should this adoption occur.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
317. Social and economic challenges in the
development of complex farming systems.
Pannell, D. J.
Agroforestry Systems
45 (1/3): 393-409.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366 [AGSYE6].
Notes: In the special issue: Agriculture as a mimic of
natural ecosystems / edited by E.C. Lefroy, R.J. Hobbs, M.H.
O'Connor and J.S. Pate. Paper presented at a workshop held
September 2-6, 1997, Williams, Western Australia,
Australia.
Includes references.
Descriptors:
farming systems/ agroforestry/
agroforestry systems/ social values/ economic analysis/ technology
transfer/ sustainability/ farmers/ ecosystems/ profitability/
farmers' attitudes/ literature reviews
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
318. A social exchange explanation of
participation in the U.S. Farm Program.
Thomas, J. K. and Thigpen,
J.
Southern Rural
Sociology 12 (1): 1-23.
(1996)
NAL Call #:
HT401.S68; ISSN: 0885-3436
Descriptors:
farmers' attitudes/ agricultural
policy/ federal programs/ program participants/ farm income/
environmental protection/ environmental policy/ conservation/ farm
management/ Texas
Abstract: Passage of the 1990 Food, Agriculture,
Conservation, and Trade Act resulted from the political influence
of many environmental interest groups and, consequently, included
many conservation provisions. As agricultural policy has
increasingly reflected the environmental concerns of the public,
farmers who participate in the Farm Program have adjusted their
production practices to conserve land and water resources, minimize
use of agrichemicals, and control animal wastes. Social exchange
theory was used to examine personal and farm characteristics that
could affect agroenvironmental attitudes, Farm Program
participation, and conservation practices of Texas farmers (n =
1,063 farmers) in 1991. One in four farmers did not participate in
a federal commodity/conservation program. Less than 8 percent of
the variation in regulatory and environmental attitudes was
explained by personal and farm characteristics, compared to 30
percent of the variation in Farm Program participation and 14
percent in use of conservation practices. Agroenvironmental
attitudes and most background characteristics were poor predictors
of farm-related behaviors. Level of gross farm income was the best
predictor of farmers' attitudes and behaviors. Implications of
these findings are discussed.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
319. Social issues related to soil specific
crop management.
Nowak PJ.
In: Proceedings of soil specific
crop management: A workshop on research and development issues,
April 14-16, 1992, Minneapolis, MN. (Held 14 Apr 1992-16 Apr 1992 at Minneapolis,
MN.) Robert PC; Rust RH; and Larson WE (eds.); pp. 269-285;
1993.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
320. Socio-economic methods in natural
resources research.
Farrington, J.
London, UK: Overseas Development
Institute; ODI Natural Resource Perspectives No. 9, 1996. 4
p.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
321. Socioeconomic and institutional
constraints on the adoption of soil conservation practices in the
USA: Implications for sustainable agriculture.
Napier TL; Krecek J; Rajwar GS;
and Haigh MJ
In: Hydrological problems and
environmental management in highlands and headwaters, 1996; pp.
185-196
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
322. Socioeconomic pressure, demographic
pressure, environmental loading and technological changes in
agriculture.
Giampietro, M.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 65 (3): 201-229.
(Nov. 1997)
NAL Call #:
S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO]
Descriptors:
farming/ farming systems/
sustainability/ agricultural production/ technology/ technical
progress/ innovation adoption/ decision making/ socioeconomics/
population pressure/ land productivity/ environmental factors/
ecological balance/ farmers' attitudes/ opinions
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
323. Socioeconomic profiles of early adopters
of precision agriculture technologies.
Daberkow, S. G. and McBride, W.
D.
Journal of
Agribusiness 16 (2):
151-168. (Fall 1998)
NAL Call #:
HD1401.J68; ISSN: 0738-8950
Descriptors:
maize/ crop enterprises/ farming
systems/ innovation adoption/ technology/ decision making/
socioeconomic status/ farm size/ farm income/ crop yield/
probability
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
324. The socioeconomics of groundwater
protection in the Scioto River watershed of Ohio.
Napier, T. L.
In: Agricultural research to
protect water quality: Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993-24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis,
Minnesota.)
Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water
Conservation Society; pp. 242-243; 1993.
NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993
Descriptors:
watershed management/ groundwater
pollution/ farming systems/ profitability/ Ohio
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
325. Soil and water conservation behaviors
within the upper Mississippi River Basin.
Napier, T. L.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 56 (4):
279-285. (2001)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
326. Soil and water conservation policies and
programs: Successes and failures.
Napier, T. L.; Napier, S. M.; and
Tvrdon, J.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 640 p.
(2000)
Notes: Proceedings of an international conference
convened at the Czech Agriculture University in Prague, Czech
Republic in September of 1996.
NAL Call #: S622.2-.S63-2000; ISBN: 0849300053 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:
Soil conservation---Government
policy---Congresses/ Water conservation---Government
policy---Congresses
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
327. Soil and water conservation projects and
rural livelihoods: Options for design and research to enhance
adoption and adaptation.
McDonald, M and Brown,
K
Land Degradation and
Development 11 (4): 343-361.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S622.L26 S622.L26; ISSN: 1085-3278
Descriptors:
farming/ hillside regions/ land
husbandry/ natural capital/ project evaluation/
rural livelihoods/ social capital/
soil conservation/
water conservation
Abstract: This paper synthesizes the findings of a
workshop which sought to consider the issues of poor uptake,
adoption and adaptation of soil and water conservation techniques
by farmers post-project by examining the experiences of projects
which had research and extension elements. Critical factors
contributing to the adoption and adaptation of soil and water
conservation techniques by farmers are identified as 1) a more
flexible approach and which enables learning within projects; 2) a
process rather than output driven approach to soil and water
conservation; 3) demonstration of immediate and tangible benefits
of soil and water conservation to farmers (production, income,
risk-minimization); and 4) avoiding a narrow focus on soil and
water conservation-alternatives are 'better land husbandry' or
'sustainable rural livelihoods' approaches. A number of areas are
identified as priorities for further research which would aid the
successful adoption of sustainable agricultural techniques and
which should guide future research, development and extension,
bringing more sustained benefits to farmers, particularly in humid
and subhumid hillside regions.
© Thomson
328. 'Stinking, disease-spreading brutes' or
'four-legged landscape managers'? Livestock, pastoralism and
society in Germany and the USA.
Bieling, Claudia and Plieninger,
Tobias
Outlook on
Agriculture 32 (1): 7-12.
(2003)
NAL Call #:
10 Ou8; ISSN: 0030-7270
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmer/
livestock (Mammalia)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Nonhuman
Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ cultural
contexts/ political contexts/ rangeland pastoralism: ecological
aspects, economical aspects/ societal contexts/ society pastoralist
interactions: historical course/ sustainable farming
practices
Abstract: Comparisons between the Black Forest
region of Germany and the Sierra Nevada foothills in the USA show
considerable parallels in the relationship between livestock
raisers and society. This becomes evident by sketching the historic
course of interactions between society and pastoralism as well as
the present situation. The authors emphasize that purely economic
or ecological studies of pastoralism are not sufficient to explain
the characteristic features of livestock farmers. In both countries
a specific livestock farming culture can be characterized by team
spirit, a desire for independence from the outside world, ranch
fundamentalism, and a special relationship with nature. This set of
values and attitudes should be considered whenever dealing with
pastoralism, whether in a scientific, political or everyday
context.
© Thomson
329. Stochastic technology, risk preferences,
and adoption of site-specific technologies.
Isik, M. and Khanna, M.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 85 (2): 305-317. (2003)
NAL Call #:
280.8 J822; ISSN: 0002-9092
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
330. Strategies for encouraging the use of
organic wastes in agriculture.
Oshins, C.
In: Agricultural utilization of
urban and industrial by-products: Proceedings of a
symposium.
(Held 7 Nov 1993-12 Nov 1993 at
Cincinnati, Ohio.)
Madison, Wis.: American Society of
Agronomy/ Crop Science Society of America/ Soil Science Society of
America; pp. 73-86; 1995.
Notes: Sponsors: Divisions S-6 and S-7 of the Soil
Science Society of America and A-5 of the American Society of
Agronomy
NAL Call #: 64.9-Am3-no.58; ISBN: 0891181237
Descriptors:
waste utilization/ organic wastes/
municipal refuse disposal/ refuse/ agricultural wastes/ composting/
sustainability/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ refuse
compost/ social barriers/ regulations
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
331. Strategies to overcome impediments to
adoption of conservation tillage.
Carter, Martin R.
In: Conservation tillage in
temperate agroecosystems/ Carter, M. R. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC
Press, 1994; pp. 3-19.
Notes: ISBN: 0873715713
Descriptors:
Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/
angiosperms/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ crop
rotation/ minimum tillage/ rotational tillage/ sustainable
agriculture/ tillage timing/ zone tillage/ Agronomy (Agriculture)/
Conservation/ Soil Science
© Thomson
332. A study of farmer attitudes towards
riparian management practices.
Parminter, T. G.; Tarbotton, I.
S.; and Kokich, C.
Proceedings of the New
Zealand Grassland Association 60: 255-258. (1998); ISSN: 0369-3902
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
333. Suggestions to States Interested in
Developing Conservation Reserve Enhancement Programs.
Environmental Defense Fund,
1998
http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/2574_CREP_suggestions.pdf
Descriptors:
State conservation programs/
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program
Abstract: Offered past state's suggestions on
the issues an applying state would want to address, if they chose
to pursue a CREP program of their own.
334. A Summary of the SWCS Wetlands Reserve
Program Survey.
Despain, W.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 50 (6):
632-633. (1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
USA/ wetlands/ conservation/
surveys/ public participation/ water policy/ public opinion/
farming/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ Conservation in agricultural
use
Abstract:
The Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP)
is a relatively new conservation program offered by the federal
government. In 1992, farmers in nine states were given the
opportunity to offer tracts of land for enrollment in the pilot
program which would later be expanded to all 50 states. As a new
program, the WRP involved several new elements and untested
procedures. The Soil and Water Conservation Society, in a project
directed by Max Schnepf, SWCW' director of public affairs, tried to
find out farmers' reaction to the new program, and define ways that
it could be improved. Farmers in seven of the nine pilot states
were brought together ill focus groups to discuss their experience
with the WRP and gather suggestions. The results of these focus
groups were brought together in the book, available from the SWCS,
"Farmer Perspectives on the Wetlands Reserve Program: A series of
Focus Groups." Three focus groups were organized, in each of seven
pilot states-California, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi,
New York, and North Carolina. A total of 120 farmers were involved
overall. Each focus group meeting was tape recorded, and extensive
notes were taken on the proceedings. Participants in each meeting
were asked the same series of questions, to determine their
feelings about wetlands and wetland issues. Then they were asked a
series of specialized questions to find out their feelings about
their experience with the WRP.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
335. A survey of water management practices of
California rice growers.
Hill, J E; Brouder, S M; Roberts,
S R; Williams, J F; Scardaci, S C; and Wick, C M
Journal of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Education 23 (2): 119-124. (1994)
NAL Call #:
S530 .J6; ISSN: 1059-9053
Descriptors:
Hominidae (Hominidae)/ Oryza sativa
(Gramineae)/ angiosperms/ animals/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/
monocots/ plants/ primates/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
vertebrates/ extension education
Abstract: Conventional, continuous flood management
for rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigation in California has resulted in
off-site movement of rice herbicides and other pesticides. In 1991,
the University of California Cooperative Extension and the Soil
Conservation Service surveyed rice growers in conjunction with the
initiation of a 5-yr project designed to demonstrate and evaluate
several feasible, alternative water management systems (alternative
WMS). The objective of the survey was to collect baseline
information on current water management practices and to identify
grower-perceived problems and concerns that may pose barriers to
adoption of alternative WMS. Grower respondents accounted for 35%
of total California rice hectarage in production in 1991. Fifty-six
percent of growers reported exclusive use of conventional WMS,
while 23% have tried alternative WMS on a portion of their
hectarage. Twenty-one percent of respondents have converted their
entire rice production hectarage to alternative WMS. Only 43% of
conventional WMS growers described themselves as being highly
satisfied with their current practice; the same percentage reported
that stricter future water quality regulations will force them to
change to an alternative WMS. Growers already fully converted to
alternative WMS expressed the highest degree of satisfaction, and
60% classified themselves as being well satisfied with their
current system. The primary concern of growers anticipating change
to an alternative WMS was the cost of constructing and operating
the improved system. Secondary concerns were water availability and
the future cost of water. The survey results demonstrate that there
is a large audience for extension education efforts focused on
cost-effective, alternative WMS that improve water conservation and
quality of drainage water.
© Thomson
336. A survey on the planning and adoption of
zero runoff subirrigation systems in greenhouse
operations.
Uva, W. F. L.; Weiler, T. C.; and
Milligan, R. A.
HortScience 33 (2): 193-196. (Apr. 1998)
NAL Call #:
SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345 [HJHSAR]
Descriptors:
crop production/ greenhouse
culture/ subsurface irrigation/ runoff/ runoff water/ surveys/
environmental management/ decision making/ innovation adoption/
cost benefit analysis/ businesses/ size/ United States/ ebb and
flow systems/ flood benches/ flood floor systems/ trough/ bench
systems
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
337. Sustainability of Pacific Northwest
horticultural producers.
Cordray, Sheila M; Lev, Larry S;
Dick, Richard P; and Murray, Helene
Journal of Production
Agriculture 6 (1):
121-125.
(1993)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68; ISSN: 0890-8524
Descriptors:
plant (Plantae Unspecified)/
Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ angiosperms/ plants/ spermatophytes/
vascular plants/ agrichemical use/ conservation/ economics/ low
input production
Abstract: The sustainability of agriculture is of
great concern and controversy, but there is little information on
operational measurements and definitions of sustainability. This
article examines the implications of defining and measuring
agricultural sustainability. Two sets of variables were used to
indicate sustainability: (i) changes in agricultural chemical use,
and (ii) use of alternative production practices. Factor analysis
revealed that it would be inappropriate to construct a single
sustainability scale that included both sets of variables. Two
separate scales were constructed. The types of producers viewed as
'sustainable' on each scale had very different characteristics. On
the scale that examined changes in agricultural chemical use,
producers in the sample reporting zero or declining use tended to
have smaller farms, lower investments in machinery, and lower gross
and net incomes than producers at the other end of this scale. The
use of alternative practices, reflected in the second scale, showed
that producers using a greater number of alternative management
practices had larger farms, more investment in machinery, and
larger gross and net incomes than producers at the other end of
this scale. Producers classified as sustainable on either of the
two scales differed little from other producers with regard to
economic impacts on the community, organizational involvement, or
attitudes about farming. In general, more useful comparisons were
made among producers classified by structural variables such as
farm size and principal occupation of operator. These findings
suggest that policies should take into account the structural
factors that influence the adoption of sustainable
practices.
© Thomson
338. Sustainable agricultural practices for
weed management: Implications to agricultural extension
education.
Kotile, D. G. and Martin, R.
A.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 16 (2): 31-51.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
339. Sustainable agriculture in the Corn Belt:
Production-side progress and demand-side constraints.
Lighthall, D. R.
American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture 11
(4): 168-174. (1996)
NAL Call #:
S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 [AJAAEZ]
Descriptors:
low input agriculture/ ridging/
pesticides/ United States/ no-tillage/ alternative farming/
farming/ sustainability/ farm structure/ farm size/ marketing/
innovation adoption/ resistance to change/ structural change/
farmers' attitudes/ Corn Belt States of USA/ conventional
farming
Abstract: This paper explores the constraints to
sustainable agriculture in the Corn Belt stemming from the trend
toward increased farm size and the continued dependence of the
region on undifferentiated farm commodities produced for regional,
national, and international markets. It is based on a three-county
comparison of 14 full-time farmers who have embraced sustainable
principles and practices, and a randomly sampled group of 25
farmers. An encouraging finding was the substantial progress made
towards lower-input production of corn and soybeans by the nine
farmers who had adopted the ridge tillage system, which uses
elevated seedbeds, banded herbicides, and post-plant nitrogen
application to reduce both sod erosion and synthetic chemical
inputs while maintaining yields. However, operators of large farms
that depend on hired labor and highly dispersed field sites
regarded these practices as too risky at their scale of production
despite their short-term economic and long-tenn environmental
benefits. The region's commercial farmers appear split between
family farmers who wish to avoid the headaches of scale expansion
and hired labor, and therefore, embrace more efficient low-input
systems such as ridge tillage versus those who reject the increased
management intensity and risks of lower-input systems in favor of
scale expansion via more chemical-intensive no-till systems.
Although ridge tillage represents movement toward low-input cash
grain production, low-input production systems alone are not
sufficient to improve the underlying social welfare of rural areas.
Arresting the trend towards fewer and larger farms will also
require development of more specialized or more localized markets
for sustainably produced commodities.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
340. Taking stock of agroforestry adoption
studies.
Pattanayak, Subhrendu K; Mercer, D
Evan; Sills, Erin; and Yang, Jui Chen
Agroforestry Systems
57 (3): 173-186. (2003)
NAL Call #:
SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:
tree (Spermatophyta)/ Plants/
Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ agricultural technology: small
holder adoption/ agroforestry adoption determinants/ agroforestry
adoption studies/ contour hedgerows/ economic framework/ forestry
technology: small holder adoption/ resource endowments/ soil
conservation/ technology adoption factor categories: biophysical
factors, market incentives, preferences, resource endowments, risk
and uncertainty/ tropical areas/ water conservation/ Meta
analysis
Abstract: In light of the large number of empirical
studies of agroforestry adoption published during the last decade,
we believe it is time to take stock and identify general
determinants of agroforestry adoption. In reviewing 120 articles on
adoption of agricultural and forestry technology by small holders,
we find five categories of factors that explain technology adoption
within an economic framework: preferences, resource endowments,
market incentives, biophysical factors, and risk and uncertainty.
By selecting only empirical analyses that focus on agroforestry and
related investments, we narrow our list down to 32 studies
primarily from tropical areas. We apply vote-counting based
meta-analysis to these studies and evaluate the inclusion and
significance of the five adoption factors. Our analysis shows that
preferences and resource endowments are the factors most often
included in studies. However, adoption behavior is most likely to
be significantly influenced by risk, biophysical, and resource
factors. In our conclusion, we discuss specific recommendations for
the next generation of adoption studies and meta-analyses that
include considering a fuller menu of variables, reporting key
statistics and marginal probabilities, and conducting weighted
meta-regressions.
© Thomson
341. A targeted policy approach to inducing
improved rates of conservation compliance in
agriculture.
Stonehouse, D. P.
Canadian Journal of
Agricultural Economics / Revue Canadienne d'Economie Rurale
44 (2): 105-119. (July
1996)
NAL Call #:
281.8-C16; ISSN: 0008-3976
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ soil
degradation/ farm management/ decision making/ resource
utilization/ innovation adoption/ factor analysis/ renewable
resources/ Canada/ United States/ cultural factors/ technical
factors
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
342. Technical efficiency and farmers'
attitudes toward technological innovation: The case of the potato
farmers in Quebec.
Amara, N.; Traore, N.; Landry, R.;
and Romain, R.
Canadian Journal of
Agricultural Economics / Revue Canadienne d'Economie Rurale
47 (1): 31-43. (Mar.
1999)
NAL Call #:
281.8-C16; ISSN: 0008-3976
Descriptors:
potatoes/ farmers' attitudes/
technical progress/ innovation adoption/ efficiency/ conservation/
technology/ farm comparisons/ farm surveys/ production functions/
mathematical models/ Quebec
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
343. Technology adoption in agriculture:
Implications for ground water conservation in the Texas high
plains.
Arabiyat, Talah S; Segarra,
Eduardo; and Johnson, Jason L
Resources, Conservation and
Recycling 32 (2): 147-156.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
TP156.R38R47; ISSN: 0921-3449
Descriptors:
advanced irrigation technologies/
agriculture: technology adoption/ biotechnological advances/ ground
water conservation
Abstract: The impact of technology adoption
(advanced irrigation technologies and anticipated biotechnological
advances) on the sustainability of agricultural activities in the
Texas High Plains of the US is evaluated in this study.
Specifically, a county-wide dynamic optimization model is used to
(a) determine optimal ground water use levels and cropping
patterns, and (b) evaluate the impacts of irrigation technology and
biotechnology adoption on ground water use. The results indicate
that current cropland allocation and levels of advanced irrigation
technology adoption are not close to optimal. Approaching the issue
of sustainability, the results show that the net present value of
returns trade-off to achieve ground water conservation, in terms of
what producers would have to give up to achieve ground water supply
stability, would be relatively small.
© Thomson
344. Technology adoption in the presence of an
exhaustible resource: The case of groundwater
extraction.
Shah, F. A.; Zilberman, D.; and
Chakravorty, U.
American Journal of
Agricultural Economics 77 (2): 291-299. (May 1995)
NAL Call #:
280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 [AJAEBA]
Descriptors:
groundwater/ resource utilization/
water conservation/ technology/ mathematical models/ water costs/
irrigation/ land/ innovation adoption/ land quality
Abstract: In this paper we integrate technology
diffusion within Hotelling's exhaustible resource model. The modern
technology is a conservation technology such as drip irrigation
used with groundwater. Resource quality heterogeneity and rising
water prices are responsible for the gradual adoption of the modern
technology, and under reasonable conditions the diffusion curve is
an S-shaped function of time. Without intervention, the diffusion
process will be slower than is socially optimal, and optimal
resource use tax will accelerate the diffusion of the conservation
technology and slow down excessive resource depletion caused by
market failure due to open access conditions.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
345. Testing producer perceptions of jointly
beneficial best management practices for improved water
quality.
Amacher, G. S. and Feather, P.
M.
Applied Economics
29 (2): 153-159. (1997);
ISSN: 0003-6846
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
346. A Theoretical Analysis of Economic
Incentive Policies Encouraging Agricultural Water
Conservation.
Huffaker, R. and Whittlesey,
N.
International Journal of
Water Resources Development 19 (1): 37-53. (2003)
NAL Call #:
TD201.I56; ISSN: 0790-0627.
Notes: Special Issue: Water Management and Irrigated
Agriculture in the Western U.S.; DOI:
10.1080/0790062032000040764
Descriptors:
Water Management/ Water
Conservation/ Irrigation Efficiency/ Economic Aspects/ Water Costs/
Subsidies/ Comparison Studies/ Theoretical Analysis/ Model Studies/
Irrigation/ Economics/ Charges/ Finance/ Comparative studies/
Conservation in agricultural use/ Underground Services and Water
Use/ Water & Wastewater Treatment/ Cost allocation, cost
sharing, pricing
Abstract: A conceptual model of a representative
irrigated farm is formulated to study farm responses to two
economic policies commonly suggested to encourage agricultural
water conservation, and to characterize the hydrological and
economic circumstances in which these responses provide the desired
conservation. The economic policies studied are to increase the
irrigator's cost of applied water and to subsidize the irrigator's
cost of investing in improved on-farm irrigation efficiency.
Comparative statics results demonstrate that increasing the cost of
applied water may be a more effectual water conservation policy
than subsidizing the cost of improved on-farm irrigation
efficiency.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
347. Tillage method and crop diversification:
Effect on economic returns and riskiness of cropping systems in a
Thin Black Chernozem of the Canadian Prairies.
Zentner, R P; Lafond, G P;
Derksen, D A; and Campbell, C A
Soil and Tillage
Research 67 (1): 9-21.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
S590.S48; ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors:
Linum usitatissimum [flax]
(Linaceae): oil crop/ Pisum sativum [field pea] (Leguminosae):
vegetable crop/ Triticum aestivum [winter wheat] (Gramineae): grain
crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/ Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/
Vascular Plants/ Thin Black Chernozem: prairie soil/
cropping system risk
Abstract: Producers throughout the Canadian
Prairies have begun to extend (reducing summerfallow frequency) and
diversify their traditional cereal-based rotations by devoting more
areas to oilseeds and pulses, and by managing these newer cropping
systems with conservation tillage practices. This study examined
the economic performance and relative riskiness of monoculture
cereal, cereal-oilseed, and cereal-oilseed-pulse rotations, each
managed under conventional-, minimum-, and zero-tillage practices
over a 12-year period (1987-1998) in the sub-humid Black soil zone
of Saskatchewan. These crop rotations included: spring wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.)-spring wheat-winter wheat (T. aestivum
L.)-fallow (Ws-Ws-Ww-F), spring wheat-spring wheat-flax (Linum
usitatissimum L.)-winter wheat (Ws-Ws-Fx-Ww), and spring
wheat-flax-winter wheat-field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (Ws-Fx-Ww-P).
Annual production costs for the complete rotation systems increased
with cropping intensity and cropping diversity (monoculture cereal
($249 ha-1)<cereal-oilseed ($304 ha-1)<cereal-oilseed-pulse
($310 ha-1)); however, costs were not affected by tillage method.
The savings in labor, fuel, repair and machinery overhead with
minimum- and zero-tillage practices (compared with
conventional-tillage) were generally offset by increased
expenditures for herbicides. For most grain price scenarios
examined, gross returns and net returns were generally highest for
Ws-Fx-Ww-P, intermediate for Ws-Ws-Fx-Ww ($7-33 ha-1 lower), and
lowest for Ws-Ws-Ww-F ($35-70 ha-1 lower). Within the mixed
rotations, economic returns tended to be higher when managed using
minimum- and zero-tillage practices (compared to
conventional-tillage), reflecting the higher grain yields they
produced. Income variability, or degree of riskiness, was lowest
for conservation tillage and the mixed cropping systems. Our
findings explain the recent changes in land use practices that have
been adopted by most producers in this region.
© Thomson
348. Tillage systems and profitability: An
economic analysis of the Iowa MAX Program.
Liu, Shiping and Duffy, Michael
D
Journal of Production
Agriculture 9 (4):
522-527. (
1996)
NAL Call #:
S539.5.J68; ISSN: 0890-8524
Descriptors:
agronomy/ biobusiness/ conservation
tillage system/ conventional tillage system/ economics/ Iowa MAX
Program/ mulch till system/ no till system/ plowing/ profitability/
reduced till system/ ridge till system/ tillage systems
Abstract: Using the Iowa MAX program participant's
survey data set, this study found that conventional tillage
(plowing, PL) resulted in lower profits per acre than most
conservation tillage systems (no-till (NT), reduced-till (RE),
ridge-till (RT), and mulch-till (MT)). The primary reason for
higher profits with conservation tillage systems is the difference
in operating costs. This study also found that it is not always
true that conservation tillage uses more chemicals than PL.
Ridge-till is very attractive in terms of profit and the
expenditures on chemicals per acre. This indicates that, other than
conservation compliance, economic benefits may be another major
reason that farmers are adopting conservation tillage
systems.
© Thomson
349. Timing nitrogen fertilizer application to
reduce nitrogen losses to the environment.
Huang, W. Y.; Heifner, R. G.;
Taylor, H.; and Uri, N. D.
Water Resources
Management 14 (1): 35-58.
(Feb. 2000)
NAL Call #:
TC401.W27; ISSN: 0920-4741 [WRMAEJ]
Descriptors:
nitrogen fertilizers/ application
date/ preplanting treatment/ seasons/ low input agriculture/
economic analysis/ returns/ farm results/ innovation adoption/
agricultural policy/ mathematics/ equations/ decision analysis/
decision making/ insurance premiums/ pollution control/ losses from
soil/ nitrogen/ Iowa/ growing season/ best nitrogen management
plan/ expected value variance analysis/ adoption insurance
program
Abstract: Abstract: The advantages of using
insurance to help a farmer adopt a best nitrogen management plan
(BNMP) that reduces the impact of agricultural production on the
environment is analytically and empirically demonstrated. Using an
expected value analysis, it is shown that an insurance program can
be structured so as to reduce a farmer's cost of bearing the
adoption risk associated with changing production practices and,
thus, to improve the farmer's certainty equivalent net return
thereby promoting the adoption of a BNMP. Using the adoption of
growing-season only N fertilizer application in Iowa as a case
study, it is illustrated how insurance may be used to promote the
adoption of this practice to reduce N fertilizer use. It is shown
that it is possible for a farmer and an insurance company both to
have an incentive to develop an insurance adoption program that
will benefit both the farmer and the insurance company, increasing
net social welfare and improving environmental quality in
Iowa.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
350. Understanding landholder management of
river frontages: The Goulburn Broken.
Curtis, Allan and Robertson,
Alistar
Ecological Management and
Restoration 4 (1): 45-54.
(2003); ISSN:
1442-7001
Descriptors:
catchment management/ community
education/ current recommended practices/ landholder
management
Abstract: In this paper we discuss the findings of
research exploring landholder adoption of practices expected to
improve the management of river frontages. This research was part
of a larger project undertaken by the Goulburn Broken Catchment
Management Authority (GBCMA) to assess the impacts of grazing on
the condition of riparian zones in the GBCMA region. Our research
employed a postal survey to a random selection of all river
frontage owners in the GBCMA. Research findings highlighted the
limited adoption of most current recommended practices (CRP) such
as watering stock off-stream and fencing to manage stock access to
river frontages. Higher adoption of CRP (in particular fencing) was
correlated with greater knowledge of river frontage function and
factors affecting river frontage condition; higher importance
attached to the environmental, social and economic values of
frontages; non-farming occupations; and higher confidence in the
efficacy of CRP. These findings have important implications for
managers and scientists. There has been a large investment in
community education in the GBCMA and survey findings suggest this
has been an effective strategy. At the same time, there should be
changes in the approach to community education. It seems there is
much to be done to improve the acceptability of fencing frontages
along large rivers. Appeals to adopt CRP also need to move beyond a
narrow focus on farmers and the benefits of increased agricultural
production and embrace the range of landholders and the different
values they attach to their frontages. Most respondents had no
on-property profit and survey data indicated that financial
constraints were an important factor limiting the adoption of CRP,
particularly among farmers. There was considerable interest in
taking up a grant scheme that would provide a higher level of
support than is usually offered by government. These findings
highlight the important role of economic incentives in assisting
private landholders undertake conservation work along river
frontages.
© Thomson
351. Use of conventional and conservation
practices among farmers in the Scioto River Basin in
Ohio.
Napier, T. L. and Camboni, S.
M.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 48 (3):
231-237. (May 1993-June 1993)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ water
conservation/ practice/ innovation adoption/ farming systems/
decision making/ prediction/ Ohio/
conservation practices
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
352. The use of forestry incentives by
nonindustrial forest landowner groups: Is it time for a
reassessment of where we spend our tax dollars?
Kluender, R A and Walkingstick, T
L
Natural Resources
Journal 39 (4): 799-818.
(Fall 1999)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5N3; ISSN: 0028-0739
Descriptors:
Arkansas---Environmental policy/
Land utilization---Tax aspects/ Forest conservation---United
States---Arkansas/ Tax expenditures---United States---Arkansas/
United States---Tax policy/ Lumber industry---Environmental
aspects
Abstract: Discusses incentive programs focusing on
cost-share programs: Forest Incentives Program (FIP), Stewardship
Incentives Program (SIP), and Conservation Reserve Program (CRS);
based on a survey and subsequent analysis of 2,400 nonindustrial
private forest (NIPF) landowners; Arkansas.
© 2004 PAIS, published by OCLC
Public Affairs Information Service
353. The use of no till farming in U.S.
agriculture: Farmers' perceptions versus reality.
Uri, N. D.
Journal of Sustainable
Agriculture 15 (2/3): 5-17.
(1999)
NAL Call #:
S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:
agriculture/ no-tillage/ farmers'
attitudes/ costs/ labor costs/ tillage/ erosion/ runoff/ water
quality/ glycine max/ triticum aestivum/ triticum durum/ surveys/
zea mays/ literature reviews/ United States
Abstract: A number of economic and environmental
benefits are associated with the use of no till in in production
agriculture in the United States. There are lower labor, energy,
and machinery costs associated with no till farming relative to
conventional tillage systems and other types of conservation
tillage. The reduced erosion and runoff associated with no till
also lead to a number of environmental benefits including a
reduction in water quality impairment. In order to properly
associate the benefits of no till with its use, it is important
that farmers' perception of what constitutes no till and the actual
use of no till be consistent. An analysis of the Agricultural
Resource Management Study survey data for 1996 shows that for
soybeans, winter wheat, spring wheat, and durum wheat, farmers'
perceptions are consistent with reality. In the case of corn,
however, nearly 18 percent of corn farmers believe they are using
no till while in actuality, only slightly more than 12 percent are
using this tillage system.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
354. Use of soil and water protection practices
among farmers in the North Central Region of the United
States.
Napier, T. L.
Journal of the American
Water Resources Association 36 (4): 723-735. (Aug. 2000)
NAL Call #:
GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X [JWRAF5]
Abstract: Data were collected in the fall of 1998
and the winter of 1999 from 1,011 land owner-operators within three
watersheds in the North Central Region of the United States to
assess adoption of soil and water protection practices. Farm
owner-operators were asked to indicate how frequently they used 18
different agricultural production practices. Many farmers within
the three watersheds had adopted conservation protection practices.
However, they also employed production practices that could negate
many of the environmental benefits associated with conservation
practices in use. Comparison of adoption behaviors used in the
three watersheds revealed significant differences among the study
groups. Respondents in the Iowa and Ohio watersheds reported
greater use of conservation production systems than did farmers in
Minnesota. However, there were no significant differences between
Ohio and Iowa farmers in terms of use of conservation production
practices. This was surprising, since farmers in the Ohio watershed
had received massive amounts of public and private investments to
motivate them to adopt and to continue using conservation
production systems. These findings bring into serious question the
use of traditional voluntary conservation programs such as those
employed in the Ohio watershed. Study findings suggest that new
policy approaches should be considered. It is argued that "whole
farm planning" should be a significant component of new
agricultural conservation policy.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
355. Use of soil and water protection practices
among farmers in three Midwest watersheds.
Napier, Ted L and Tucker,
Mark
Environmental
Management 27 (2): 269-279.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:
human (Hominidae): farmers/
Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Vertebrates/
agricultural production practices/ nonpoint source pollution/
social learning/ soil protection/ water protection/
watersheds
Abstract: Data were collected from 1011 farmers in
three Midwestern watersheds (Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota) to assess
factors that influence the use of conservation production systems
at the farm level. The "vested interests" perspective used to guide
the investigation was derived from elements of social learning and
social exchange theories. Respondents were asked to indicate their
frequency of use for 18 agricultural production practices that
could be adopted on Midwestern farms at the time of the study.
Responses to the 18 items were summed to form a composite variable,
termed "conservation production index," for use as the dependent
variable in multivariate analysis. Eleven independent variables
were identified from the theory as likely predictors of
conservation adoption, including respondents' perceptions about
production costs, output and risks, and perceived importance of
access to subsidies, technical assistance, and
informational/educational programs. Regression analysis was used to
assess the performance of the independent variables in explaining
variance in the conservation production index. Explained variance
in the three regression models ranged from 2% in the Minnesota
watershed to 19% in the Ohio watershed. The researchers concluded
that the model had limited utility in predicting adoption of
conservation production systems within the three study watersheds.
Findings are discussed in the context of conservation programs
within the three areas.
© Thomson
356. Using case-based reasoning methodology to
maximise the use of knowledge to solve specific rangeland
problems.
Bosch, O J H; Gibson, R S;
Kellner, K; and Allen, W J
Journal of Arid
Environments 35 (3):
549-557. (1997)
NAL Call #:
QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963
Descriptors:
case based reasoning methods/
rangeland management/ terrestrial ecology
Abstract: This paper describes a participatory
research process designed to gather and structure community
knowledge (local and scientific) into a single accessible decision
support system, based on case-based reasoning methodologies.
Special reference is made to the continuous enhancement of the
knowledge base through research (by scientists), and implementation
and monitoring of management action outcomes (by land
managers).
© Thomson
357. Using Insurance to Enhance Nitrogen
Fertilizer Application to Reduce Nitrogen Losses to the
Environment.
Huang, Wen-Yuan; Heifner, R. G.;
Taylor, H.; and Uri, N. D.
Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment 68 (3):
209-233. (2001)
NAL Call #:
TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors:
Agriculture/ Nitrogen/ Fertilizers/
Insurance/ Environment management/ Water Pollution Control/
Agricultural Practices/ Best Management Practices/ Social
Participation/ Economic Aspects/ Iowa/ Environmental action/ Water
quality control/ United States
Abstract: The advantage of using insurance to help
a farmer adopt a best nitrogen management plan (BNMP) that reduces
the impact of agricultural production on the environment is
analytically and empirically demonstrated. Using an expected value
analysis, it is shown that an insurance program can be structured
so as to reduce a farmer's cost of bearing the adoption risk
associated with changing production practices and, thus, to improve
the farmer's certainty equivalent net return thereby promoting the
adoption of a BNMP. Using the adoption of growing-season only N
fertilizer application in Iowa as a case study, it is illustrated
how insurance may be used to promote the adoption of this practice
to reduce N fertilizer use. It is shown that it is possible for a
farmer and an insurance company both to have an incentive to
develop an insurance adoption program that will benefit both the
farmer and the insurance company, increasing net social welfare and
improving environmental quality in Iowa.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
358. Using social-psychology models to
understand farmers' conservation behaviour.
Beedell, J. and Tahir
Rehman
Journal of Rural
Studies 16 (1): 117-127.
(2000)
NAL Call #:
HT401.J68; ISSN: 0743-0167
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
359. Using voluntary approaches to reduce
environmental damages: Evidence from a survey of New York dairy
farms.
Bills, N. L.; Poe, G. L.; and
Wright, P.
Japanese Journal of Rural
Economics 5: 35-50.
(2003)
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
360. Utah's vegetable growers: Assessing
sustainable agriculture.
Drost, D.; Long, G.; and Hales,
K.
HortTechnology 7 (4): 445-450. (Oct. 1997-Dec.
1997)
NAL Call #:
SB317.5.H68; ISSN: 1063-0198
Descriptors:
vegetables/ crop production/
growers/ sustainability/ surveys/ cultural methods/ farmers'
attitudes/ integrated pest management/ plant nutrition/ site
preparation/ planting/ harvesting/
rotations/ fertilizers/ tillage/
farm inputs/ irrigation/ technology transfer/ Utah/ nutrient
management/ field operations
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
361. Utility-consistent discrete-continuous
choices in soil conservation.
Lohr, L. and Park, T.
A.
Land Economics 71 (4): 474-490. (Nov. 1995)
NAL Call #:
282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639 [LAECAD]
Descriptors:
soil conservation/ program
participants/ federal programs/ decision making/ econometric models
/ acreage/ opportunity costs/ farm surveys/ utility functions/
Michigan/ Illinois/ Conservation Reserve Program/ filter strip
program/ discrete continuous choice model/ acreage
enrollment
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
362. Voluntary Incentives for Reducing
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Water Pollution.
Feather, P. M. and Cooper,
J.
U. S. Department of Agriculture
[Also available as: Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 716
(AIB-716)], 1995 (text/html)
NAL Call #: 1 Ag84Ab no.716
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib716/AIB716.pdf
Descriptors:
best management practices/ nonpoint
source pollution/ economic analysis/ agricultural policy/
motivation/ social benefit/ agricultural education/ environmental
education/ United States/ incentives/ Water Quality Demonstration
Project Areas/ BMPs
Abstract: Agricultural chemicals and sediment
from cropland may reduce the quality of America's surface and
ground water resources. The Clean Water Act stipulates that
individual States are responsible for controlling agricultural
nonpoint source pollution. Most State plans rely chiefly on
education and technical assistance to promote the adoption of less
polluting practices. Because profitability drives production
decisions, these programs tend to be most successful when they
promote inexpensive changes in existing practices. This report
presents research findings on the success of incentive programs to
control agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
363. Voluntary versus mandatory agricultural
policies to protect water quality: Adoption of nitrogen testing in
Nebraska.
Bosch, D. J.; Cook, Z. L.; and
Fuglie, K. O.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 17 (1): 13-24.
(Jan. 1995)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
Descriptors:
groundwater/ water quality/
irrigation water/ nitrogen/ soil testing/ innovation adoption/
agricultural policy/ environmental protection/ farm management/
Nebraska
Abstract: Agriculture is an important source of
nonpoint source pollution and potential damage to water quality.
Voluntary incentives and regulatory policies are followed by both
the states and the federal government to reduce water quality
damage from agricultural practices. Policy makers are concerned
about the relative effectiveness of each approach for protecting
water quality. The effectiveness of regulation versus a combination
of voluntary incentive approaches are evaluated for an area in
central Nebraska. Policy effectiveness is measured in two parts:
(1) whether farmers receiving incentives are more likely to conduct
soil or tissue nitrogen (N) tests; and (2) whether farmers use the
test results as the most important factor in N management
decisions. Personal interview surveys of Nebraska farmers were
analyzed to determine farmers' use of soil and/or tissue testing to
help make N fertilizer decisions on fields planted to corn. The
effects of regulation and voluntary programs on the use of N
testing were evaluated. The effects on adoption of farmers'
education and experience; type, size, and tenure status of the
farm; irrigation; and soil characteristics of the sample field were
also considered. The results show that while regulation leads to
higher levels of N test adoption, it does not have an "educational"
effect on adopters. Voluntary incentive policies appear to be more
effective in encouraging farmers to use information from N tests.
Regulation to enforce adoption of practices to protect water
quality may not induce the desired behavioral changes. Educational
programs may be needed to complement regulations to insure that
farmers change their behavior to achieve the goals of water quality
protection programs.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
364. Watershed Success Stories: Applying the
Principles and Spirit of the Clean Water Action Plan.
U. S. Department of Agriculture
and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
U. S. Department of Agriculture;
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000
(application/pdf)
http://water.usgs.gov/owq/cleanwater/success/
Descriptors:
case studies/ watershed management/
water quality/ governmental programs and projects/ Clean Water Act/
water pollution/ pollution control/ environmental protection/
citizen participation/ ecological restoration/ estuaries/ urban
development/ nonpoint source pollution/ wildlife habitats/ best
management practices/ biodiversity/ acid mine drainage/ riparian
buffers/ erosion control/ mining/ agricultural land/ aquatic
habitat/ floodplain management/ issues and policy/ United States/
BMPs
Abstract: Presents 30 success stories in
watershed restoration.
365. What does objectivity mean for analysis,
valuation and implementation in agricultural landscape planning? A
practical and epistemological approach to the search for
sustainability in 'agri-culture'.
Bosshard, Andreas
Agriculture Ecosystems and
Environment 63 (2-3):
133-143. (1997); ISSN: 0167-8809
NAL Call #:
S601 .A34
Descriptors:
agricultural landscape planning/
agriculture/ biobusiness/ conservation/ epistemology of validation
process/ guiding model/ leitbild/ objectivity/ principle of
subsidiary regulations/ regionally adapted solutions/
sustainability
Abstract: On the basis of summarized experiences in
agricultural landscape planning of the few last years in
Switzerland the landscape evaluation and the implementation process
are analysed; the principles of a 'holistic' approach are outlined.
It is shown that, epistemologically, objectivity in valuation and
priority-setting emerges out of a dialectic cognition process
between different poles (complementary aspects of different
landscape scales, different viewpoints on respective interests,
different hierarchy levels in project organization structure). Each
sphere of complementarity needs its adapted methods and approaches,
which are presented and discussed on referring to participative
planning project examples. The results of such projects so far,
compared with conventional approaches, have turned out
encouragingly-both from the point of view of local people and of
planners/governmental authorities. Nevertheless, several crucial
conditions, challenges and obstacles have to be taken into
account.
© Thomson
366. When stakeholders choose: Process,
knowledge, and motivation in water quality decisions.
Burroughs, R.
Society and Natural
Resources 12 (8): 797-809.
(Dec. 1999)
NAL Call #:
HC10.S63; ISSN: 0894-1920 [SNREEI]
Descriptors:
water quality/ planning/ social
participation/ community involvement/ decision making/ estuaries/
Rhode Island/
Narragansett Bay, Rhode
Island
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
367. Who should manage the High Plains aquifer?
The irrigators' perspective.
White, S. E. and Kromm, D.
E.
Water Resources
Bulletin 31 (4): 715-727.
(Aug. 1995)
NAL Call #:
292.9-Am34;
ISSN: 0043-1370 [WARBAQ]
Descriptors:
irrigation/ aquifers/ groundwater/
water management/ attitudes/ surveys/ Colorado/ Kansas/ groundwater
management/ locus of control
Abstract: A state-local partnership exists in
Colorado and Kansas with respect to management of the High Plains
aquifer. This paper examines 330 irrigators' attitudes about the
locus-of-control for different management activities in the High
Plains-Ogallala region. Local control was preferred by most
irrigators. The local district was most supported for 19 active
management activities, whereas the state was favored for eight
specific activities, primarily research efforts and water rights
administration. Eight activities that had the potential for
restricting water use were rejected in that irrigators indicated
that no agency should be involved. Kansas and Colorado exhibited
statistically significant preference differences for only five
management options. A significantly higher percentage of those
irrigators who preferred local control believed in sustainable
management of the aquifer and aggressive groundwater management,
and that their district served their interests.
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
368. A whole-farm economic analysis of
no-tillage and tilled cropping systems.
Triplett, GB; Robinson, JRC;
Dabney, SM; and Santen, E van.
In: Making conservation tillage
conventional: Building a future on 25 years of research --
Proceedings of 25th Annual Southern Conservation Tillage Conference
for Sustainable Agriculture. (Held 24 Jun 2002-26 Jun 2002 at Auburn,
AL.);
pp. 48-52; 2002.
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
369. Whose watershed is this? A decision case
study of agricultural drainage in the Midwestern USA.
Dovciak, A. L. and Perry, J.
A.
Journal of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Education 29: 95-101. (2000)
NAL Call #:
S530 .J6; ISSN: 1059-9053
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
370. Why it pays to make conservation part of
the farm enterprise.
Curry, N.
Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England 158: 144-152. (1997)
NAL Call #:
10 R81; ISSN: 0080-4134
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
371. Why Targets of Regulations Do Not Comply:
The Case of Conservation Compliance in the Corn Belt.
Esseks, J. D.; Kraft, S. E.; and
Furlong, E. J.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 52 (4):
259-264. (Aug. 1997)
NAL Call #:
56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
Descriptors:
USA/ Corn Belt/ compliance/
regulations/ surveys/ regression analysis/ soil conservation/
cropland/ attitudes/ agricultural practices/ enforcement/ Watershed
protection
Abstract: This article employs survey data to test
hypotheses about Corn Belt farmers' intentions to apply
conservation compliance plans. The data came from winter 1995
telephone interviews with a random sample of 839 farmers in that
five-state region who had USDA-approved plans for their highly
erodible cropland. For ethical and practical reasons noncompliance
was measured indirectly - the respondents' estimates of the
percentage of their peers in the county who would "not apply their
plans to any meaningful extent in 1995." Regression analysis found
that, as predicted by deterrence theory, farmers who believed in
high probabilities of violations being detected or penalized were
more likely to expect relatively low percentages of their peers out
of compliance in the coming crop season. Other findings suggest
that respondents were projecting their own farming situations onto
their peers when making estimates of noncompliance. For example,
relatively low estimates were more likely if the respondents had
participated the previous year in either a federal commodity
program or a federal crop insurance program. They tended to be
lower also if the interviewees had either no till or contour
farming practices in their plans.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
(CSA)
372. Will voluntary and educational programs
meet environmental objectives? Evidence from a survey of New York
dairy farms.
Poe, G. L.; Bills, N. L.; Bellows,
B. C.; Crosscombe, P.; Koelsch, R. K.; Kreher, M. J.; and Wright,
P.
Review of Agricultural
Economics 23 (2): 473-491.
(2001)
NAL Call #:
HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195
This citation is provided courtesy
of CAB International/CABI Publishing.
373. Willingness of Ohio land owner-operators
to participate in a wetlands trading system.
Napier, T. L.; McCarter, S. E.;
and McCarter, J. R.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 50 (6):
648-656. (Nov. 1995-Dec. 1995)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special issue on wetlands. Includes
references.
Descriptors:
land use/ conversion/ wetlands/
construction/ landowners/ attitudes/ participation/ Ohio
This citation is from
AGRICOLA.
374. Woodlots in the rural landscape: Landowner
motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case
study.
Erickson, Donna L; Ryan, Robert L;
and De Young, Raymond
Landscape and Urban
Planning 58 (2-4): 101-112.
(2002)
NAL Call #:
QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:
aesthetic appreciation/
agricultural watershed: increasing forest cover/ economic
motivations/ environment protection/ hands off management approach/
landowner motivations/ management attitudes/ non industrial private
forests/ rural landscape/ woodlots: environmental benefits, farm
population owners, non farm population owners
Abstract: Woodlots provide important environmental
benefits in the Midwestern (USA) landscape, where they are
undergoing rapid change. An increasingly diverse farm and non-farm
population owns these non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). It is
essential to understand what motivates NIPF landowners to retain
and manage their forests. We describe a study of NIPF owners in an
agricultural watershed where forest cover is increasing. What
motivations and management practices might be contributing to this
increase? The results of a survey of 112 NIPF owners suggest that
aesthetic appreciation is the strongest motivator for retaining
woodlots, especially by non-farmers. Protecting the environment
also seems to be important for both farmers and non-farmers, while
economic motivations are significantly less important. Landowners
indicated that they are primarily taking a "hands-off" approach to
management. This study provides insights for those interested in
understanding NIPF landowners' motivations and for developing
effective programs.
© Thomson
375. WQIP: An assessment of its changes for
acceptance by farmers.
Kraft, S. E.; Lant, C.; and
Gillman, K.
Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 51 (6):
494-498. (1996)
NAL Call #:
56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561
This
citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI
Publishing.
1980 Groundwater Management
Act 7
1995 Farm Bill 193
319 National Monitoring
Program 266
abandoned fields:
reclamation 177
acid mine drainage
364
acreage 361
acreage enrollment
361
action thresholds
224
adaptation 162
adoption 10, 311
adoption insurance
program 349
advanced irrigation
technologies 343
advisory support 57
aesthetic appreciation
374
aesthetics 221
afforestation 94, 117, 257
AFOs 251
age 18
age effects 177
agri environmental
management 177
agri environmental measures:
farm income, subsidies 206
agri environmental
policy 301
agri-environmental
schemes 156
agrichemical use 337
agricultural chemicals
82, 213, 273,
281
Agricultural
chemicals---Environmental aspects---United States 22
Agricultural
conservation---Australia---New South Wales 241
Agricultural
conservation---Great Britain 211
Agricultural Conservation
Program---North Dakota 192
Agricultural
conservation---United States 58
agricultural drainage and
pesticide transport model 121
agricultural economics
251
agricultural education
362, 372
Agricultural & general
applied entomology 218
agricultural
households 26
Agricultural
innovations---Economic aspects---United States 133
Agricultural
innovations---Government policy---United States 133
agricultural intensity
34
agricultural land
36, 40, 50, 52, 87,
117, 128, 183, 234, 236, 257, 364
agricultural landscape
planning 365
Agricultural
pests---Integrated control---United States 14
Agricultural
pests---Integrated control---United States---Technological
innovations 17
Agricultural policy
26, 76, 130, 146, 157,
181, 199, 203, 267, 312, 318, 321, 349, 362, 363, 372
Agricultural pollution
53, 81, 109, 202,
213
Agricultural
pollution---Economic aspects---United States 133
Agricultural
pollution---Government policy---United States 133
Agricultural
pollution---United States 113
agricultural practices
47, 53, 69, 88, 101,
159, 178, 205, 218, 253, 284, 357, 371
agricultural
production 11,
23, 49, 60, 112, 116, 125, 130, 216, 240, 250, 307, 322
agricultural production
practices 355
agricultural programs and
projects 87
agricultural regions
50
agricultural research
85, 166, 320
agricultural resource
management 249
Agricultural Runoff
24, 66, 69, 95, 234,
255
agricultural soils
198
Agricultural
subsidies---United States 25
agricultural
sustainability 56
agricultural technology:
small holder adoption 340
agricultural wastes
330
agricultural water
management 6
agricultural watershed:
increasing forest cover 374
Agricultural
Watersheds 109,
255, 315
agriculture 1, 29, 47, 53, 59, 62, 73,
79, 81, 96, 101, 102, 105, 109, 129, 147, 155, 160, 163, 175, 178,
193, 197, 201, 202, 213, 221, 228, 234, 284, 290, 295, 298, 303,
321, 353, 357, 365
Agriculture and
state---United States 22, 25
Agriculture---Environmental
aspects---United States 25
Agriculture---Florida---Everglades
187
agriculture: technology
adoption 343
agro landscape values
221
agro rural watershed
220
agrochemicals 9, 53, 213
agroecosystems: agriculture
society interface 206
agroforestry 237, 317
agroforestry adoption
determinants 340
agroforestry adoption
studies 340
agroforestry systems
237, 317
agronomy 110, 201, 222, 228, 298,
348
Agronomy (Agriculture)
20, 331
Alabama 36, 146
Alberta 275
alternative farming
106, 339
alternative techniques
implementation 224
alternative versus
conventional cropping systems 106
anaerobic digestion
27
Angiospermae
(Angiospermae) 331, 337
angiosperms 57, 97, 102, 108, 110, 114,
115, 124, 172, 196, 203, 224, 273, 282, 331, 335, 337,
347
animal feeding
operations 251
animal manure
management 251
animal manures 27, 251
animal production
219
animal wastes 242, 243, 270
Animals 23, 28, 32, 34, 37, 44, 57, 74, 79,
137, 141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 190, 224, 269, 273, 291, 328, 335,
355
Appalachian States of
USA 131, 216,
302
apples 260
application 172
application date 349
application rates
50, 68, 97, 115, 120,
151, 153, 209, 272, 302, 345
application to land
231, 270
Applied economics
96
appropriation 33
Aquatic birds 47
aquatic ecosystems
127
Aquatic environment
127
aquatic habitat 364
aquifers 98, 244, 367
Arid environments
290
arid zones 111
Arizona 7, 168, 274
Arkansas---Environmental
policy 352
arthropod (Arthropoda
Unspecified) 190
Arthropoda (Arthropoda
Unspecified) 190
arthropods 190, 224, 269, 273
assessment 148, 281, 311
Assessments 205
atrazine 256
attitude 44
attitudes 33, 39, 43, 64, 81, 141, 150, 159,
163, 177, 178, 204, 213, 229, 242, 255, 285, 288, 304, 358, 367,
371, 373
Australia 160, 171
automatic irrigation
systems 176
automation 176
Automobiles---Motors---Exhaust
gas---Environmental aspects---United States 132
Avena sativa [oat]
(Gramineae): grain crop 282
Aves 47
Aves (Aves
Unspecified) 137
bacterial pollution
74
band placement 148, 149
barriers to innovation
adoption 171
Bayesian theory 260
Behavior 44, 160, 201
Behavior and fate
characteristics 213
behavioral economics
261
behaviour 115, 358
Belgian agri environmental
management 157
bench systems 336
beneficial use 33
Benefits 101
best management
practices 32,
46, 81, 88, 148, 155, 161, 178, 194, 197, 228, 242, 256, 266, 315,
357, 362, 364
best nitrogen management
plan 349
biobusiness 102, 110, 190, 221, 348,
365
biodiversity 21, 43, 210, 332,
364
biodiversity decline
44
biodiversity
management 199
biogas 27
biological control
190
biological control
agent 190
biophysical models
116
biotechnological
advances 343
biotechnology 77
biotope diversity
221
bird (Aves) 37
bird conservation: behavioral
intentions, farmer attitudes 37
birds 23, 37, 47, 137
BMPs 266, 362, 364
Breeding sites 47
British Isles 63, 208, 215, 217, 229, 271,
358, 370
brush control 283, 290
Buffers 95
businesses 336
CAFOs 251
California 48, 61, 104, 135, 142, 164,
195, 198, 199, 230, 260
Canada 111, 128, 152, 160, 237, 257, 273,
308, 309, 341
capsicum annuum 46
carbon sequestration
94
case based reasoning
methods 356
Case Studies 24, 73, 74, 81, 103, 150,
162, 183, 204, 208, 217, 252, 287, 312, 364, 369
Case study 73, 204, 217
Catchment area 81, 109
Catchment areas 178, 248
catchment hydrology
243, 310
catchment management
350
Catchments 178
cattle 74
cattle feeding 75
cattle manure 75, 359, 372
change 148, 278
Charges 346
chemical transport
model 120
Chesapeake Bay 251
Chesapeake Farms 53
Chippewa River
Watershed 121
chloride 46
chlorophyll 272
chlorophyll meter
272
choice 228
choice contingent
valuation 65
Chordates 23, 28, 32, 34, 37, 44, 57, 79,
137, 141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355
citizen participation
24, 364
citrus 230
classification 164
clay soils 152
Clean Water Act 193, 251, 364
climate 60
climatic change 257
climatic factors 166
coastal areas 39
coastal plains 70
Coastal zone
management 95
Coastal Zone Management
Act 193
color 272
Colorado 244, 367
Columbia Basin area of
USA 169
commodity programs
312
Common Agricultural Policy
[CAP] 57
common property 210
common property
resources 307
communication 43, 81
Communications 81
community education
350
community involvement
5, 304, 366
community
participation 177
Comparative studies
346
Comparison Studies
159, 346
comparisons 77, 106, 165, 278
Compliance 81, 255, 371
composting 330
computer applications
284
computer simulation
121
concentrated animal feeding
operations 251
conceptual models
42
confidence intervals
65
conservation 1, 20, 44, 47, 49, 50, 56,
59, 69, 101, 123, 146, 147, 156, 175, 200, 205, 221, 222, 229, 247,
253, 273, 301, 318, 331, 332, 334, 337, 342, 358, 365
conservation areas
64
conservation attitudes
34
conservation behavior
141
Conservation
easements---United States 294
Conservation in agricultural
use 88, 101,
163, 205, 207, 288, 334, 346
Conservation of natural
resources---Citizen participation 239
Conservation of natural
resources---Florida 264
conservation policies
129
conservation policy
174
conservation practices
9, 201, 351
conservation program
247
conservation programs
87
Conservation Reserve
Enhancement Program 31, 93, 236, 277, 333
Conservation Reserve
Program 1, 30,
67, 72, 123, 158, 265, 299, 361
Conservation Reserve
Program---United States 58, 192
conservation tillage
60, 61, 86, 107, 110,
111, 125, 129, 134, 152, 232, 246, 296
conservation tillage adoption
decision 222
conservation tillage
system 348
Conservation, wildlife
management and recreation 47, 73
constraints 43, 112, 136, 148, 152, 269,
308
construction 373
contingent valuation
65, 228
Continuous CRP 299
continuous replacement
20
contour hedgerows
340
contracts 162, 301
control 111, 136, 269, 273
controversial practice
adoption 20
conventional farming
175, 339
conventional tillage
system 348
conversion 373
coolwater stream 121
cooperation 39
Corn 66
Corn Belt 371
Corn Belt States of
USA 131, 145,
252, 262, 281, 292, 296, 312, 325, 329, 338, 339
corn (Gramineae) 114
corn production 125, 222
cost 62
Cost allocation, cost
sharing, pricing 143, 346
cost analysis 69, 90, 95, 144, 161, 207,
283, 284
cost benefit analysis
101, 107, 111, 143,
167, 189, 254, 290, 336
Cost effectiveness
58, 143
cost share 155
Cost Sharing 161
costs 101, 109, 172, 173, 209, 227, 263,
284, 303, 307, 353
cotton 7
cover crops 71, 246
cows 27
crop (Angiospermae)
102, 110
crop enterprises 90, 323, 368
crop management 12, 16, 46, 50, 166, 179,
272, 286, 319, 368
crop mixtures 312
crop production 12, 70, 77, 144, 216, 219,
230, 234, 271, 288, 316, 336, 360, 368
crop residues 111
crop residues
maintenance 177
crop rotation 331
crop yield 9, 16, 46, 70, 102, 250, 316,
323
cropland 1, 114, 123, 371
croplands 23
cropping system risk
347
cropping systems 16, 106, 124, 216, 302,
368
Crops 198, 234, 269
cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae):
vegetable crop 224
cucurbit growers 224
cultivars 16, 272
Cultivated Lands 234
cultivation 216
cultivation type 174
cultural behavior
165
cultural contexts
328
cultural control 269
cultural factors 341
cultural methods 269, 360
current practices
224
current recommended
practices 350
Dairy
cattle---Manure---Handling---New York State 89
dairy farming 74, 201, 359, 372
dairy farms 75, 176, 359, 372
Darby Creek 205
Darwinian evolution
42
data analysis 289, 316
data collection 15, 76, 287
data collection method
28
databases 76
decision 201
decision analysis
349
Decision Making 5, 8, 13, 30, 49, 50, 74, 77,
82, 90, 112, 117, 142, 144, 146, 148, 149, 150, 159, 164, 178, 179,
181, 182, 183, 196, 198, 214, 217, 230, 234, 235, 236, 259, 260,
262, 267, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 278, 280, 283, 286, 289, 295,
304, 308, 312, 313, 314, 322, 323, 329, 336, 341, 349, 351, 361,
366, 369
decision making
behavior 156
Decision
making---Environmental aspects 126
Decision
making---Ethics 126
Decision making---Moral and
ethical aspects 78
decision making
processes 141
decision support
systems 24
Decision theory 178, 217
deficiency payments
312
deficit irrigation
46
Degradation 101
Delaware 87
demand 144, 227
demography 5, 38, 64
demonstration farms
311
Denmark 183, 304
desert riparian landscapes:
change, values 80
determination 179
developing countries
307
development 325
diagnostic techniques
272
dicots 108, 114, 224, 282, 347
diffusion of
information 40,
165, 182, 208, 275, 287, 289, 320
discrete choice models
230
discrete continuous choice
model 361
diseases 269
disincentives 280
diversification 201, 312
diversification
activities 34
double cropping 368
drainage 164, 166, 274
drainage water 104
drinking water 172, 213
Drip Irrigation 288
drought 166, 204
Droughts 204
dry farming 144, 219
durum wheat
(Gramineae) 110
dwarf cultivars 16
dynamic models 90, 259, 276
easements 1, 123
ebb and flow systems
336
eco coherence 221
ecological balance
322
Ecological impact of water
development 234
ecological integration
219
ecological restoration
364
ecology 290, 303
econometric models
9, 87, 361
economic 224
economic analysis
9, 94, 96, 106, 109,
117, 200, 246, 257, 317, 349, 362, 368
economic aspects 96, 101, 109, 123, 161, 290,
315, 346, 357
economic attitudes
23
economic compensation
177
economic evaluation
27, 111, 306,
316
economic factors 102
economic framework
32, 340
economic impact 8, 50, 90, 171, 203, 204,
252, 307, 319, 329
economic incentives
116
economic integration
219
economic losses 129
economic motivations
374
economic policy 199
economics 27, 53, 69, 73, 96, 98, 101, 110,
196, 204, 225, 228, 233, 248, 253, 271, 284, 295, 298, 321, 337,
346, 348
ecosystem disturbance
1, 213, 284
Ecosystem management
47, 83
ecosystem recovery
223
ecosystems 4, 39, 303, 306,
317
ecotoxicology 129
education 18, 32, 44, 49, 56, 61, 88, 127,
129, 134, 159, 160, 190, 273, 274, 338
Education extramural
88
educational meetings
224
educational programs
165
effects 10
efficiency 97, 201, 263, 342
elasticities 230
electricity 27
endangered species
21
energy 207
energy sources 27
enforcement 371
enforcement
capabilities 32
England 229, 358
environment 130, 136, 358
Environment management
53, 109, 160, 234, 290,
357
environment protection
374
Environmental action
1, 53, 66, 73, 81, 101,
160, 163, 213, 234, 284, 290, 357
Environmental Advocacy,
Education and Awareness 127
environmental
assessment 128
environmental
attitudes 57,
175
environmental
awareness 185
environmental
degradation 35,
129, 220, 273, 303, 359
Environmental
economics 66,
234, 290
environmental
education 362
Environmental effects
73, 109, 202,
207
Environmental
engineering 126
environmental factors
172, 271,
322
environmental impact
1, 35, 50, 53, 60, 106,
109, 116, 125, 144, 183, 196, 199, 202, 213, 243, 271, 281, 308,
329
environmental impact
assessment 147
environmental
implications 129
Environmental
information 163
Environmental
legislation 48,
73, 129
environmental
management 4,
39, 49, 124, 130, 200, 229, 267, 297, 308, 336
environmental management
change 201
environmental
monitoring 266
environmental
perception 29
environmental performance
change 201
environmental performance
measures 34
Environmental Policy
12, 24, 49, 66, 69, 73,
75, 86, 130, 131, 134, 136, 146, 181, 217, 234, 236, 263, 267, 269,
293, 296, 301, 315, 318, 372
environmental
protection 21,
26, 43, 47, 49, 51, 53, 81, 101, 120, 121, 122, 148, 162, 165, 171,
188, 200, 210, 213, 270, 284, 293, 304, 318, 359, 363, 364,
372
Environmental Protection
Agency 24
Environmental
protection---United States 132
Environmental
protection---United States---Management 132
Environmental quality
66, 157, 213
environmental
restoration 284
Environmentally Sensitive
Area 34
environmentally sensitive
areas program 301
environmentally sensitive
areas scheme 156
EPA 24
epic pst crop growth
120
epistemology of validation
process 365
EQIP 228
equations 70, 144, 349
Equilibrium---Economics 133
equipment 173
erosion 18, 36, 50, 100, 111, 124, 181,
247, 295, 332, 353
erosion control 29, 71, 95, 109, 117, 135,
255, 364
ERS 251
ESA Management Agreement
[Environmentally Sensitive Area Management Agreement] 34
ESA scheme 156
estuaries 364, 366
ethical accounting
3
ethical matrix 3
ethics 43, 44, 221, 304
ethnic groups 135
ethnicity 36, 135, 165
Europe 63, 171, 173, 183, 186, 200, 208,
215, 229, 271, 304, 358, 370
eutrophication 178, 250, 258
evaluation 35, 106, 134, 138, 287, 320,
375
Evaluation process
73, 96, 159, 204, 213,
255, 284
Evolution 160
expected value variance
analysis 349
extension 49, 71, 122, 153, 171, 208, 246,
338
extension education
335
extension programs
190
external costs 144
externalities 48, 121
factor analysis 176, 248, 341
family factors 159
Farm*A*Syst 160
farm comparisons 164, 342
farm environmental
improvement 34
farm income 16, 119, 121, 130, 252, 267,
283, 296, 318, 323
farm inputs 16, 144, 164, 307,
360
farm machinery 276
farm management 7, 13, 15, 26, 50, 51, 70,
74, 88, 90, 116, 121, 144, 146, 148, 153, 162, 164, 182, 194, 200,
209, 235, 259, 260, 270, 278, 287, 312, 314, 318, 332, 341, 345,
358, 363
Farm
management---Australia---New South Wales 241
farm results 349
farm size 34, 71, 77, 152, 323,
339
farm strategies 201
farm structure 12, 68, 165, 339
farm structures 177
farm surveys 13, 15, 26, 51, 77, 82, 86,
154, 167, 275, 283, 301, 342, 359, 361, 372
farmer 175
farmer adoption 228
farmer characteristics
201
farmer participation
156, 157
farmer's participation
associated influences 157
farmer surveys 9
farmers 18, 51, 63, 79, 85, 100, 112, 124,
130, 135, 136, 138, 149, 165, 169, 172, 182, 196, 203, 227, 271,
278, 289, 300, 304, 305, 311, 313, 317, 320, 329, 358,
369
farmers' associations
169
farmers' attitudes
8, 12, 13, 18, 26, 30,
38, 40, 46, 49, 63, 67, 71, 82, 86, 97, 98, 100, 112, 115, 128,
131, 135, 137, 138, 145, 146, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 165, 166,
167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 179, 183, 184, 186, 194, 195,
209, 213, 215, 226, 229, 231, 237, 240, 244, 250, 263, 269, 270,
273, 274, 276, 280, 281, 287, 289, 301, 302, 308, 309, 317, 318,
321, 322, 325, 330, 332, 338, 339, 342, 345, 353, 358, 359, 360,
370, 372, 375
Farmers---United
States---Attitudes 54, 55
farming 159, 220, 290, 304, 322, 327, 334,
339
farming attitudes
175
farming practices:
environmental impact 185
farming systems 10, 26, 38, 116, 162, 165,
166, 186, 214, 219, 278, 312, 317, 322, 323, 324, 351
farmland 235
farmland loss 87
farmland management
174
farmland preservation
87
Farms 1, 66, 71, 101, 109, 123, 163, 213,
217, 234, 285, 288, 315
Farms and farming
217
Federal Agriculture
Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 [FAIR of 1996] 92
federal government
118
federal programs 30, 64, 67, 119, 209, 236,
312, 318, 361
fertilization 125
fertilizer application
91
fertilizer requirement
determination 97, 151, 272
fertilizers 11, 16, 68, 97, 107, 115,
136, 151, 202, 250, 269, 302, 329, 345, 357, 360
field crops 46, 104, 116
field operations 360
field size 198
filter strip program
361
finance 215, 262, 346
financial assistance
129
financial subsidies
177
Fish and Wildlife
Service 24
fisheries 121
flood benches 336
flood control 186
flood floor systems
336
flooding 166
floodplain management
364
floods 186
Florida 261
follow the technology
approach [FTT approach] 42
food production 191, 240
food safety 281
food security 240
Forest
conservation---Economic aspects---Washington State 45
Forest conservation---United
States---Arkansas 352
forest fires 65
Forest
landowners---Washington State 45
forest landscape 65
forest management
39, 94, 103, 150,
292
forest management practice
acceptability 3
forest plantations
257
forest policy 215
Forest policy---Washington
State 45
forest recreation
103
forest soils 94
forestry technology: small
holder adoption 340
forests 36, 39, 94, 103, 150,
184
forming 205
framework for the evaluation
of sustainable land management 105
France 173, 186
Franklin Parish,
Louisiana 119
Freshwater 284, 290
Freshwater pollution
69, 178, 202
fuel consumption 173
furrow irrigation
46
game animals 283
General Environmental
Engineering 127,
217, 290
genetic engineering
77
geographical information
systems 287
geographical variation
5
Georgia 70
global climate change
191
global food demand
147
Glycine () 124, 172, 196
glycine max 77, 172, 353
Glycine max [soybean]
(Leguminosae): oil crop 108
goals 201
government 130
government agencies
24
Government and Law
20
government
organizations 118
Government policies
66, 284
Government policy
127, 234, 253, 284,
296
governmental
interrelations 123
governmental programs and
projects 24, 87,
266, 364
Governments 127
grassland 223
grasslands 36, 153
grazing 189, 229
Great Plains States of
USA 97, 124,
173, 244
green manures 246
green revolution 16
greenhouse culture
336
greenhouses 57
ground water
conservation 343
ground water leaching
114
groundwater 73, 124, 145, 172, 244, 252,
281, 304, 344, 363, 367
groundwater
contamination 202
Groundwater---Illinois---Central
Region---Quality 139
Groundwater Irrigation
73
groundwater management
33, 73, 367
groundwater pollution
1, 46, 202,
324
Groundwater---Pollution---Economic
aspects---United States 22
groundwater quality
goals 297
groundwater recharge
1, 123
group process 266
growers 195, 360
growing season 349
growth 303
Grus canadensis tabida
[greater sandhill crane] (Gruiformes) 23
guidelines 63
guiding model 365
Gulf of Mexico 15
Gum Creek Watershed
70
Habitat 47
Habitat changes 47
habitat destruction
174
habitat restoration
174
habitats 21, 188
hands off management
approach 374
hard red spring 110
hard science 42
harvesting 71, 188, 360
hazardous analysis and
critical control points techniques 197
health 281
health hazards 82
hedgerow 174
hedges 141
herbicide 102
herbicide residues
256
herbicide: treatment
recommendations 297
herbicides 11, 148, 196
herbicides: herbicide
185
high yielding
varieties 16
hillside regions 327
Historical account
73
history 223
Home*A*Syst 160
Hominidae (Hominidae)
137, 335
Hordeum vulgare [barley]
(Gramineae): grain crop 282
horticultural crops
46
household surveys
26
HUA 266
human ecology 175
Human Ecology
(Anthropology) 44
Human ecology---Moral and
ethical aspects 126
Human factors 163
human (Hominidae)
44, 79, 175
human (Hominidae): farm
household members 34
human (Hominidae):
farmer 23, 28,
57, 141, 185, 291, 328
human (Hominidae): farmer,
hunter, manager, public functionary 177
human (Hominidae):
farmers 174,
355
human (Hominidae): rangeland
managers, rangeland scientists 32
human wildlife
conflicts 23
humane development
221
Humans 23, 28, 32, 34, 44, 57, 79, 137,
141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355
hunting 283
hunting permits 177
Hydrologic Unit Area
266
Hydrology 234
hypoxia 15
Idaho 64
Illinois 194, 314, 329, 361
impacts 65
improvement 274
incentive payments
228
incentives 21, 39, 48, 70, 103, 104,
116, 118, 120, 124, 130, 131, 150, 181, 188, 194, 200, 203, 209,
210, 215, 252, 257, 267, 280, 292, 293, 296, 301, 362,
375
Incentives in soil
conservation 212
income 115, 117, 130, 172, 307
Indiana 262, 292, 314
indicators 35, 303
INE, USA, California, Elkhorn
Slough 95
infiltration 46, 138
information 65, 215, 273, 308
Information exchange
163, 213
information needs
71, 289
information services
208, 214,
289
information systems
35, 163, 213
information technology
76, 287, 316
initial soil properties:
alternative management practice yield response, susceptibility to
degradation, yield sensitivity 91
inland water
environment 1
innovation adoption
7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15,
16, 18, 26, 38, 46, 49, 50, 70, 77, 90, 97, 100, 112, 135, 142,
148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171, 173, 176,
179, 194, 198, 209, 214, 216, 225, 227, 230, 232, 246, 254, 259,
260, 261, 263, 266, 269, 270, 275, 276, 278, 280, 286, 287, 301,
303, 307, 309, 314, 316, 319, 322, 323, 325, 329, 330, 336, 339,
341, 342, 344, 349, 351, 363
insect (Insecta
Unspecified) 190
Insecta (Insecta
Unspecified) 190
Insects 190, 224
Institutional
Constraints 73,
248
institutional
framework 32
institutions 4, 257, 304
Insurance 357
insurance premiums
349
integrated control
218
integrated natural resource
management [INRM] 42
integrated pest
management 4,
11, 107, 190, 209, 225, 260, 286, 360
integrated pest management
[IPM]: implementation, perceptions 57
integrated systems
219
integration 219
intensive agricultural
areas 177
intensive livestock
farming 270
interactions 274
Interagency
Cooperation 160
interdisciplinary
approach 221
interdisciplinary
research 35
international board for soil
research and management 105
interviews 287
invertebrate (Invertebrata
Unspecified) 190
invertebrates 190, 224, 269, 273
investment 90, 215, 259
Iowa 15, 38, 82, 100, 131, 289, 314,
325, 338, 349, 357
Iowa MAX Program 348
irrigated farming
7, 90, 104, 164, 169,
199, 259, 275
irrigated pastures
176
irrigation 33, 46, 73, 98, 118, 166,
169, 202, 226, 244, 260, 274, 275, 305, 309, 344, 346, 360,
367
irrigation depth 104
irrigation efficiency
46, 207, 346
irrigation equipment
104
Irrigation Practices
288
irrigation
requirements 104
irrigation scheduling
104, 168, 169, 226,
244
irrigation systems
120, 142, 143, 198,
230, 274
irrigation technology
90
irrigation water 46, 73, 90, 96, 120, 142,
143, 169, 198, 202, 207, 259, 300, 363
issues and policy
364
Italy 173
Kansas 124, 144, 244, 367
Kentucky 216
knowledge 138, 246
labor 164, 368
labor costs 353
lactuca sativa 46
Lakes 81
land 344
land application 251
land banks 36
land degradation 44, 240
land diversion 30, 117, 119, 121, 122, 146,
236, 257, 301, 312
land evaluation 230
land husbandry 327
land management 35, 43, 52, 86, 122, 128,
130, 135, 146, 150, 183, 200, 208, 258, 301, 369
land ownership 39, 43, 52, 262
land productivity
92, 129, 181,
322
land quality 344
land reclamation 284
land resources 52, 230, 262
land retirement 129
land types 236, 285
land use 36, 47, 64, 66, 79, 94, 117, 121,
128, 146, 189, 215, 234, 236, 237, 249, 257, 262, 284,
373
Land
use---Planning---Environmental aspects---United States 132
land use policy 32
land use practices
220
land use type 34
Land utilization---Tax
aspects 352
landholder management
350
landowner motivations
374
landowners 12, 18, 21, 43, 52, 64, 76,
103, 122, 150, 188, 203, 235, 236, 257, 262, 292, 373
landscape 39, 65, 183, 185
landscape architecture:
education, research 80, 245
landscape conservation
65, 370
landscape development
221
landscape management
141
landscape planning
249
Landscape protection---Great
Britain 211
laser leveling 7
Law, policy, economics and
social sciences 101
laws and regulations
76
leaching 46, 172, 196
learning 4, 112, 338
learning ability 276
learning curves 276
learning selection
42
leases 283
leaves 272
legal framework 32
legal rights 76
legislation 1, 7, 163, 193, 209, 244,
253, 285
legume crediting 209
legumes 209
leitbild 365
linear programming
117
Linum usitatissimum [flax]
(Linaceae): fiber crop 282
Linum usitatissimum [flax]
(Linaceae): oil crop 347
LISREL analysis 201
Literature Review
248
literature reviews
4, 5, 16, 35, 166, 225,
272, 303, 317, 353
livestock 243
livestock breeding
177
livestock farming
250
livestock (Mammalia)
328
livestock (Mammalia):
commercial species 177
livestock production
83
livestock waste 251
loans 104
local decision makers
79
local government 24
locus of control 367
losses 181
losses from soil 349
low agricultural income:
effects mitigation 34
low input agriculture
149, 171, 256, 339,
349
low input production
337
low interest loans
104
low pressure technology
adoption 230
low volume irrigation
198
Lumber
industry---Environmental aspects 352
maize 90, 97, 115, 124, 172, 196, 276,
285, 323
Mammals 23, 28, 32, 34, 44, 57, 79, 137,
141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355
management 69, 79, 111, 189, 242, 243,
244, 270, 305
management attitudes
374
Management Planning
204
management systems evaluation
area 256
Management Systems Evaluation
Areas 266
manure hauling 251
manure management
251
manure testing 209
manures 27, 86, 131, 209, 250,
345
marginal land 117
Marine pollution 95
marketing 48, 339
markets 70, 300
Maryland 31, 52, 87, 172, 227
Massachusetts 150
mathematical model
59
mathematical models
30, 103, 120, 209, 227,
230, 236, 261, 312, 342, 344
mathematical programming
model 120
mathematics 284, 349
measurement 35, 316
Mechanical and natural
changes 1
Meta analysis 340
meters 272
methane 27
methane production
27
methodology 148, 274, 320
Mexico 169
Michigan 184, 260, 276, 361
microeconomics 64
Midwest 255
mine spoil 295
mineral waters 162
minimum tillage 331
mining 364
Minnesota 15, 82, 86, 121, 134, 289, 325,
369
Mississippi 117
Missouri 30, 235
mixed grass prairies
47
Model Studies 288, 346
Modeling 284
models 15, 51, 95, 201, 215, 227, 233,
267, 284, 308, 313, 368
monitoring 35, 138, 255, 263,
320
monitoring capacity
32
monitoring programs
32
monocots 108, 110, 114, 282, 335,
347
Montana 67
Montreal Process Criterion 7 32
moral hazard 298
motivation 128, 184, 262, 304,
362
MSEAs 266
mulch till system
348
multinomial probit
228
multinomial probit
model 260
multiple indicator multiple
cause model mimic 30
multiple objective decision
support system 13
multivariate analysis
82, 142, 260
municipal refuse
disposal 330
Narragansett Bay, Rhode
Island 366
National Marine Fisheries
Service 24
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration 24
natural area
preservation 79
natural capital 327
natural resource
management 9
natural resource management:
policy research 191
natural resource management
technologies [NRM technologies] 42
natural resource
policy 76
natural resources
23, 35, 105, 127, 162,
210, 223, 303, 313
Natural
resources---Management---Decision making 78
natural selection
42
nature conservation
18, 21, 36, 47, 53,
101, 122, 200, 229, 267, 370
nature conservation
education 185
nature reserves 36
Nearctic region 61
Nebraska 50, 97, 138, 173, 363
neoclassical economics
261
Netherlands 200
Nevada 300
New England 103, 150
New Jersey 87, 231
New Mexico 46
new practices 20
new products 179
New South Wales 153
New York 71, 87, 172, 260, 359,
372
New Zealand 332
nitrate 120, 194
nitrate nitrogen 46
Nitrates 66, 202
nitrification
inhibitors 11
nitrogen 63, 68, 97, 114, 138, 161, 166,
179, 250, 251, 272, 345, 349, 357, 363
nitrogen content 272
nitrogen fertilizers
50, 63, 70, 97, 120,
144, 209, 252, 302, 314, 349
no till system 348
no-tillage 173, 216, 246, 276, 339, 353,
368
NOAA 24
non industrial private
forests 374
non market service reward
development 157
non productive
habitats 174
non renewable
resources 307
Nonhuman Mammals 177, 328
Nonhuman Vertebrates
23, 37, 137, 177,
328
Nonpoint pollution
66, 81, 160
Nonpoint Pollution
Sources 66, 81,
161, 178, 234
nonpoint source
pollution 24,
155, 193, 266, 355, 362, 364
Nonpoint source
pollution---United States 113
nontarget effects
281
normal flex acres
312
North America 21, 39, 49, 51, 52, 61, 85,
86, 97, 103, 106, 111, 115, 117, 124, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136, 145,
146, 150, 151, 152, 160, 168, 172, 173, 181, 184, 188, 189, 195,
196, 203, 208, 216, 227, 231, 232, 237, 244, 250, 257, 262, 269,
271, 273, 274, 281, 292, 296, 300, 302, 305, 308, 309, 325, 329,
338, 345, 359, 369, 372, 375
North America Carolina
131
North America Central States
of USA 86, 97,
124, 131, 134, 145, 173, 181, 184, 244, 262, 281, 292, 296, 325,
329, 338, 369
North America, Great
Lakes 101
North Carolina 242, 260, 270
Northeastern States of
USA 103, 150,
172, 231, 250, 271, 359, 372
Northern Plains States of
USA 97, 124,
173, 244
novelty generation
42
nutrient availability
138, 179,
272
nutrient balance 166, 250
nutrient content 250
nutrient depletion
91
nutrient management
9, 179, 360
nutrient transport
250
nutrients 15, 69, 91, 178, 251, 271,
359
objectives 48
objectivity 365
Occupational safety
213
Oceania 208, 332
off farm employment
34
Ohio 13, 15, 40, 82, 131, 145, 165, 167,
205, 281, 287, 289, 296, 324, 325, 351, 373
on farm conservation
275
on farm pilot project
282
Ontario 128, 152, 237
opinions 67, 173, 179, 231, 270,
322
opportunity costs
306, 361
optimization methods
307
optimum productivity
goal 20
Oregon 93, 260, 277
organic amendments
195, 231
organic carbon 94
organic farming 138, 175, 304
organic wastes 330
organization of work
164
organizations 86, 143, 169, 248
original land surveys
223
oryza sativa 16, 166, 272
Oryza sativa
(Gramineae) 335
other gainful activities
[OGAs] 34
outreach 32
outsourcing 177
overall farm management
implications 91
Pacific Northwest
96
Pacific Northwest States of
USA 85, 188,
219
Pacific States of USA
85, 188, 195
Pakistan 169
Papilionoidea 115, 124, 172, 196
participation 9, 67, 85, 122, 128, 136,
146, 169, 203, 215, 235, 267, 278, 280, 292, 293, 300, 304, 305,
308, 312, 320, 373
participatory landscape
ecology: acceptance, implementation 279
pastures 153, 229
payment levels 177
Pennsylvania 69, 87, 116, 172, 250, 260,
271
perception 167, 213, 229, 290
perceptions 23, 224
percolation 202
permeability 198
pest 102, 190
pest control 246, 269, 273
pest control method
190
pest management 9, 102, 190, 269
pesticide application
222
pesticide applications
125
pesticide free crop
production: organic production transition, weeds, yield
282
pesticide residues
136
pesticide use 59
pesticides 136, 149, 172, 213, 235, 269,
281, 339
pesticides: pesticide
185
Pests Control---United
States 17
Pests---Integrated
control---United States 14
Pests---Integrated
control---United States---Technological innovations 17
Philippines 105, 169
philosophy and ethics
44, 221
phosphorus 68, 134, 138, 250,
251
phosphorus fertilizers
86, 134, 153
phosphorus: loss
mitigation 258
pig manure 131
Pisum sativum [field pea]
(Leguminosae): vegetable crop 347
planning 39, 73, 366
Planning and
development 234
plant breeding 42
plant disease control
246, 269
plant diseases 246
plant nutrition 360
plant pathology 269
plant pests 246
plant (Plantae): crop
42
plant (Plantae): fruit crop,
game crop 177
plant (Plantae
Unspecified) 102, 105, 110, 337
plant protection 269
Plantae (Plantae
Unspecified) 102, 105, 110, 137
planting 360
plants 42, 57, 97, 102, 105, 108, 110,
114, 115, 124, 137, 172, 177, 196, 203, 224, 273, 282, 331, 335,
337, 340, 347
plausible promise
42
plowing 348
Policies 73, 127
policy 131, 172, 295, 305
policy analysis 9
policy factors 60
Policy Making 20, 217
political contexts
328
polluted water 268
pollution 53, 70, 86, 147, 302
Pollution Assessment Control
and Management 44
pollution control
46, 53, 66, 69, 75, 81,
95, 101, 109, 131, 134, 193, 194, 242, 243, 256, 266, 296, 310,
345, 349, 364
Pollution Control and
Prevention 95
Pollution (Nonpoint
sources) 178
Pollution prevention
160
polychotomous choice
selectivity model 50
population pressure
322
potassium 68
potatoes 273, 342
practice 351
prairie demise 223
prairie reconstruction
223
prairie restoration
223
prediction 18, 163, 289, 351
preferences 65, 329
preplanting treatment
349
Prevention and control
53, 69, 81, 95, 109,
202
price policy 104
prices 102, 104, 117, 118, 124,
368
Primates 23, 28, 32, 34, 44, 57, 79, 137,
141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355
principle of subsidiary
regulations 365
private forestry 39, 150, 188, 292
private land use 23
private lands 76
private ownership
12, 39, 43
probabilistic models
50, 77, 119, 142, 198,
260
probability 142, 230, 323
probit analysis 167, 209, 260, 314
production costs 8, 75, 110
production functions
342
productivity 240, 368
profit functions 259
profitability 38, 106, 124, 317, 324, 348,
368
profits 100, 209, 252, 276, 368
program effectiveness
40
program evaluation
24, 70
program participants
30, 64, 119, 194, 301,
318, 361
programs 40, 280
project evaluation
327
promulgation 42
property rights 1, 32, 39, 123,
150
property tax 87
protection 172
Protective measures and
control 53, 127,
207, 284
Public concern 213, 290
public finance 24
public health 172
public opinion 5, 248, 255, 308,
334
Public Participation
32, 81, 160, 161, 178,
205, 334
Public Policy 248
publicly provided
information 297
quality 295
quality protection
practices 228
Quebec 273, 342
questionnaires 138
rain 153, 166
rainfall 222
ranching 283
range management 283
rangeland management
356
rangeland pastoralism:
ecological aspects, economical aspects 328
rangeland
sustainability 32
Real property and
taxation---United States 294
realtors 79
reclamation 284, 285
reduced till system
348
reduced tillage
technology 102
refuse 330
refuse compost 330
Regional Analysis
163
Regional conservation
programs 265
regional economics
9
Regional planning
73, 290
regional surveys 40, 64, 67, 149
regionally adapted
solutions 365
regression analysis
7, 15, 38, 68, 82, 288,
371
regulations 74, 116, 120, 255, 330,
371
regulatory induced
change 197
rehabilitation 310
religion 165
Remedies 248
remnant wildlife
habitat 156
renewable resources
307, 341
rent 94, 235
replacement 276
reporting programs
32
Reproduction and
development 47
requirements 63
research 5, 10, 32, 61, 246, 280,
320
research and
development 129
Research programs
53
reserved areas 122
residues 136, 196
resistance to change
46, 270, 280, 286,
339
resource allocation
230
resource conservation
43, 52, 53, 122, 165,
183, 184
resource efficiency
221
resource endowments
340
resource management
51, 53, 60, 73, 103,
127, 157, 162, 189, 200, 234, 313, 320, 369
resource managers
79
resource utilization
164, 306, 307, 341,
344
resources management
29
returns 70, 100, 119, 124, 144, 181, 203,
262, 349
reviews 27, 107, 111, 208, 246, 316,
320
Rhode Island 366
rice 203
Richland Parish,
Louisiana 119
ridge till system
348
ridging 339
Rights 96
riparian buffer zones
217
riparian buffers 236, 364
Riparian ecosystems
189
riparian forests 184
Riparian Land 217
riparian vegetation
101, 332
risk 70, 82, 100, 106, 107, 112, 115,
144, 160, 186, 263, 276, 281, 308, 329
risk assessment 18, 186
river 220
River basin management
73
River basins 69, 73
river corridor: local
perceptions, values 245
River valleys 73
riverbank protection
189
rivers 134, 184
rotation 100
rotational tillage
331
rotations 11, 50, 107, 246, 360
runoff 202, 336, 353
runoff water 336
rural areas 43, 183, 255
rural community 220
rural conditions 221
rural development
320
rural development
policy 247
rural landscape 374
rural landscape
planning 245
rural landscapes: ecological
framework 291
rural livelihoods
327
Rural Nonpoint Source Control
Water Quality Evaluation and Technical Assistance Project
140
rural sociology 165
rural technology 42
safety 172, 196
Safford 79
Saline intrusion 73
Saline Water Intrusion
73
salinization 98
San Joaquin Valley
142
San Joaquin Valley,
California 164
Saskatchewan 26, 309
savanna 223
savings 8
scenic beauty
estimates 65
seasons 349
sediment erosion 69
Sediment Load 234
sediment transport
129
sediment transport: estuary
degradation, lake degradation, stream degradation 92
semiarid prairie 110
semiarid zones 254
Senegal 169
sequestration 257
set aside land: conservation
based management, farmer participation 28
set aside lands 177
settlement 223
sewage sludge 231
silviculture 117, 197
simulated maximum likelihood
estimation 228
simulated multivariate
normal 228
simulation 70, 120, 228, 236
simulation models
16, 63, 116, 121, 203,
263
site preparation 360
site specific crop
management 8,
18, 77, 167, 214, 287, 314, 316
size 336
slope 198
small farms 119
social adaptation
42
social aspects 101, 159
social attitudes 23
social barriers 330
social benefit 362
social benefits 121, 171, 189
social capital 327
Social Change 73
social costs 129
social differentiation
165
Social Impact 204
social learning 4, 355
social negotiation
42
Social Participation
40, 217, 357,
366
social pressure 141
social psychology
141
social sciences 280, 320
social values 317
social welfare 263
societal contexts
328
society pastoralist
interactions: historical course 328
socio economics 177
Socioeconomic aspects
290
socioeconomic status
323
socioeconomics 15, 79, 101, 188, 303, 321,
322, 325
sociological analysis
286
Sociological aspects
53, 73, 81, 204,
213
sociology 73, 154, 172, 204, 235, 244, 302,
305, 309, 321
Sociology &
Anthropology 65
soft science 42
soil 172, 185, 196
soil biology 246
soil chemistry 303
soil color 138
soil compaction 138, 166
soil conservation
10, 11, 12, 29, 30, 40,
67, 88, 100, 101, 122, 123, 135, 154, 163, 181, 205, 227, 232, 247,
255, 280, 289, 296, 307, 321, 325, 327, 340, 341, 351, 361,
371
Soil
conservation---Government policy---Congresses 326
soil conservation
policies 92
Soil conservation
projects---Illinois---Central Region 139
Soil conservation
projects---North Dakota 192
soil degradation 166, 181, 307, 341
soil degradation: optimal
management response 91
soil depth 92
soil depth: reduction
129
soil erosion 29, 44, 60, 91, 101, 109,
125, 129
soil erosion dynamics: off
farm impacts, on farm impacts 92
Soil erosion---United
States 25
soil fertility 16, 138, 166, 271, 303, 314,
329
soil management 9, 10, 16, 166, 181,
232
soil organic matter
71
soil physical
properties 303
soil pollution 329
soil productivity
91
soil profile depth
depletion 91
soil profiles 88
soil properties 88, 142
soil protection 355
soil quality 195
soil science 44, 59, 61, 102, 110,
331
soil testing 50, 97, 179, 314,
363
soil texture 110, 138
soil type 60
soil types 90, 94, 100
soil variability 319
soil water 209
Solanum tuberosum
273
solar radiation 166
sorghum 90
Sources and fate of
pollution 202
South Australia 153
South Carolina 39
south east England
301
Southeastern States of
USA 39,
146
Southeastern United
States 265
southern plains states of
USA 120
sowing 173
soybean (Leguminosae)
114
soybeans 276
spatial variation
52, 166, 316
species diversity
199
spermatophytes 57, 102, 108, 110, 114, 224,
282, 331, 335, 337, 340, 347
spring 179
spring crop 224
Sri Lanka 169
stability 106
stakeholder
participation 220
stakeholders 42
standards 116
stands 65
State conservation
programs 72, 93,
277, 333
state government 7
stated environmental
intentions 34
Statistical Analysis
26, 103, 217
statistical data 64
statistics 10, 56
stochastic models
329
stochastic processes
100
stocking rate 153
strategic management
201
streams 121, 188
stress 166
structural change
339
structure 10, 313
subsidies 329, 346
subsurface irrigation
336
summer resident birds
137
support measures 130, 200, 203
Supporting Science
19, 41
surface irrigation
176
surface runoff 202
surface water
pollution 258
Survey 155, 204, 217
survey method 28
Surveys 1, 9, 33, 36, 49, 52, 71, 88, 103,
122, 128, 148, 151, 153, 154, 184, 204, 213, 217, 227, 237, 269,
270, 288, 329, 334, 336, 353, 358, 360, 367, 371
Susquehanna River
69
sustainability 12, 35, 38, 43, 85, 106, 171,
195, 219, 254, 274, 303, 306, 312, 313, 317, 321, 322, 330, 332,
338, 339, 360, 365
sustainable
agriculture 53,
185, 247, 331
sustainable
conservation 247
Sustainable
development 53
sustainable farming
53
sustainable farming
practices 328
Sweden 178
system integration
221
systems approach 306
Tasmania 153
Tax expenditures---United
States---Arkansas 352
taxes 116, 120, 129, 134, 252,
293
technical assistance
129
technical factors
341
technical progress
7, 112, 165, 179, 322,
342
technical support
57
techniques 138
technology 26, 62, 112, 142, 207, 227,
246, 259, 260, 261, 305, 309, 319, 322, 323, 329, 342,
344
technology adoption
191
technology adoption factor
categories: biophysical factors, market incentives, preferences,
resource endowments, risk and uncertainty 340
technology bundles
260
technology change:
catalyzation, evaluation 42
technology transfer
16, 46, 71, 138, 165,
166, 190, 272, 278, 287, 303, 316, 317, 360
temporal variation
166
tenants 119
tenure systems 203, 232, 235
terrestrial ecology
356
tests 65, 179
Texas 72, 283, 318
Theoretical Analysis
248, 346
Theory of Planned
Behavior 141
Thin Black Chernozem: prairie
soil 347
tiered water pricing
104
tillage 11, 50, 59, 71, 353, 360,
368
tillage method 61
tillage practices
222
tillage systems 348
tillage timing 331
tolerance 166
Tomato
industry---Florida 264
Tomatoes---Irrigation
264
topsoil 307
tracers 46
trade 48
Tragedy of the Commons
210
transaction costs
257
Treaties 96
tree (Spermatophyta)
340
trends 235
Triticum 124
triticum aestivum
353
Triticum aestivum
(Gramineae) 110
Triticum aestivum [wheat]
(Gramineae): grain crop 282
Triticum aestivum [winter
wheat] (Gramineae): grain crop 347
triticum durum 353
Triticum turgidum
(Gramineae) 110
tropical areas 340
trough 336
two limit Tobit model
77
U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation 118
UK 63, 208, 215, 229, 271, 358,
370
uncertainty 70, 78, 107, 112, 152, 259,
329
Underground Services and
Water Use 143,
346
United States 8, 9, 21, 24, 39, 49, 51, 52,
61, 64, 69, 75, 85, 86, 88, 92, 97, 103, 111, 115, 117, 118, 124,
127, 130, 131, 134, 136, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 158, 160, 168,
171, 172, 173, 181, 184, 188, 189, 195, 196, 203, 205, 207, 213,
216, 227, 231, 232, 235, 244, 250, 253, 262, 263, 266, 269, 271,
274, 281, 284, 292, 296, 299, 300, 302, 305, 325, 329, 336, 338,
339, 341, 345, 353, 357, 359, 362, 364, 369, 372, 375
United States Army Corps of
Engineers 24
United States,
California 95
United States, California,
Salinas River 73
United States, California,
Salinas River Valley 73
United States, Colorado,
Greeley 202
United States Geological
Survey 24
United States, Great
Plains 47
United States, High Plains,
Ogallala Region 33
United States,
Illinois 109,
159, 234, 315
United States, Illinois,
Cache River 234
United States,
Maryland 53
United States, Maryland,
Chestertown, Chesapeake Farms 53
United States, Mid Atlantic
states 213
United States, Midwest
1, 123, 204
United States, New
Mexico 288
United States, New
York 66
United States, New York,
Skaneateles Lake 81
United States, North
Carolina, Neuse River 161
United States, Pacific
Northwest 96
United States---Tax
policy 352
United States,
Tennessee 163
United States, Texas
290
United States, Texas, Edwards
Plateau 290
Upper Gila River 79
urban development
364
Urban runoff---United
States 132
Urban runoff---United
States---Management 132
urban rural interface
249
urbanization 284
USA 334, 371
USACE 24
USDA 24, 209, 268
USDA Area Studies
Project 9
use efficiency 16, 97, 166, 272
Use of water of impaired
quality 202
user costs 307
USGS 24
Utah 74, 360
utility functions
361
utilization 179
values 32, 43, 183
variable rate
application 8,
287, 314
vascular plants 57, 102, 108, 110, 114, 224,
282, 331, 335, 337, 340, 347
vegetable crops
(Angiospermae) 57
vegetables 71, 104, 360
vegetation 137
Vegetation cover 95
Vertebrates 23, 28, 32, 34, 37, 44, 57,
79, 137, 141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355
Victoria 153, 176
vineyards 230
Virginia 87, 260, 302
volume 104
voluntary services
40
volunteers 205
warmwater stream 121
Washington 260
waste disposal 74
waste management 74, 231, 359
waste utilization
131, 231, 270, 330,
359
water 136, 196
water allocation 98, 104, 118, 169,
300
water conservation
7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 33,
40, 96, 118, 202, 205, 207, 227, 247, 261, 268, 275, 280, 289, 321,
325, 327, 340, 344, 346, 351
Water conservation---Economic
aspects 264
Water
conservation---Government policy---Congresses 326
water costs 7, 48, 104, 118, 142, 198,
230, 344, 346
water demand 207
water disposal 197
water harvesting 254
Water law and
institutions 33,
248
Water management 9, 51, 73, 81, 107, 109, 184,
202, 204, 207, 217, 226, 248, 250, 268, 274, 290, 313, 345, 346,
367, 375
water policy 48, 96, 118, 120, 169, 248,
300, 334, 375
water pollution 24, 44, 68, 74, 75, 120, 134,
136, 145, 149, 193, 220, 231, 256, 268, 296, 364
Water Pollution
Control 66, 69,
160, 161, 357
Water Pollution---Economic
aspects---United States 113
Water Pollution: Monitoring,
Control & Remediation 161, 178
Water Pollution
Prevention 81,
160
water protection 355
water quality 1, 15, 18, 51, 70, 74, 86,
90, 96, 101, 104, 107, 116, 120, 121, 134, 136, 148, 149, 163, 178,
182, 185, 193, 196, 202, 207, 209, 213, 220, 228, 233, 235, 243,
250, 251, 252, 266, 268, 270, 281, 295, 296, 298, 302, 303, 345,
353, 363, 364, 366, 375
Water quality control
66, 69, 81, 95, 101,
160, 161, 178, 217, 357
Water Quality Demonstration
Project Areas 362
Water quality---Economic
aspects---United States 22
Water
quality---Florida---Everglades 187
Water Quality
Management 178
Water quality
management---Florida---Everglades 187
Water quality
management---Illinois---Central Region 139
Water quality
management---United States 54, 55, 132, 140
water quality
standards 202
Water quality---United
States 25, 113,
140
water related diseases
147
water resources 73, 148, 204, 207, 244, 268,
290, 300, 313
Water Resources and
Supplies 73, 96,
204, 217, 248
Water resources
development---Illinois---Central Region 139
Water Resources
Management 207,
248
Water Rights 33, 96
water runoff 125
Water supply 73, 81, 290
water use 73, 96, 118, 120, 207, 230, 244,
274
water use efficiency
33, 46
Water Users 143
water users'
associations 169
Water & Wastewater
Treatment 73,
346
water yield 283, 290
Water yield
improvement 290
waterlogging 98
watershed management
5, 12, 15, 24, 81, 109,
161, 184, 217, 234, 248, 250, 266, 268, 283, 315, 324,
364
Watershed
management---Illinois---Central Region 139
Watershed protection
1, 29, 109, 123, 163,
255, 315, 371
watersheds 5, 9, 10, 11, 18, 40, 49, 70,
81, 82, 109, 121, 151, 163, 184, 205, 234, 243, 250, 268, 289, 296,
313, 325, 355, 369
weather 70, 329
Weather Forecasting
204
weed control 11, 196, 246, 269,
338
weeds 11, 166, 246
weeds (Tracheophyta)
102
Wells Creek Watershed
121
West Carroll,
Louisiana 119
Western States of USA
85, 168, 169, 188, 189,
195, 244, 274, 300
Wetland
conservation---Economic aspects---United States 294
Wetland conservation---Law
and legislation---United States 170
Wetland Reserve
Program 1,
123
wetlands 1, 47, 123, 199, 229, 284, 285,
293, 334, 373
wetlands: conservation
185
Wetlands---Law and
legislation---United States 170
Wetlands Reserve
Program 334
Wetlands Reserve Program
U.S 170
wheat 90, 124
wheat (Gramineae)
110
whitefly (Homoptera):
pest 224
Wildlife 200, 213
wildlife (Animalia)
177
wildlife conservation
370
wildlife damage 177
wildlife habitat improvement
actions [WHIAs] 177
wildlife habitats
101, 364
wildlife management
47, 141, 283
wildlife preservation
79
willingness to accept
209
willingness to
participate 119
Wisconsin 88, 314
woodlots: environmental
benefits, farm population owners, non farm population owners
374
world 240
WTA 228
yield 110
yields 97, 124
zea mays 77, 97, 115, 124, 144, 172, 196,
252, 353
Zea mays [corn] (Gramineae):
grain crop 108
zone tillage 331
Abaidoo, S. 26
Abbozzo P 243
Abdulrachman, S. 272
Abt, R. C. 39
Acker, Rene C van
282
Addiscott, T. M. 63
Agapoff, Jean 251
Aillery, Marcel 251
Al Jamal, M.S. 46
Algozin, K. A. 109
Alig, R. 94
Alig, R. J. 188
Allen, W J 356
Alonge, A.J. 38
Amacher, G. S. 345
Amara, N. 273, 342
Amosson, S. H. 72
Anciso, Juan R 224
Anderson, D.P. 7
Anderson, J.R. 307
Anderson, S. 182
Andrews, S. S. 195
Angell, B. 208
Angermeier, P. L.
41
Applied Research
Systems 299
Arabiyat, Talah S
343
Archer, David W 108
Archer, J. 208
Arnholt, M.W. 167, 287
Ascough J.C. 12
Babcock, B.A. 50
Backhouse, G. 44
Bailey, J. S. 271
Balasubramanian, V.
166, 272
Ball, S.T. 46
Barron, N. J. 215
Basnyat, P. 233
Bastian, C. 21
Bastian, O 206
Batte, M.T. 167, 287
Bautista, E. 168
Beach, E. D. 196
Beedell, J. 358
Beedell, J D C 141
Beegle, D. B. 271
Bellows, B. C. 372
Benites, J. 173
Bennett, A. 44
Bennett, D. 234
Bernardo, D.J. 90, 120
Berry, R. J. 126
Bhowmik, P C 297
Bide, A. 63
Bieling, Claudia 328
Bills, N. L. 2, 359, 372
Bird, E.A. 20
Black, J.R. 276
Blecha, M.L. 265
Blomquist GC 295
Boggess, W. 93
Boisvert, R. N. 66
Boothroyd, D. 63
Bosch, D. 302
Bosch, D. J. 97, 107, 363
Bosch, O J H 356
Bosshard, Andreas
365
Botts, Daniel A 197
Bowling, R. G. 163
Bradbury, N. J. 63
Braden, J. B. 315
Bratt, A. 178
Breneman, Vince 251
Brewer, J. D. 143
Bridges T 11
Brittingham, Margaret
C 137
Brossier, J. 162
Brouder, S M 335
Brown, C. 236
Brown, D. E. 145
Brown, E. 63
Brown, K 327
Brown, W J 102, 309
Bullen, G. S. 163
Bullock, D. G. 159
Bultena, G.L. 20
Bultena, Gordon L.
20
Burgess, J. 229
Burroughs, R. 366
Busck, A. G. 183
Byrne, J.M. 275
Böhrnsen, A. 173
C.A.B. International.
211
Cahn, M D 61
Camboni, S.M. 13, 351
Camboni SM 154
Camp, C. R. 168, 226
Campbell, C A 110, 347
Campbell KL 285
Campbell, M.B. 164
Cao, G. 203
Carey, J.M. 259
Carlson, G. A. 196
Carriker, G.L. 144
Carter, D. R. 39
Carter, M.R. 331
Carter, Martin R.
331
Carton, O. T. 271
Cartwright, R. 63
Casey, C. Franklin
264
Castelnuovo, R. 160
Caswell, M. 9, 49
Caswell, Margriet F.
17, 133
Cattaneo, A. 298
Chakravorty, U. 344
Chalmers, N. 215
Changnon, S. A. 204
Chess, C. 5, 231
Choi, S. 94
Chorley, R. 63
Christensen, Lee 251
Claassen, R. 130
Clark, B. 158
Clark, J. 229
Clark, T. 44
Clemmens, A. J. 168, 274
Clifford, W.B. 242, 270
Clyma, W. 226, 274
Cochran, M.J. 100
Collup, S. 198
Colman, D. 263
Cone, D. 104
Congressional Research
Service (CRS) 76
Conner, J. R. 290
Conservation Technology
Information Center 99
Constance, D. 149
Constance, D.H. 148, 235
Contant, C.K. 179
Cook, S. 63
Cook, Z.L. 363
Cooper, J. 362
Cooper, J.C. 51, 209, 228
Cordray, Sheila M
337
Coughenour, C. M.
216
Cousins, S. 63
Crabtree, B. 215
Crosscombe, P. 372
Crutchfield, Stephen
R. 22
Cruz, R.T. 272
Cudlinova, Eva 291
Curry, N. 370
Curtis, Allan 350
Daberkow, S. 77
Daberkow, S.G. 214, 312, 323
Dabney, SM 368
Dailey, A. G. 63
Daoutopoulos, G 185
de Haan, Nicoline C
42
De Young, Raymond
175, 184,
374
Dedrick, A. R. 274
Dennis, D. 103, 150
Derksen, D A 347
Derpsch, R. 246
Despain, W. 334
DeVuyst, E.A. 194, 315
Dick, Richard P 337
Dickinson, H. 26
Dinar, A. 164
Dobrowolski, J. P.
189
Donner, J. 21
Doran, J.W. 138
Dorfman, J.H. 260
Douthwaite, Boru 42
Dovciak, A. L. 369
Draper, S. 63
Drost, D. 360
Dubois, M.R. 36
Ducros, C. 217
Duffy, Michael D 348
Dumanski, J. 303
Dunn, M. 63
Dyck, F B 110
Easter, K. W. 86, 134
Economic Research
Service 251
Egelund, J. 74
El Osta, H. 8
Ellefson, Paul V.
238
Elliott, Todd 6
Emond, H. 202
English, B. C. 163
Entz, Martin H 282
Environmental Defense
Fund 333
Epp, D. J. 69
Erickson, D. L. 184
Erickson, Donna 175
Erickson, Donna L
374
Esseks, J. D. 255, 371
Fanariotu, I. 65
Farnsworth, R. L.
159
Farrell Poe, K.L.
74
Farrington, J. 320
Feather, P. M. 345, 362
Ferguson, W. 269
Fernandez Cornejo, J.
77
Filson, Glen C 56
Fisher, A. 63
Fitzner, M. 269
Flanagan D.C. 12
Flora, C. B. 195
Flynn, K.M. 233
Forman, K. J. 47
Forney, D. R. 53
Forster, D. L. 296
Fox, L. 64
Frarey L 243
Frasier, G. 254
Friedman, Steven 80
Fuglie, K. 9
Fuglie, K. O. 97, 363
Furlong, E. J. 371
Furman, M. 128
Futreal, M. 270
Gafsi, M. 162
Gal, P. Y. le 168
Gale, J.A. 193
Gale, Judith A. 140
Gamborg, Christian
3
Gammonley, James H
23
Gannon, R.W. 193
Garc�a-Torres, L. 173
Gardner, J.C. 20
Garforth, C. 208
Garriga, M.D. 283, 290
Geletta, S. 148
Gellini, S 177
Genghini, M 177
Ghadim, A. A. 112
Giampietro, M. 322
Giasemi, Evangeli
57
Gibson, G. 5
Gibson, R S 356
Gibson, V. 231
Giesen, GWJ. 201
Gillman, K. 123, 375
Gillman, K. R. 1
Gillmeister, W.J.
116
Glendining, M. J.
63
Goklany, Indur M 147
Gollehon, Noel 251
Gordon, A. M. 237
Govindasamy, R. 100
Graetz, B. 153, 176
Gray, R S 102
Greear, J. 64
Green, G. 142, 198
Green, G.P. 230
Green, K. 208
Griffith, P. 63
Guerin, L J 62
Guerin, T F 62
Gustafson, Cole. 192
Guthrie JC 27
Hafner, Christine L
137
Hagedorn, K. 304
Haigh MJ 321
Hajkowicz, S. 313
Hakanson, K. 311
Halberg, N. 304
Hales, K. 360
Hamdar, B. 117
Hamlett, J. M. 69
Hance, B.J. 5
Hansen, LeRoy T. 22
Hardesty, L.H. 219
Hardie, I. 31
Harman, W. L. 111
Harper, J.K. 116
Harrison, C. M. 229
Hartmann, M. 200
Hattendorf, Mary 6
Hayes, C. 63
Hazell, Peter 191
Heifner, R.G. 349, 357
Hendrix, S. 146
Herbek, J. 158
Herbert, D. A. 218
Hershman, D. 158
Higgins, K. F. 47
Hilden, M. 310
Hill, Chester Lewis.
192
Hill, D.B. 158
Hill, J E 335
Hill, W. Lee. 241
Hoag, D. L. 131
Hoban, T.J. 242, 270, 286
Hogan, T. 263
Hoiberg, Eric O. 20
Holgado-Cabrera, A.
173
Hoover, W. L. 292
Hopkins, J. W. 91, 181
Horan, R. D. 130
Horan, Richard D.
113
Hornbaker, R. H. 109
Houston, J.E. 70
Houston, L. 104
Howitt, R. 48
Howitt, R.E. 199
Huang, W. 252
Huang, W.Y. 312, 349
Huang, Wen Yuan 114, 357
Huffaker, R. 346
Huffaker, R.G. 118
Huirne, RBM. 201
Humenik, F.J. 193
Hurni, H. 35
Iik, M. 109
Ingram, C. 9
Ipe, V.C. 194, 315
Isé, S. 300
Isik, M. 329
Jacobson, M. G. 39
Jacobson, Susan K
37
James, S. M. 43
Jans, S. 9
Jarvis, S C 258
Jiggins, J. 4
Johansson, Robert
251
Johnson, E.J. 40, 205
Johnson, Jason L 343
Johnson, Kirk. 45
Johnson, P J 174
Johnson, R. L. 188
Johnson, S. R. 253
Johnston, T.R.R. 275
Jones, Gregory A 37
Josien, E. 186
Kalaitzandonakes, N.G.
30
Kaplan, Jonathan 251
Karlen, D. L. 195
Karr, J.R. 41
Kascak, C. 9
Keatinge, Dyno 42
Keim, R.W. 97, 209
Keith GA 268
Kellner, K 356
Khanna, M. 314, 329
Kiernan, N. E. 136
Kimble, J.M. 94
Kingsbury, L. 93, 277
Kittredge, D. 103
Kittredge, D. B. 150
Kivi, P. 21
Kline, J. D. 188
Klosowski, R. 103
Kluender, R A 352
Koelsch, R. K. 372
Kokich, C. 332
Kolavalli, S. 143
Koo SeungMo 124
Koontz, T. M. 262
Kooten, G. C. van
257
Korsching, P.F. 179
Kotile, D. G. 338
Kraft, S. 234
Kraft, S. E. 1, 123, 139, 255, 371,
375
Kraft SE 122, 285
Kramer, R. A. 284
Krause, M.A. 276
Krecek J 321
Kreher, M. J. 372
Krogmann, U. 231
Kromm, D.E. 33, 244, 275, 367
Kulshreshtha, S. N.
309
Lafond, G P 347
Lal, R 91
Lamacq, S. 168
Landry, R. 273, 342
Langdale, G.W. 265
Langemeier, M. R.
124
Langholz, Jeff 210
Lant, C. 139, 234, 375
Lant, C. L. 1, 123
Lant CL 285
Lanyon, L. E. 75, 136, 250, 278
Lapka, Miloslav 291
Larson WE 319
Laubhan, Murray K
23
Lawrence, G. 171
Leach, W. D. 248
LeBlanc, M. 252
Lee, Donna J. 187
Lee, L K 297
Leib, Brian G 6
Leitner, J. 88
Lev, Larry S 337
Lewis, James A 92
Lichtenberg, E. 19, 172, 213, 227
Liebig, M.A. 138
Lighthall, D.R. 339
Lindstrom, M.J. 265
Little, Peter D. 239
Liu, Shiping 348
Liu, W 297
Lock, A. 63
Lockaby, B.G. 233
Loftis, J. C. 202
Loftus, T. 234
Loftus TT 122
Lohr, L. 115, 361
Long, G. 241, 360
Lord, S. 63
Lovell, S. J. 52
Lowery, James B. 155
Lubben, B.D. 2
Luetz, M 206
Luz, Frieder 279
Lynch, L. 31, 52, 87, 236
Lynne, G.D. 261
Ma, J.C. 235
Macdonald, D W 174
Macellari E 243
Mackay, J. 63
Mahr, D L 190
Malone, C. 63
Manyong, Victor 42
Mapp, H.P. 90, 120
Marc-Aurele, F. J.
81
Marra, M. 112
Martens, Gary 282
Martin, J. 158
Martin, N. R. 115
Martin, P. 186
Martin, R. A. 38, 338
Mart�nez-Vilela, A.
173
Maskey, R. 176
Matthews, Charles H Jr
197
Matthews, Gary 6
Matthews, S. 237
McBride, W.D. 77, 214, 323
McCallister, B. 88
McCann, Elizabeth
175
McCann, L. 134
McCann, L. M. J. 86
McCarter, J.R. 373
McCarter S. 10
McCarter, S.E. 373
McConkey, B G 110
McCool, D. K. 85
McDonald, M 327
McGiffen, M 61
McGregor, R.J. 303
McGuckin, J.T. 118
McLean Meyinsse, P.E.
119
McMillan, M. 270
McNally, Sandra 34
McNamara, K. T. 292
Meinzen Dick, R. 169
Mennella V 243
Mercer, D Evan 340
Meyer, N. 64
Meyer, N.L. 2
Mezzatesta, R. 241
Michelsen, A.M. 118
Milham, N. 29
Miller, B. C. 85
Miller, B.E. 74
Milligan, R.A. 336
Mills, W. L., Jr.
292
Milne, Bruce 44
Milton, J. Walter.
187
Miranda, M. J. 181
Mishra, A. 8
Mitchell, D. 63
Mitchell, J E 32
Mitchell, J. P. 61, 195
Mitsch, W. J. 229
Miyao, E M 61
Moffitt, L J 297
Monson, M. 30
Morales, A.C. 272
Morfaw, C. 163
Morris, C. 301
Morse D 27
Mortimer, A M 28
Mountjoy, D.C. 135
Mtetwa, S 220
Mueller, D. K. 207
Murdock, L. 158
Murray, Helene 337
Mutters R 27
Nagubadi, V. 292
Napier, S. M. 326
Napier T.L. 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 40, 82,
145, 151, 165, 205, 280, 281, 289, 324, 325, 326, 351, 354,
373
Napier, Ted L 355
Napier TL 11, 68, 154, 321
Naugle, D. E. 47
Nazarko, Orla M 282
Nettleton, D. 63
Neve, P 28
New South Wales. Dept. of
Land and Water Conservation. Technical Services Directorate
241
New South Wales. Dept. of
Land and Water Conservation. Water Quality Services Unit.
241
New York State College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and
Managerial Economics. 89, 294
Newsome MA 295
Newton, B. J. 127
Nicholls, D. 63
Noe, E. 304
Nord, E. A. 250
Novak, J.L. 2
Nowak, P. 88, 182, 286, 311
Nowak Peter J 54, 55, 84
Nowak PJ 319
Nuppenau, E. A. 267
O'Keefe, G. 182
Obermiller, F. W.
189
Oenal, H. 109
Ogg CW 268
Olson, Kent D. 180
Ondersteijn, CJM.
201
Onianwa, O. 146
Onianwa, O.O. 36
Oshins, C. 330
Osmond, D.L. 161, 193
Outlaw, J. 72
Overman, H. 63
Ozanne, A. 263
Padgett, S. 286
Pandey, S. 16
Pannell, D. J. 112, 317
Papadaki, Klavdianou
Afroditi 57
Park, T.A. 361
Parker, D. 31, 142, 198
Parkhurst, G. M. 21
Parks, P. J. 284
Parminter, T. G. 332
Parsch, L. D. 203
Pattanayak, Subhrendu
K 340
Paudel, K. P. 115
Pease, J. 302
Pease, J. W. 107
Pease, S. M. 237
Pelkey, N. W. 248
Perry, J. A. 369
Peters, Mark 251
Peterson, J. M. 66
Pettapiece, W.W. 303
Pikul, Joseph L Jr
108
Pinkham, R. 207
Pivot, J. M. 186
Plant, R.E. 316
Plieninger, Tobias
328
Podmore, T. 202
Poe, G. L. 293, 359, 372
Poe, Gregory L. 89, 294
Pompelli, G. 163
Potter, C. 301
Prato, T. 313
Pretty, J N 247
Putwain, P D 28
Pyrovetsi, M 185
Rajwar GS 321
Rasmussen, G. A. 189
Rasmussen, G Allen
83
Rasnake, M. 158
Rehman, T 141
Rein, F. A. 95
Renner, H.F. 254
Reynolds, R. 73
Rhoades, S. R. 203
Ribaudo, Marc. 22, 113, 251
Riedell, Walter E
108
Rikoon, J.S. 148, 149, 235
Robert PC 319
Roberts, G. 176
Roberts, S R 335
Roberts, W.S. 106
Robertson, Alistar
350
Robinson, J. 18
Robinson, J.R. 15
Robinson, JRC 368
Roka, F. M. 131
Roling, N. 4
Romain, R. 342
Rursch, J. 182
Rust RH 319
Ryan, R. L. 184
Ryan, Robert L 245, 374
Sadler, E. J. 168, 226
Salamon, S. 159
Sale, P.W.G. 153
Saltiel, J. 67
Sammis, T.W. 46
Sanders, David W.
212
Santen, E. van 246, 368
Scardaci, S C 335
Schaible, G. D. 96
Schmitz, P.M.
200
Schnitkey, G. D. 181
Schoofs, Allison 282
Schulkin, Jay. 78
Schumacher, T.E. 265
Schurle, B. W. 124
Schutte, C F 220
Segarra, Eduardo 343
Selles, F 110
Shah, F.A. 344
Shah, P 247
Shaikh, S. L. 257
Sharpley, A. N. 271
Sheehan, Michele R
79
Shoemaker, Robbin
17, 133
Shogren, J. F. 21, 253
Sieving, Kathryn E
37
Sills, Erin 340
Simcox, David 80
Simons, C.J. 2
Skaggs, R. K. 288
Skuras, D. 65
Slangen, L. H. G.
200, 267
Smith, Daryl D 223
Smith, E.G. 72
Smith, J. 72
Smith, J. U. 63
Smith, M. 256
Smith, Mark Eugene
113
Smith, P. 63
Smith, R. B. W. 21
Smithers, J. 128, 152
Sqvist, T. 229
Sohngen, B. 94
Sohngen, B. G. 181
Soil and Water Conservation
Society (U.S.). 170
Sommers, D.G. 165
Sommers DG 68
Soule, M. J. 232
Spalatro, Fiorenza
177
Spooner, J. 193
Stevens, T. 103
Stevens, T. H. 150
Stivers Young, L.J.
71
Stoltzfus, J. H. 136
Stone DB 295
Stonehouse, D.P. 101, 341
Strand, I. E. 227
Suchánek, P. 257
Sullivan, Shannon
175
Sun, H. 70
Sunding, D. 142, 198
Sunding, D. L. 230, 300
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