Edward F. Reilly, Jr., Chairman
UNITED STATES PAROLE COMMISSION
This report was prepared by Peter B. Hoffman, Ph.D.,
a consultant to the Parole Commission. It updates an
earlier history of the Parole Commission prepared by
Dr. Hoffman in 1997 when he was Staff Director of
the Parole Commission.
INTRODUCTION
Parole of federal prisoners began after enactment of legislation on June 25,
1910. There were three federal penitentiaries and parole was granted by a parole
board at each institution. The membership of each parole board consisted of the
warden of the institution, the physician of the institution, and the Superintendent
of Prisons of the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C.
By legislation of May 13, 1930, a single Board of Parole in Washington, D.C.
was established. This Board consisted of three members, serving full time, appointed
by the Attorney General. The Bureau of Prisons performed the administrative functions
of the Board. In August 1945, the Attorney General ordered that the Board report
directly to him for administrative purposes. In August 1948, due to a postwar
increase in prison population, the Attorney General appointed two additional members,
increasing the Board of Parole to five members.
By legislation of September 30, 1950, the Board was increased to eight members
appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for six-year,
staggered terms. The Board was placed in the Department of Justice for administrative
purposes. Three of the eight members were designated by the Attorney General to
serve as a Youth Corrections Division pursuant to the Youth Corrections Act.
In October 1972, the Board of Parole began a pilot reorganization project
that eventually included the establishment of five regions, creation of explicit
guidelines for parole release decision-making, provision of written reasons for
parole decisions, and an administrative appeal process. By October 1974, five
regions were operational with one member and five hearing examiners assigned to
each region. The chairman and two members remained in Washington, D.C., at the
headquarters office.
In May 1976, the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act took effect.
This Act re-titled the Board of Parole as the United States Parole Commission
and established it as an independent agency within the Department of Justice.
The Act provided for nine commissioners appointed by the President, with the advice
and consent of the Senate, for six year terms. These included a chairman, five
regional commissioners, and a three-member National Appeals Board. In addition,
the Act incorporated the major features of the Board of Parole's pilot reorganization
project: a requirement for explicit guidelines for parole decision-making and
written reasons for parole denial; a regional structure; and an administrative
appeal process. The Youth Corrections Division of the Board of Parole was eliminated
and its duties absorbed by the Commission.
Eight years later, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 created
a United States Sentencing Commission to establish sentencing guidelines for the
federal courts and established a regime of determinate sentences. The Chairman
of the Parole Commission is an ex-officio, non-voting, member of the Sentencing
Commission. The decision to establish sentencing guidelines was based in substantial
part on the success of the U.S. Parole Commission in developing and implementing
its parole guidelines. On April 13, 1987, the U.S. Sentencing Commission submitted
to Congress its initial set of sentencing guidelines, which took effect on November
1, 1987. Defendants sentenced for offenses committed on or after November 1, 1987
serve determinate terms under the sentencing guidelines and are not eligible for
parole consideration. Post-release supervision, termed "supervised release," is
provided as a separate part of the sentence under the jurisdiction of the court.
Under the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, the United States
Parole Commission retained jurisdiction over defendants who committed their offenses
prior to November 1, 1987. At the same time, the Act provided for the abolition
of the Parole Commission on November 1, 1992 (five years after the sentencing
guidelines took effect). This phase-out provision did not adequately provide for
persons sentenced under the law in effect prior to November 1, 1987 who had not
yet completed their sentences. Elimination of, or reduction in, parole eligibility
for such cases would raise a serious ex post facto issue. To address this
problem, the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the life of the
Parole Commission until November 1, 1997.
The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 again extended the life
of the Parole Commission for the same reason. This Act authorized the continuation
of the Parole Commission until November 1, 2002. In addition, it provided for
a reduction in the number of Parole Commissioners - to two Commissioners by December
31, 1999, and one Commissioner by December 31, 2001 - and required the Attorney
General, beginning in 1998, to report to Congress annually on whether it was more
cost effective for the Parole Commission to continue as a separate agency or for
its remaining functions to be transferred elsewhere. The Attorney General has
reported each year that it is more cost effective for the Parole Commission to
continue as a separate agency.
The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act
of 1997 gave the Parole Commission significant additional responsibilities.
First, the Act provided for the abolition of the District of Columbia Board of
Parole by August 5, 2000 and the transfer of its responsibilities to the U.S.
Parole Commission. On August 5, 1998, the Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction
over all parole release decisions for prisoners confined under D.C. Code felony
sentences. On August 5, 2000, the Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over
parole and mandatory release supervision and revocation decisions for all persons
serving D.C. Code felony sentences. Second, the Act required the District of Columbia
to move to a determinate sentencing system (at least for certain offenses), provided
for terms of supervised release to follow the determinate sentences to be imposed,
and gave the Parole Commission ongoing responsibility for supervision and revocation
decisions for D.C. Code offenders subject to terms of supervised release under
the new determinate sentencing system. In August 2000, the District of Columbia
enacted a determinate sentencing system for all offenses committed on or after
August 5, 2000.* At the end of 2001,
the first D.C. Code determinate sentence cases were released from prison on supervised
release under the jurisdiction of the Parole Commission. Third, the Act repealed
the portion of the 1996 Act that reduced the number of Parole Commissioners authorized
and instead provided for five Parole Commissioners.
Since the decision to abolish the Parole Commission in the Comprehensive
Crime Control Act of 1984, Congress has twice extended the life of the Parole
Commission, most recently until November 1, 2002. Congress also has given the
Parole Commission additional ongoing responsibilities, including the responsibility
for making prison-term decisions in foreign transfer treaty cases for offenses
committed on or after November 1, 1987 (Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988); jurisdiction
over all state defendants who are accepted into the U.S. Marshals Service Witness
Protection Program (Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988); the responsibility for
the release and supervision of all remaining indeterminate sentence D.C. Code
felony offenders (National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement
Act of 1997); and responsibility for the supervision of all new-law D.C. Code
determinate sentence felony offenders released on supervised release (National
Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997). In addition
to the above responsibilities, the Parole Commission continues to have responsibility
for the remaining "old-law" indeterminate sentence federal offenders in prison
or under supervision, as well as ongoing responsibility for military code offenders
serving sentences in Bureau of Prisons institutions.
In the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996, Congress recognized
that some form of parole function would have to remain beyond 2002, but this Act
did not envision the substantial, ongoing responsibilities for D.C. Code felony
offenders given the Parole Commission by the National Capital Revitalization
and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997.
The 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization
Act of 2002 extended the life of the Parole Commission until November 1, 2005.
The Act also requests a study be completed prior to that date examining whether
responsibility for supervised release for offenders sentenced out of the District
of Columbia Superior Court should remain with the Parole Commission or be transferred
to another agency. As of the preparation of this document (May 2003), the status
of the Parole Commission beyond November 1, 2005 remains unresolved.
Part 1 presents a chronological history of the federal parole system from
its origin to the present day.
Part 2 provides a list of the sixty-three men and women who have served as
Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission and a
brief biographical sketch for each.
Part 3 illustrates the workload of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission
from 1931 to the present.
Part 4 contains a list of books, articles, and other materials relevant to
the history of the federal parole system.
Back to top
PART 1 - A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL PAROLE SYSTEM
The precursors of parole in the federal system were (1) the exercise of the
Presidential power to commute sentences, and (2) the reduction in the term of
imprisonment by institutional officials for good conduct. In each case, the prisoner
was released from imprisonment prior to the expiration of the sentence set by
the court.
Set forth below is a chronological history of the federal parole system. Significant
events are shown corresponding to the date listed. At the end of each entry, the
source material is shown in brackets. Entries without a bracketed citation are
based either on the source described in the entry itself or on the personal knowledge
of the author. The following are the primary source materials used:
AGSRP |
Attorney General's Survey of Release Practices, Volumes I (Digest of Federal
and State Laws on Release Procedures) and IV (Parole). (1939). U.S.
Department of Justice. |
ARUSBP |
Annual Report of the United States Board of Parole. The year covered
by the report is shown in parentheses. |
ARUSPC |
Annual Report of the United States Parole Commission. The year covered
by the report is shown in parentheses. |
EUSBPR |
An Evaluation of the U.S. Board of Parole Reorganization. (1975). Management
Programs and Budget Staff, Office of Management and Finance, U.S. Department of
Justice. |
FPJ |
Federal Probation Journal. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.
The volume and number are shown in parentheses (e.g., 4/2 is Volume 4,
Number 2). |
HUSBP |
History of the United States Board of Parole. (undated, circa 1976).
A mimeographed document prepared by James C. Neagles, Staff Director of the U.S.
Board of Parole. |
PDMR |
Parole Decision-Making Reports. (1973). Research Center of the National
Council on Crime and Delinquency. A set of fourteen reports describing the Parole
Decision-Making Project. |
PDMSR |
Parole Decision Making: Selected Reprints. U.S. Parole Commission.
The volume number is shown in parentheses. Six volumes containing reprints of
articles concerning parole decision making. Many of the articles were prepared
by staff of the U.S. Parole Commission. |
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY
Date |
Event |
1867 |
The first statute providing for the reduction of sentences of federal prisoners
because of good conduct was enacted. This statute authorized a deduction of one
month in each year from the term of sentence of federal prisoners confined in
state jails or penitentiaries, upon the certificate of the warden or keeper with
the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. [AGSRP] |
1870 |
The Department of Justice was created. [AGSRP]
The good time statute was amended to provide that the good time specified
in the act of 1867 applied only to institutions in which no other good time credits
were allowed. In all other cases, the deductions applicable to state prisoners
were to apply. [AGSRP]
|
1872 |
The duties of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the imprisonment and
discharge of federal prisoners were transferred to the Department of Justice.
[AGSRP] |
1875 |
The schedule of credits was changed so that federal prisoners in any state
or territorial institution in which no system of good time credits existed might
earn a credit of five days for each month in which no charge of misconduct was
sustained. [AGSRP] |
1891 |
As part of legislation providing for the establishment of federal prisons,
the Attorney General was given authority for the reduction of sentences for good
behavior, but not to exceed two months for the first or any succeeding year of
imprisonment. [AGSRP] |
1902 |
A general revision of the good-time credit statute was made, placing all federal
prisoners, wherever confined, on an equal basis. The schedule of good-time credits
was made more liberal and graduated so as to increase with the length of sentence.
The credits allowed per month follow: Five days upon a sentence of not less than
6 months nor more than 1 year; six days upon a sentence of more than one year
and less than 3 years; seven days on sentence of at least 3 years but less than
5 years; eight days on a sentence of at least 5 years but less than 10 years;
and ten days on a sentence of 10 years or more. In addition, a prisoner in a camp
or employed in prison industry could earn an additional three days per month in
the first year and five days per month in each succeeding year. [AGSRP]
Good-time credits are primarily under the control of the officials of the
institution at which the prisoner is confined. Forfeitures for breach of institutional
rules are determined by the warden after the prisoner has been given a hearing
before a disciplinary board composed of three members of the prison staff with
the deputy warden or disciplinary officer acting as chairman. The prisoner has
the privilege of replying and may choose some member of the staff to represent
him as counsel. This board thoroughly investigates the alleged misconduct, hears
the prisoner and any witnesses he may wish to present, and the members individually
recommend to the warden the extent of discipline. The Bureau of Prisons issues
general policies concerning the administration of good-time deductions. [AGSRP]
The Attorney General is granted authority to restore credits lost because
of misconduct of prisoners in any United States penitentiary upon recommendation
and evidence submitted to him by the warden in charge. As to prisoners in state
or territorial institutions, restorations are governed by the rules of the particular
institution. [AGSRP]
There was no post-release supervision for persons released by good time. [HUSBP]
|
1910 |
The federal parole system was created with the passage of an act authorizing
the parole of prisoners sentenced to terms of one year or more. Any such prisoner
was made eligible for parole upon the expiration of one-third of his or her sentence.
The power to grant and revoke parole was placed in the hands of the respective
boards of parole established at the several penitentiaries and prisons. The board
of parole at each penitentiary was composed of the superintendent of prisons in
the Department of Justice and the warden and physician of the particular penitentiary.
The board of parole at any federal prison other than a penitentiary was composed
of the superintendent of prisons and such officers of the particular prison as
the Attorney General designated. [AGSRP]
The first person to hold the position of Superintendent of Prisons was Robert
V. Ladow. [HUSBP]
A parole officer was provided for each penitentiary to supervise parolees
and to perform such other duties as the board of parole might direct. It was provided
that supervision of parolees might also be devolved upon the United States Marshals.
[AGSRP]
The parole officer at each penitentiary served mainly as a clearing house
for the volunteers and United States Marshals who had personal contact with the
parolees. [ARUSBP (1970-72)]
The Act of 1910 also provided that whenever any person has been convicted
of any offense against the United States and sentenced and confined in any state
reformatory or institution, he becomes subject to the parole laws applicable to
the inmates of such institution. [AGSRP]
The Act of 1910 further provided that no parole from either a state or federal
institution became effective until approved by the Attorney General. [AGSRP]
Upon violation of parole, the Warden or any member of the institutional board
of parole was empowered to issue a warrant for his retaking. A revocation hearing
was conducted by the board of parole at the institution soon after his return.
Each institution employed a parole officer (at a salary not to exceed $1,500)
to assist parole applicants in obtaining employment and supervise parolees after
release. U.S. Marshals were used as parole supervisors when needed. A system of
monthly reports by parolees and their "first friends" was initiated. [HUSBP]
|
1911 |
The first Rules of the Board of Parole were promulgated. [HUSBP] |
1913 |
The federal parole statute was amended so as to make prisoners serving a life
term eligible for parole after the service of 15 years. [AGSRP]
No further amendments were made to the parole law until 1930. [AGSRP]
|
1930 |
The federal parole system was materially altered by legislation in 1930:
- In lieu of the several institutional parole boards, there was created a single
parole board in the Department of Justice to be composed of three members appointed
by the Attorney General. This board (the United States Board of Parole) was given
power to grant parole without any requirement of approval by the Attorney General.
Salaries for the three parole board members in 1930 were $7,500 per year each.
- Eligibility for parole of persons sentenced to federal institutions with
sentences of more than one year was set at one third of the maximum sentence or
15 years in the case of a life sentence:
- "Every prisoner who has been or may hereafter be convicted of any offense
against the United States and is confined in any United States penitentiary or
prison, for a definite term or terms of over 1 year, or for the term of his natural
life, whose record of conduct shows that he has observed the rules of the rules
of such institution, and who, if sentenced for a definite term, has served one-third
of the total of the term or terms for which he was sentenced, or, if sentenced
for the term of his natural life has served not less than 15 years, may be released
on parole" if it appears to the Board of Parole "that such applicant will live
and remain at liberty without violating the laws, and if in the opinion of the
Board such release is not incompatible with the welfare of society."
- A federal offender serving his sentence in a state institution was eligible
for parole under the same terms and conditions and by the same authority as a
prisoner committed to that institution by a state court, but all such paroles
were subject to approval by the United States Board of Parole. Supervision within
the state was provided by state authorities. If the parolee was permitted to return
to his home outside that state, his supervision was devolved upon the United States
Marshal in the district in which the parolee resided.
- The legislation also provided for the transfer of the supervision of federal
parolees to the probation officers that supervised probationers for the federal
courts by providing that federal probation officers shall perform such duties
with respect to persons on parole as the Attorney General shall request. The position
of federal probation officer had been established by legislation in 1925 that
for the first time authorized courts to impose probation in federal cases. As
originally enacted, the probation statute required appointments for probation
officers to be made by the judge of the particular district from the civil service
register, but in 1930 the requirement for use of the civil service register was
removed. The Bureau of Prisons (which had general oversight responsibility for
the probation system) promulgated general qualifications which appointees should
possess. In brief, these provided that persons selected should have physical vigor
and mental adaptability, at least a high school education plus one year in college
or a year's experience in organized probation work, and thorough training in the
technique of social investigation. General oversight of supervision activities
with respect to persons on parole was provided by the parole executive whose office
was attached to the Board of Parole in Washington, D.C. [AGSRP]
Appointments to the parole board by the Attorney General were for an indefinite
period. [HUSBP]
Although the Federal Probation Act was passed in 1925, the first Congressional
appropriation to implement that act was in 1927, and five officers were appointed
that year. Two more were appointed in 1928, including Richard A. Chappell who
was later to serve on the Board of Parole. [HUSBP]
Preparation for parole was the responsibility of institutional parole officers,
who, as staff members in the several institutions, participated in classification
procedures, developed social histories, prepared and assembled official reports,
and were responsible for social case work involving the prisoner and his or her
family in the community. Under the original parole act, an institutional parole
officer was appointed by the parole board at each institution. In 1930, this authority
was transferred to the United States Board of Parole, but was actually exercised
by the Bureau of Prisons, subject to the satisfaction of the Board of Parole.
In 1930, the salary of an institutional parole officer was set at $2,000 to $2,600
per year. [AGSRP]
The first offices of the Board of Parole were located in Room 201 of the Tower
Building in Washington, D.C. The first three parole board members entered on duty
on June 13, 1930. An executive secretary was employed to act as the administrative
officer of the board. [HUSBP]
|
1931 |
In the Board's first year of operation, the Board's three members traveled
as a group to hold hearings in institutions. After a short experimental period
in which they discovered that two-thirds of their time was spent in travel status,
they began traveling singly to conduct hearings with the vote taken later at headquarters
in Washington, D.C. When traveling as a group, the Board heard an average of 40
cases per day and made on-the-spot decisions relative to parole. The Board also
made decisions on federal prisoners serving sentences in state institutions. In
these cases, a local board made recommendations to the Board of Parole. [HUSBP]
During the first year of operation, the Board heard a large number of offenders
who had violated the National Prohibition Act. In the year or two after the Board
was created, it paroled a large percentage of this type of law violator. [HUSBP]
Due to the volume of work, three secretaries were assigned to the parole board
in addition to the administrative clerk. Two reporters were also employed to transcribe
the Board's hearings. [HUSBP]
Legislation was enacted providing for parole for the purposes of deportation.
During this year, 133 such paroles were granted. [HUSBP]
|
1932 |
Two significant amendments were made to the parole law. First, it was provided
that a parolee shall continue on parole until the expiration of the maximum terms
specified in his sentence without deduction for such allowance for good conduct.
Previously, in the case of a person who was released on parole, good conduct deductions
earned in prison operated to shorten the period of parole. Second, it was provided
that any person to whom parole is not granted, but who is released prior to the
expiration of the maximum term because of good-conduct deductions shall upon release
be treated as if released on parole and shall be subject to all provisions of
law relating to the parole of United States prisoners until the maximum term or
terms specified in his sentence. [AGSRP]
Legislation creating a separate parole board for the District of Columbia
removed from the federal parole board jurisdiction over prisoners confined in
institutions of the District of Columbia. [HUSBP]
The National Prohibition Act was repealed and there was a dramatic reduction
in the number of this type of law violator in federal prisons. The proportion
of parole grants to denial also declined. [HUSBP]
|
1933 |
The title of the administrative officer of the board was changed from executive
secretary to parole executive. [HUSBP] |
1936 |
James V. Bennett was promoted from Assistant Director to Director of the Bureau
of Prisons, replacing Sanford Bates. The Parole Board and the Federal Probation
System were still assigned to the Bureau of Prisons and thus under Mr. Bennett'
supervision. [HUSBP]
Reports written during this year show that there was an emphasis by the Board
to ensure that parolees were returned to their bona fide residences at the time
of their release. The Board attempted to "diminish the assaults and larcenies
committed against prisoners en route to their homes" by mailing most of the prisoners'
money to them at their city of residence. [HUSBP]
|
1937 |
Myrl Alexander became the parole executive. Two years later he left the board
and returned to his administrative duties at the Bureau of Prisons. Mr. Alexander
later became the third director of the Bureau of Prisons. [HUSBP] |
1938 |
The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act was approved June 16, 1938. This Act
provided that juveniles could be paroled by the Board of Parole at any time after
commitment (i.e., that there was no minimum term of imprisonment required
before the juvenile was eligible for parole consideration). [HUSBP] |
1939 |
The Board appointed its first hearing examiner on May 21, 1939. Three were
eventually appointed. Initially, they held hearings in cases of prisoners serving
terms of one year and one day. [HUSBP]
Attorney General Murphy called a National Parole Conference, which was held
in Washington, D.C. The conference followed a long term fact-finding project financed
largely by Works Project Administration (WPA) funds. The project was directed
by Wayne L. Morse, who later became a Senator of the United States, and resulted
in the five-volume Attorney General's Survey of Release Procedures. As
a result of this conference, "A Declaration of the Principles of Parole" was adopted.
The conference proceedings were published as Proceedings - National Parole
Conference, Washington, D.C., April 17-18, 1939. [HUSBP]
In contrast to the liberal trend of granting reparole, which was extended
by the Board five or six years before, the Board in 1939 granted no reparoles
at all and rereleased only five conditional releasees. [HUSBP]
The following were the basic parole board procedures (circa 1939):
- Application for Parole. A short while before a federal prisoner became eligible
for parole, he is furnished with an application form. This is a very brief form
on which the applicant was to enter certain information about himself, his plans,
the nature of his crime, his prospective employer, and the person he desires as
his parole advisor. If a prisoner does not desire to apply for parole, he is directed
to sign a waiver of his right to apply for parole on a form that will be furnished
to him.
- Information About the Prisoner. When a federal offender is committed to a
penitentiary or other institution, the judge and district attorney of the committing
court file reports and recommendations concerning him. In some instances, a presentence
report is made by a probation officer, and in such cases the probation officer's
report is also forwarded to the institution to which the offender is committed.
Each prisoner is studied closely in connection with the institutional classification
procedure. Reports will be filed concerning his progress by the various institutional
officers from time to time. Immediately after his admission to the institution,
the parole officers begin to study the family, and the social and economic conditions
with which he will be faced when he is released on parole. An attempt is made
to effect desirable community and home adjustments, and to prepare the community
to which the offender will go for his reception.
- Hearings. Parole hearings are held at each of the federal penal and reformatory
institutions four times each year, or once every three months. The hearings are
usually conducted by one member of the board. They are ordinarily attended only
by the member, the institutional parole officer, the applicant, and a stenographic
assistant. The warden and other institutional officers ordinarily do not attend
the hearings. No attorney, relative or other person may appear for or against
the applicant. However, such persons may write to or interview members of the
Board.
- Disposition. After the return to Washington of the board member who held
the hearing, a final determination is made by the whole Board.
- Conditions of Parole. Before an offender is released on parole, he must agree
to the conditions of his parole and an adviser is secured for him. An effort is
made to arrange suitable employment for him. Also upon release he is given the
usual gratuities which are allowed to federal offenders upon their discharge from
an institution.
- Supervision. Each person released on parole is required to file with the
parole executive an arrival report and subsequent written reports at intervals
of not more than one month. In some cases the parolee is required to report every
few days while in other cases he is required to report monthly. Each report must
be countersigned by the parolee's advisor. Each parolee is under the supervision
of a probation officer. In some cases, the officer makes frequent visits to the
parolee. In other cases, where the parolee has a strong adviser and his case is
not a hazardous one, the probation officers may visit him infrequently.
- Each parolee has an adviser. In many cases, the person chosen is the person
suggested by the parolee himself. In other cases, the parole executive finds it
necessary to select some other person. In every case, an attempt is made to secure
as adviser the person in the community in which the parolee will live who will
be most able to direct him toward rehabilitation through the normal community
agencies of social control.
- Violations of Parole. Sole authority to issue a warrant for the arrest of
a parole violator rests with the Board of Parole or any member thereof. Such a
warrant may be issued at any time prior to the expiration of the sentence if the
Board or any member thereof has reliable information that the offender has violated
his parole. The violation of parole interrupts the running of the sentence in
the manner of an escape. The warrant may be executed by any officer of the prison
from which the parolee was released or by any federal officer authorized to serve
criminal process within the United States. Upon return to a federal institution,
the violator is given an opportunity to appear before the Board at its next meeting.
The Board may then or at any time in its discretion revoke the order and terminate
such parole or modify the terms and conditions thereof. When parole is revoked,
the parolee shall serve the remainder of the sentence originally imposed; and
the time that the prisoner was out on parole shall not be taken into account to
diminish the time for which he was sentenced.
- A federal parole violator may be reparoled at any time by the Board of Parole.
- Final Discharge. Upon the expiration of the parolee's sentence, the parole
executive sends him a letter stating that he has apparently completed his parole
period satisfactorily. No formal certificate of discharge is issued to him. [AGSRP]
|
1940 |
On July 1, 1940, the Federal Probation Service was transferred from the Bureau
of Prisons to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Responsibilities
of probation officers with respect to parolees continued as before. [HUSBP]
During the ten years the Probation System was under the supervision of the
Bureau of Prisons, it expanded from one with eight officers in eight judicial
districts to a nationwide program employing 238 officers in eighty-three United
States District Courts. [FPJ: 4/2, statement by James V. Bennett, Director, U.S.
Bureau of Prisons]
|
1941 |
In The Pardoning Power of the President, W.H. Humbert reported "parole
authorities have handled a considerable number of federal offenders since 1910.
Though release on parole does not banish prospects for a pardon, the conclusion
is inescapable that such release tends to keep down the number of requests." |
1942 |
World War II radically changed the character of the federal prison population.
Substantial numbers of selective service violators and conscientious objectors
were incarcerated. In 1942, the President issued Executive Order 8641 making it
possible for the Attorney General to grant special paroles to prisoners who might
be useful in the war effort. Extensive use was made of this authority with the
parole board playing an unofficial role for the Attorney General. [HUSBP] |
1943 |
Congress conducted hearings relative to legislation providing for a broader
form of federal indeterminate sentence. The proposed legislation, entitled the
"Federal Corrections Act" would have established a ten-member parole board with
an adult division, a youth division, and a policy division. No legislation was
enacted. [HUSBP] |
1945 |
On August 28, 1945, the Attorney General ordered the parole board to report
directly to him for administrative purposes. Staff formerly employed by the Bureau
of Prisons and assigned to the Board were transferred officially to the Board
on February 15, 1946. [HUSBP]
During the year, the character of the federal prison population changed in
that the number of persons who had been court-martialed by military authorities
and transferred to federal prisons increased. These offenders generally had longer
sentences than those imposed by civilian courts. [HUSBP]
|
1946 |
With the end of gas rationing, there was a dramatic use of automobiles over
the nation. Military prisoners decreased and the number of violators of the National
Motor Vehicle Theft Act rose sharply. [HUSBP] |
1948 |
The Board of Parole was increased from three to five members by legislation
enacted June 25, 1948. This increase was needed primarily because of an increase
in prison population. Prior to the increase in the size of the Board, the two
examiners on staff conducted approximately one third of the hearings. [HUSBP] |
1950 |
On September 30, 1950, the Youth Corrections Act was passed by Congress.
Under this legislation, federal offenders less than 22 years of age at the time
of conviction could be sentenced to indeterminate sentences with no minimum period
of parole ineligibility. The maximum period of imprisonment was fixed by statute
at six years, but longer maximum terms were permitted in the case of very serious
offenses. This Act contained three other significant features. First, all youth
offenders must be initially released on supervision at least two years prior to
the expiration of the maximum sentence. Thus, each offender would be initially
released with a period of supervision of at least two years. Second, it authorized
a court to commit an offender for a period of observation and study prior to sentencing.
Third, it provided that the parole board could grant an early discharge from parole
supervision, an action that "set the conviction aside" and granted relief from
various legal disabilities imposed by the conviction. The Youth Corrections
Act was to become effective only upon the certification of the Attorney General
that facilities to house such offenders were available. [HUSBP]
The Youth Corrections Act also changed the structure of the parole
board. First, it created a three-member Youth Division within the parole board.
Second, it increased the number of parole board members from five to eight. Third,
it provided that all parole board members would be appointed by the President,
with the advice and consent of the Senate, for six-year, staggered terms. [HUSBP]
The Youth Corrections Act also provided for an Advisory Corrections
Council to be composed of federal judges and federal correctional officials to
study and advise on correctional practices. [HUSBP]
|
1950 |
Until this year, secretaries traveled with the Board members to report institutional
hearings. After six months of experimentation with recording devices, the Board
adopted a system of hiring local shorthand reporters on a contract basis. [HUSBP] |
1951 |
Until 1951, prisoners released by expiration of sentence less good time were
under supervision until the expiration of their maximum sentence. Legislation
approved June 29, 1951, provided that such prisoners were to be released from
supervision 180 days prior to the expiration of the maximum sentence. With the
implementation of this Act, the number of mandatory releasees under supervision
dropped sharply. In general, prisoners with sentences of 18 months or less who
were released by expiration of sentence less good time would no longer be released
to supervision. [HUSBP]
Legislation approved July 31, 1951, made two changes in parole eligibility.
Up to this time, adult prisoners serving sentences of more than one year were
eligible for parole after service of one-third of their sentences, except for
prisoners serving life sentences who were eligible after the service of 15 years.
Under the revised legislation, adult prisoners serving sentences of 180 days to
one year were also eligible for parole after service of one-third of their sentences.
In addition, prisoners serving terms of more than forty-five years were eligible
for parole after fifteen years in the same manner as prisoners serving life sentences.
[HUSBP]
|
1953 |
The first presidential appointments were made to the parole board in 1953.
[HUSBP]
Mr. Scovel Richardson became the first African American appointed to the parole
board. [HUSBP]
By order of the Attorney General dated October 15, 1953, juveniles committed
by the District of Columbia Juvenile Court to the National Training School for
Boys came under the parole jurisdiction of the federal parole board. Prior to
this time, the District of Columbia Visiting Committee had acted as the paroling
authority for such juveniles. [HUSBP]
The Board hired its first staff director (Dr. Conway Esselstyn). [HUSBP]
|
1954 |
On January 15, 1954, the Youth Corrections Act was made available to the federal
courts east of the Mississippi River. [HUSBP] |
1955 |
During 1955, the parole board began paroling prisoners to outstanding local
detainers if they were otherwise considered to be suitable for parole. Previously,
an outstanding detainer had acted as a bar to parole. [HUSBP]
Dr. Conway Esselstyn, the Board's first staff director, resigned and was replaced
by James Neagles, who served as staff director until 1976. [HUSBP]
|
1956 |
The Attorney General called the second National Conference on Parole, which
was held in Washington, D.C., on April 9-11, 1956. The Conference was sponsored
by the federal parole board and the National Probation and Parole Association.
Approximately 500 delegates attended. Out of this conference came Parole in
Principle and Practice: A Manual and Report. One of the recommendations of
this conference was that release from prison by expiration of sentence less good
time be termed "mandatory release" rather than "conditional release." The U.S.
Board of Parole implemented this recommendation. [HUSBP]
Congress enacted the Uniform Narcotic Control Act. This Act provided for mandatory
minimum terms of imprisonment for certain drug offenders. In addition, such offenders
were made ineligible for parole consideration. [HUSBP]
On October 4, 1956, the Youth Corrections Act was made available to the federal
courts west of the Mississippi River. [HUSBP]
|
1958 |
On August 25, 1958, Congress approved legislation that allowed courts to impose
an adult sentence on which the prisoner would be eligible for parole consideration
after serving less than one-third of the maximum sentence. That is, in addition
to the traditional sentencing procedure under which the prisoner had to serve
one-third of the maximum sentence before being eligible for parole, the court
could now impose (1) a sentence with a period of parole ineligibility that was
less than one-third of the maximum sentence, or (2) a sentence with no period
of parole ineligibility. In addition, this legislation authorized a court to commit
an adult offender for a period of observation and study prior to sentencing, a
provision that earlier had been available only for youthful offenders. Furthermore,
this legislation provided for the judicial sentencing institutes for federal judges.
Finally, this legislation authorized the parole board to terminate releasees from
active supervision prior to the expiration of their maximum sentences. [HUSBP]
In addition, legislation passed in 1958 authorized the courts to use the provisions
of the Youth Corrections Act in certain cases for persons who were less
than 26 years of age at the time of conviction. [HUSBP]
|
1959 |
This first federal judicial sentencing institute was held at Boulder, Colorado.
A primary topic was the issue of unwarranted sentencing disparity. [HUSBP]
Congress passed the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.
This legislation barred certain individuals with criminal records from serving
in certain labor or labor-management positions. The federal parole board was given
the authority to conduct a hearing for any person who applied for relief from
the disabilities imposed by this legislation, and to grant exemptions from these
disabilities in deserving cases. [HUSBP]
The Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Parole describes the second
phase of a research study on offenders sentenced under the Youth Corrections
Act (pertaining to prison programming). [ARUSBP (1959)]
The Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Parole also notes the parole
board's evaluation of recidivism statistics indicates that (1) maturation appears
to be a significant factor in rehabilitation in that adult offenders have lower
recidivism rates than youth offenders, and (2) most parole violations occur within
the first or second year after parole and the number of warrants issued in the
fifth year after parole is "practically non-existent." [ARUSBP (1959)]
|
1961 |
In accordance with an opinion handed down by the Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia, the parole board adopted procedures allowing alleged parole/mandatory
release violators to have an attorney and/or voluntary witnesses present at a
revocation hearing conducted upon return to a federal institution. [HUSBP] |
1962 |
The parole board began making use of a new program initiated by the Bureau
of Prisons, involving the establishment of pre-release guidance centers in the
community to which the prisoner was to be released. Centers were first opened
in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The parole board could parole an individual
with the understanding that the individual would reside in a pre-release center
from two to four months prior to parole. Subsequently, additional pre-release
centers were opened in other cities. Eventually, state and privately-operated
centers were used on a contract basis. [HUSBP] |
1963 |
In accordance with an opinion handed down by the Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia, the parole board adopted procedures providing for preliminary
interviews for alleged parole/mandatory violators in the community in which the
alleged violation occurred. In addition, "local" revocation hearings, revocation
hearings in the community in which the alleged violation occurred, were authorized
to facilitate the appearance of voluntary witnesses. [HUSBP] |
1966 |
The Board cooperated with the Bureau of Prisons in the Bureau's development
of work-release programs. Selected prisoners were permitted to leave the institution
or a pre-release center to work in private industry or, in some cases, to attend
a trade school or college. Such placements generally were made within six months
of a projected release date. [HUSBP] |
1967 |
Congress passed the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act, which had provisions
for civil commitment of narcotic addicts as well as special provisions for those
convicted of criminal offenses. Under this Act, the maximum period of imprisonment
on a criminal commitment was fixed by the court with parole eligibility after
six months in treatment. A certificate of release readiness from the Surgeon General
was a prerequisite for parole. [HUSBP]
Congress also passed legislation transferring responsibility for D.C. youth
offenders confined in the D.C. Youth Center from the federal parole board to the
District of Columbia government. Supervision of such cases also was transferred
from U.S. Probation Officers to the District of Columbia government. [HUSBP]
|
1968 |
The parole board adopted a procedure for a "dispositional review" where a parolee
or mandatory releasee was serving a subsequent sentence and a violator warrant
was lodged as a detainer. Such a review could include a hearing at the place of
confinement if the parole board determined such a hearing was indicated. [HUSBP]
The National Training School for Boys was closed, and juveniles committed by
the District of Columbia Juvenile Court were placed in D.C. institutions. Accordingly,
the federal parole board had no further jurisdiction over D.C. juvenile offenders.
[HUSBP]
|
1969 |
The parole board requested and received a grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration for a large scale, three-year study of parole decision-making.
This study, under the co-directorship of Don M. Gottfredson, Director of the National
Council on Crime and Delinquency Research Center, and Leslie T. Wilkins, a professor
at the School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany, led
to a major revision in parole board practice. [HUSBP] |
1970 |
The parole board hired its first legal counsel (Joseph Barry). [HUSBP] |
1971 |
The parole board increased its complement of hearing examiners to eight. A
schedule was adopted under which parole board members conducted about one-third
of the hearings and hearing examiners conducted about two-thirds of the hearings.
This allowed parole board members more time for voting on cases. In general, decisions
were made by a concurrence of two parole board members. If the hearing was conducted
by a parole board member, the parole board member hearing the case cast the first
vote. The case file was then circulated among other parole board members at the
parole board's office in Washington, D.C., until a concurrence of two votes was
obtained. If the hearing was conducted by a hearing examiner, the examiner made
a recommendation but did not vote. The case file was then circulated among the
parole board members at the parole board's office in Washington, D.C., until a
concurrence of two votes was obtained. [HUSBP]
Congress passed legislation authorizing the parole board to impose a special
condition that a parolee or mandatory releasee reside in and/or participate in
a program of a community treatment center (formerly called a pre-release guidance
center) as a special condition of parole. This special condition could be used,
in some cases, as an alternative to parole revocation. [HUSBP]
Congress amended the Criminal Justice Act to provide for court-appointed
counsel for alleged parole and mandatory release violators who could not afford
to hire their own attorney. [HUSBP]
Congress also passed legislation authorizing hearing examiners to conduct
initial and revocation hearings for youth offenders. [HUSBP]
|
1972 |
The parole board began a pilot project that included the following goals: (1)
the development of explicit paroling policy guidelines to provide greater consistency
and equity in parole decision-making; (2) the provision of well-reasoned, written
decisions; (3) more timely decisions; (4) the development of procedures to provide
the opportunity for representatives to appear at parole hearings; (5) the development
of a two-level appellate process to provide greater due process; and (6) increased
liaison between the Board and related agencies. Key features of this project were
the decentralization of the parole board into five regions (each headed by a board
member) with the Chairman and two other members forming a National Appeals Board
in Washington, D.C.; the use of explicit guidelines for parole decision-making;
hearings conducted by panels of two hearing examiners with review by the regional
parole board member on the record; and the provision of written reasons for parole
decisions. [EUSBPR]
The first hearings under this reorganization project were conducted at the
Kennedy Youth Center in Morgantown, West Virginia in October 1972. [EUSBPR]
The pilot project comprised five Federal institutions in the northeast region
of the country. They were the Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; the Kennedy
Youth Center, Morgantown, West Virginia; the Reformatory for Women, Alderson,
West Virginia; the Reformatory, Petersburg, Virginia, and the Correctional Institution,
Danbury, Connecticut. [ARUSBP (1972-73)].
The parole board established a Research Unit and hired its first Research
Director (Peter Hoffman). [ARUSBP (1970-72)]
The explicit paroling policy guidelines adopted by the parole board were developed
in cooperation with a project funded by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
and conducted by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. The guidelines
were in the form of a two-dimensional grid. The seriousness of the prisoner's
current offense (offense severity) was considered on the vertical axis with six
categories (later increased to seven and then eight categories). The prisoner's
likelihood of recidivism (parole prognosis) was considered on the horizontal axis
with four categories. The dimension of parole prognosis was determined by use
of a "salient factor score," an empirically derived parole prediction instrument.
The intersections of the vertical and horizontal axes formed a grid containing
time ranges (such as 12-18 months). The time range set forth the parole board's
policy on the customary time to be served before release for a prisoner having
that offense seriousness and parole prognosis, assuming good institutional conduct.
Decisions outside the guidelines may be made for good cause and upon the provision
of case-specific written reasons. For example, misconduct in the institution might
warrant a decision above the applicable guideline range, and exceptionally good
participation in institutional programs might warrant a decision below the applicable
guideline range. [PDMR]
The parole board implemented the procedures for due process in the revocation
of parole set forth in Morrissey vs. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S. Ct. 2593.
[ARUSBP (1972-73)]
|
1973 |
In May 1973, Maurice Sigler, Chairman of the U.S. Board of Parole, submitted
the Board's reorganization proposal to the Department of Justice. In July 1973,
this proposal was approved by Attorney General Elliot Richardson. [EUSBPR]
The Research Center of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency published
a fourteen-volume set of reports on the Federal Parole Decision-Making Project.
[PDMR]
|
1974 |
Regional offices were established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Atlanta Georgia,
Dallas, Texas, Kansas City, Missouri, and Burlingame, California. Each regional
office included a parole board member, five hearing examiners, two case analysts,
and clerical staff. [EUSBPR]
The parole board's budget for Fiscal Year 74 was $2,025,000, up from 1,391,000
in Fiscal Year 73 and from approximately $500,000 in 1965. The increase from Fiscal
Year 73 to Fiscal Year 74 included the cost of implementing the reorganization.
Personnel increased from 48 positions in Fiscal Year 65 to 125 positions in Fiscal
Year 74. [EUSBPR]
|
1975 |
Each regional office has approximately 20 employees. A typical regional office
is staffed with a Board member acting as the Regional Director, an administrative
hearing examiner and four hearing examiners, a pre-release analyst, a post-release
analyst, and administrative and clerical support personnel. [EUSBPR]
Hearing examiner panels, each consisting of two persons, conduct parole interviews
at each institution within the region. At the conclusion of each interview, the
examiners inform the prisoner of the recommended (tentative) parole decision.
If the recommendations of the examiners differ, the prisoner is informed of both
recommendations. All panel decisions are reviewed in the regional office by an
administrative hearing examiner and the regional board member. It is the regional
board member who makes the final decision, subject to certain limitations (if
the regional board member wishes to alter a panel recommendation by more than
six months, the case must be sent to the national board members for review). After
a decision is made, a Notice of Action is mailed to the prisoner within 15 working
days of the hearing. If the prisoner is not granted parole at that time, the reasons
are given as part of the Notice of Action. If the prisoner is dissatisfied with
the decision, he or she has available a two-step administrative appeal process.
[EUSBPR]
According to a report of field visits by Department of Justice Management
Programs and Budget staff --
- The average hearing lasted 30 minutes. Revocation hearings took anywhere
from 45 to 90 minutes. The hearing began with a review of the inmate's file by
one hearing examiner while the other examiner dictated the results of the last
hearing. The review usually took 10 to 15 minutes. The offender's prior criminal
history was closely examined during the file review. After the file was reviewed
by one examiner, he provided a brief summary of the file to the other examiner,
who had completed dictating the results of the previous hearing.
- Prior to the interview with the inmate, the hearing panel discussed the inmate's
progress with the institutional case manager. At the beginning of the interview
with the inmate, the hearing examiner carefully explained the Board's procedures
to the inmate and his right to appeal the decision. The principal discussion points
initiated by the hearing examiners were: the validation of the salient factor
score, the inmate's offense and the surrounding circumstances of the crime, and
his institutional behavior and program participation.
- The inmate's remarks usually began with a description of the mitigating circumstances
of his offense and past criminal behavior. This was most often followed by the
inmate's statements regarding his participation in institutional programs and
his motivation to become a better citizen. The inmate usually made some reference
to his parole release plan. The period of time for the discussion with the inmate
ranged from five to 15 minutes. When an inmate's representative was present, the
discussion period required as much as one-half hour.
- Following the inmate's discussion, he was asked if he had any questions he
would like to ask the panel. If not, he left the room and the hearing examiners
discussed the case. In most instances, the decision-making process, which takes
from two to five minutes, was a straightforward application of the guidelines
and salient factors to the individual case.
- The inmate returned to the hearing room and was advised of the panel's tentative
decision. When parole was approved, the discussion continued on the completion
and validation of the release plan. When parole was denied, the examiners advised
the inmate of the reasons and the right to appeal the decision. The process of
advising the inmate of the decision required approximately five minutes.
- Most representatives who were observed by the evaluation teams were institutional
staff; however, relatives, prospective employers, and educators have appeared
at a number of hearings. Generally, hearing examiners and Bureau of Prisons institutional
staff agree that the inmate representative does not have a major effect on parole
decisions; however, the representatives can have a positive effect on the inmate's
attitude. Cases have occurred where Bureau of Prisons institutional staff members
serving as inmates' representatives have directly contradicted the observations
and recommendations of the inmate's caseworker. In these instances, the examiner
stated that the representative can have a major impact on their decision. [EUSBPR]
|
1976 |
The Parole Commission and Reorganization Act (Public Law 94-233) became
effective on May 14, 1976. A major revision of the statutes pertaining to parole,
this Act retitled the agency as the United States Parole Commission. The primary
provisions of this Act are listed below.
- The U.S. Parole Commission is created with a membership of nine Commissioners.
The Youth Correction Division was eliminated and its duties absorbed within the
new Commission.
- No fewer than five regions are mandated; a Regional Commissioner is placed
in charge of each. Three Commissioners are assigned to a National Appeals Board.
Authority and responsibilities of the Commission, the Chairman, and the Regional
Commissioners are set forth.
- Eligibility for parole for prisoners with long sentences, including life
terms, is reduced to ten years, from the previous fifteen years.
- Explicit Guidelines for Decision-Making are mandated.
- Reasons for denial of parole must be provided to the prisoner in writing.
Decisions outside the guidelines must be for "good cause" and must contain specific
written reasons for such departure.
- Parole applicants have a right to examine their own case file (with limited
exceptions) prior to the hearing.
- Parole applicants may be accompanied at their hearings by a representative
of their choice, who may make a statement on the applicant's behalf.
- If a prisoner's sentence is less than seven years, he must be reviewed no
later than at 18 month intervals after the initial hearing. If this sentence is
seven years or more, he must be reviewed no later than at 24 month intervals following
the initial hearing.
- Prisoners with terms of five years or more and satisfactory institutional
conduct must be paroled after service of two-thirds of the term, unless the Commission
finds that there is a "reasonable probability" of further crime.
- A two-level appeal system is mandated.
- Regular and special conditions of release set by the Commission may be modified
only after an opportunity has been offered to the releasee to comment on the proposed
modifications. Such modifications are also appealable.
- The Commission must review a parolee's progress under supervision after two
years and at least annually thereafter, and may terminate supervision prior to
completion of the sentenced term. Termination of supervision ends the jurisdiction
of the Commission over the releasee.
- After five years of supervision in the community, the Commission must terminate
jurisdiction unless it finds, after a hearing, that there is a likelihood of further
crime. Such decision is appealable.
- At the discretion of the Commission, alleged violators may be summoned to
a hearing in lieu of being arrested on a warrant, and may be released under supervision
pending a revocation hearing.
- Reviews of parole violation warrants placed as a detainer, while a prisoner
is serving a subsequent sentence, must be reviewed within 180 days and a decision
made with regard to disposition of the warrant.
- Alleged parole violators have the right to confront "adverse" witnesses at
a preliminary interview and any revocation hearing held in the local community.
At such interview or at any revocation hearing, the prisoner may be represented
by an attorney (either retained or appointed). Voluntary witnesses may also be
present.
- A preliminary interview is not necessary if the releasee has been convicted
of a crime while under supervision.
- The Commission may subpoena witnesses in revocation proceedings.
- Following revocation, the parolee receives credit for time under supervision
in the community unless he has been convicted of a crime committed while under
supervision. If he absconded from supervision, he is credited with the time from
the date of release to supervision to the date of such absconding.
- Attorney representation, privately retained or court appointed, is permitted
in any revocation proceeding and at any termination hearing scheduled after five
years on parole. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]
|
1977 |
The Parole Commission modified the permissible grounds for a prisoner's appeal
to make them more specific. The modified grounds for appeal are:
- That the guidelines were incorrectly applied.
- That a decision outside the guidelines was not supported by the reasons of
facts as stated.
- That especially mitigating circumstances justify a different decision.
- That a decision was based on erroneous information and the actual facts justify
a different decision.
- That the Commission did not follow correct procedure in deciding the case,
and a different decision would have resulted if the error had not occurred.
- There was significant information in existence but not know at the time of
the hearing.
- There are compelling reasons why a more lenient decision should be rendered
on grounds of compassion. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]
Mexico and the United States signed a treaty for the mutual exchange of prisoners
incarcerated for crimes while transient aliens within each nation's jurisdiction.
The Commission's legal staff participated with the State Department and other
units of the Department of Justice in the development of prisoner transfer treaties
and implementing legislation. In December 1977, 154 U.S. citizens convicted of
crimes in Mexico were transferred to the United States. A special docket was set
up to provide prompt parole hearings to these cases. Shortly thereafter, Canada
and Bolivia followed this precedent by establishing similar treaties with the
United States. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]
After a pilot test of the concept in the Parole Commission's Western Region,
the Commission implemented a new procedure that has come to be called "presumptive
parole." The purpose of the presumptive parole procedure is to provide the prisoner
at the beginning of his sentence a date on which it is presumed that release will
take place, provided the prisoner maintains a good institutional adjustment and
has developed adequate release plans. This procedure is designed to remove much
of the dysfunctional uncertainty and anxiety surrounding the parole process, while
retaining the flexibility to deal with substantial changes in circumstances. Presumptive
parole procedures went into effect in September 1977. All prisoners with seven
years or less (regardless of sentence procedure) and all prisoners with no minimum
sentences are heard within 120 days of commitment or as soon thereafter as practicable.
A presumptive release date may be set up to four years from the date of the initial
hearing (previously, parole dates were set up to six months from the date of the
hearing). If a presumptive release date is not set within four years from the
date of the initial hearing, the prisoner will be continued to a reconsideration
hearing four years from the date of the initial hearing (a "four-year reconsideration
hearing"). In addition, interim hearings are conducted as required by statute
to consider whether there are any substantial positive or negative changes in
circumstances (e.g., outstanding institutional program achievement, disciplinary
infractions) that may warrant modifying the presumptive release date originally
set. In addition, a prerelease record review is conducted to ensure that the conditions
of the presumptive release date (good institutional conduct and a suitable release
plan) have been satisfied. Failure to satisfy these conditions may result in retardation
of the release date or the scheduling of a rescission hearing. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]
|
1978 |
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected
Reprints, Volume I. [PDMSR (1)]
In October 1978, the Commission began a periodic review of its paroling policy
guidelines at 28 C.F.R. 2.20 and 2.21. In addition to its usual publishing and
posting of the proposal, copies were sent to over 1,000 interested persons. Public
hearings were held in Atlanta, Denver, and Washington, D.C., and at the Atlanta
and Englewood facilities of the Bureau of Prisons. Testimony was received from
69 witnesses, generating over 3,000 pages of transcript. Those giving their views
included representatives from the Judiciary, defense and prosecution attorneys,
federal prisoners, enforcement agencies, the Bureau of Prisons, the Probation
Service, state correctional systems, and scholars. As a result of this effort,
certain listed offense behaviors were defined more specifically, certain previously
unlisted offense behaviors were added to the guidelines, and certain offense behaviors
were moved from one category to another or subdivided. The revised paroling policy
guidelines became effective June 4, 1979. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
|
1979 |
Decision guidelines were established for decisions to retard or rescind a parole
on account of institutional misconduct. These guidelines are set forth at 28 C.F.R.
2.36. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
Decision guidelines were established to reward sustained superior program
achievement by a reduction from a previously established presumptive release date.
The advancement for superior program achievement under these guidelines was deliberately
kept modest. It is the intent of the Commission to encourage voluntary program
participation, not superficial attendance in programs merely in an attempt to
impress the parole decision-makers. These guidelines are set forth at 28 C.F.R.
2.60. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
|
1980 |
The Parole Commission's presumptive release date procedures were expanded.
Under the revised procedures, presumptive release dates are set up to ten years
from the date of the initial hearing. A defendant who does not receive a presumptive
release date will be scheduled for a ten-year reconsideration hearing. Procedures
for interim hearings, as required by statute, to review the case for any significant
changes in circumstances are unchanged. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
From April 9-11, 1980, the Parole Commission, in joint sponsorship with the
National Institute of Corrections, conducted the Third National Parole Symposium.
The conference was held at the University of Maryland at College Park. United
States District Judge Frank A. Kaufman, Governor Brendan T. Byrne of New Jersey,
and Charles Silberman, author of Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice, were featured
speakers. Approximately 250 persons attended. The proceedings of the conference
were published as Parole in the 1980's: Proceedings of the National Parole
Symposium. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected
Reprints, Volume II. [PDMSR (2)]
|
1981 |
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected
Reprints, Volume III. [PDMSR (3)]
Effective August 31, 1981, the Parole Commission, as a result of a research
study, revised its Salient factor Score, an actuarial device used in determining
risk of recidivism. The new Salient Factor Score (SFS 81) includes six items,
which, when added together, produce a score with a range from zero to ten points.
The higher the score, the higher is the likelihood of favorable outcome. SFS 81
demonstrates predictive validity and stability equivalent to that of the seven-item
predictive device previously used by the Commission. Of prime importance, the
revised device holds promise for greater scoring reliability and ease of scoring.
[ARUSPC (1980-83)]
|
1982 |
The Parole Commission published the first Rules and Procedures Manual,
which consolidated the Parole Commission's rules (28 C.F.R. 2.1 et seq.)
with the accompanying procedures. Previously, these had been published separately.
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected
Reprints, Volume IV. [PDMSR (4)]
|
1983 |
Effective January 31, 1983, the Parole Commission revised its offense severity
scale. The revision, which used the format of the proposed revision of the federal
criminal code, was designed to make the severity scale more comprehensive, to
improve its clarity and organization, and to reflect changes in Commission policy
for particular offenses. [ARUSPC (1980-83)] |
1984 |
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-473, October
12, 1984) was passed. This legislation provided for the creation of a United States
Sentencing Commission to promulgate explicit decision guidelines (by May 1, 1986)
to be used by Federal judges in making sentencing decisions. The Chairman of the
Parole Commission serves as an ex officio, non voting member of the Sentencing
Commission. The Parole Commission was to be abolished five years from the date
the sentencing guidelines took effect. During the five-year transition period,
the Parole Commission was to continue in existence to handle cases of parole eligible
defendants convicted of offenses committed before November 1, 1987. Cases sentenced
under the new law would serve determinate sentences with limited reduction for
good time (about 15%). For such cases, post-release supervision would be called
supervised release rather than parole, and decisions regarding the conditions
of supervised release and revocation would be made by the courts rather than by
the Parole Commission. This legislation also repealed Youth Corrections Act.
The legislation did not, however, affect parole eligibility for military code
or D.C. Code offenders or the Parole Commission's responsibility for making parole
release decisions for military code and D.C. Code offenders confined in Bureau
of Prisons institutions.
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 also eliminated the Parole
Commission's intermediate administrative appeal (regional appeal), providing a
one-step rather than a two-step administrative appeal. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected
Reprints, Volume V. [PDMSR (5)]
|
1985 |
Due to a delay in the appointment of the first members of the Sentencing Commission,
legislation was enacted that extended the date for the first sentencing guidelines
by one year (until May 1, 1987). |
1986 |
The Parole Commission sought various legislative initiatives to facilitate
the transition between the current and new systems. Legislation was enacted (Public
Law 99-646, November 10, 1986) containing two provisions that afforded the Parole
Commission flexibility to facilitate its phase out. First, the legislation eliminated
the requirement of "no less than five regions." Second, it authorized hearings
conducted by one examiner (with the requirement of a panel of two hearing examiners
met by a review on the record by the second examiner). [ARUSPC (1985-86)]
The Parole Commission also provided assistance to the newly created Sentencing
Commission. As the move toward the establishment of federal sentencing guidelines
was based, in large part, on the successful development and use of federal parole
guidelines, much of the research conducted and experience gained in the parole
context was directly relevant to the sentencing guidelines' effort. The Parole
Commission provided a number of data bases for the Sentencing Commission's use,
and staffs of both agencies met regularly to examine the data, review the documentation,
and discuss the empirical findings. [ARUSPC (1985-86)]
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected
Reprints, Volume VI. [PDMSR (6)]
In March 1986, the Parole Commission implemented an experimental program,
called Special Curfew Parole, to provide a substitute for Community Treatment
Center residence for the 60-day period preceding the otherwise scheduled parole
release date. This program, a joint effort of the Parole Commission, the U.S.
Bureau of Prisons, and the U.S. Probation System, was designed for prisoners who
were transferred to Community Treatment Centers for a 30-120 day period prior
to parole, but who no longer required the support services provided there. Under
this program, a qualified prisoner could have his release date advanced by up
to 60 days on the condition that he remain at his place of residence between the
hours of 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. each night unless given permission in advance
by his probation officer. The Probation Service provided high-activity supervision
of the parolee during this period (at least weekly in person contact as well as
monitoring compliance with the curfew by random telephone calls). Failure to comply
with this special condition could result in imposition of Community Treatment
Center residence as a condition of parole or revocation of parole and return to
prison. Implemented as a cost-reduction procedure through which the Bureau of
Prisons could reduce the number and expense of inmates confined in Community Treatment
Centers, this project saved over one million dollars in its first eighteen months
of operation. [ARUSPC (1985-86)]
In collaboration with the Bureau of Prisons and the National Institute of Justice,
the Parole Commission initiated an experimental program in which selected prisoners
would have their parole dates advanced if they volunteered to complete 400 hours
of "reparative work." Reparative work is defined as unpaid volunteer work for
public or nonprofit private agencies (such as the Volunteers of America, the Salvation
Army, or Goodwill Industries). The purpose of the project was to develop an alternative
form of punishment that returned something of value to the community and, at the
same time, saved prison bed space. During the first phase of the project, 100
prisoners in selected cities each completed the 400 hours of reparative work while
residing in halfway houses. These prisoners logged 38,481 hours of unpaid service,
work which would have cost the participating agencies over $168,000 for paid employees
to perform. In return, release dates were advanced by 5,538 days, providing a
substantial savings in prison bed space. Upon release, some parolees were offered
full-time paid positions with the agencies they had worked for in the program.
A second phase of the program was begun at the Federal Correctional Institution
at Forth Worth. In this phase, a limited number of prisoners performed reparative
work in the community while still residing at the institution. [ARUSPC (1985-86)]
|
1987 |
On April 14, 1987, the U.S. Sentencing Commission transmitted its initial sentencing
guidelines to Congress. These guidelines took effect, as scheduled, on November
1, 1987, and applied to all defendants whose offenses were committed on or after
that date.
The Bureau of Prisons reported that the cumulative savings from the Special
Curfew Parole Project exceeded two million dollars and requested that the program
be extended indefinitely. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]
The Parole Commission was accredited by the American Correctional Association's
Commission on Accreditation.
The Parole Commission initiated a "Community Control Project," a joint effort
with the Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Probation System, using electronic monitoring
to ensure compliance with a curfew. Because of population pressures, the Bureau
of Prisons was placing offenders in halfway houses up to six months prior to release
even if there was no treatment need for such placement. Under this experimental
program, selected low-treatment-need offenders were released to the community
up to 180 days prior to their normally scheduled parole date with a curfew, electronic
monitoring, and intensive supervision substituted for Community Treatment Center
placement. Two districts (Southern District of Florida and Central District of
California) were selected for this project. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]
The Reparative Work Project was terminated. During the two phases, 132 offenders
each performed 400 hours of reparative work and had their parole dates advanced
by up to 60 days. A total of 51,281 hours of unpaid community service work was
completed and participants had their parole dates advanced by a total of 7,458
days. The value of the work done was estimated to be over $225,000 (for paid employees
to have done the same work) and the project was well received by the non-profit
agencies involved. Despite these positive findings, the project was terminated
because the Bureau of Prisons did not believe that the staff time needed to monitor
the project could be spared given the current level of overcrowding. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]
|
1988 |
The Special Curfew Parole Project continued. The cumulative number of offenders
participating reached 3,000. Very few problems were reported and the revocation
rate for violations occurring while on curfew parole was less than three percent.
[ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Community Control Project continued. To date, 120 offenders have participated
in this project. During the year, the project was expanded to four additional
districts. [ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 gave the Parole Commission jurisdiction
over new-law transfer treaty cases (transfer treaty cases in which the offense
was committed on or after November 1, 1987). In such cases, the Parole Commission
is to determine the release date by applying the sentencing guidelines promulgated
by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. [ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 also gave the Parole Commission continuing
responsibility over all state defendants who are accepted into the U.S. Marshals
Service Witness Protection Program. Once a state defendant is accepted into this
program, the Parole Commission assumes jurisdiction over the case.
Fifty percent of the initial hearings conducted in Fiscal Year 1988 involved
offenders with drug-related convictions, 26% involved property crimes, and another
11% involved crimes of violence (murder, kidnapping, arson, robbery, and assault).
[ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Commission's had 179 authorized positions (Commissioners and staff) and
a budget of $11,665,000.
|
1989 |
The Parole Commission began an Intensive Supervision Project with the U.S.
Probation Office for the District of Maryland for high risk cases. [ARUSPC (1988-89)]
The number of hearings conducted by the Parole Commission began to decline
as the sentencing guidelines took effect for defendants who committed offenses
on or after November 1, 1987. In Fiscal Years 1987 and 1988, the Commission conducted
19,796 and 20,465 hearings, respectively. In Fiscal Year 1989, the number of hearings
declined to 16,619. [ARUSPC (1988-89)]
|
1990 |
The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the life of the Parole
Commission by an additional five years until November 1, 1997, because the Comprehensive
Crime Control Act of 1984 had failed to make adequate provision for the handling
of old-law cases. Retrospective abolition of parole release consideration (for
defendants who had already committed their offenses) would raise a serious constitutional
issue under the ex post facto clause. [ARUSPC (1989-90)]
The Parole Commission has jurisdiction over the following cases: (1) "Old Law"
Cases (persons sentenced to prison terms of more than one year for offenses committed
prior to November 1, 1987, unless sentenced under a statute expressly prohibiting
parole eligibility); (2) Transfer Treaty Cases (persons transferred to the United
States from foreign countries to complete service of a foreign sentence, regardless
of the date of the offense); (3) State Witness Protection Cases (probationers
and parolees serving state sentences who are transferred to federal jurisdiction
because of participation in the Federal Witness Protection Program, regardless
of the date of the offense); (4) D.C. Code Offenders in Federal Institutions (persons
sentenced under the District of Columbia Code who are confined in correctional
facilities of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, regardless of the date of the offense);
and (5) Military Offenders in Federal Institutions (persons convicted of military
offenses who are confined in correctional facilities of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons,
regardless of the date of the offense).
The number of Parole Commission hearings continued to decline as the sentencing
guidelines were applied to new-law cases by the courts. There were 13,568 hearings
conducted in Fiscal Year 1990. This included 903 hearings for D.C. Code offenders
housed in federal institutions. [ARUSPC (1989-90)]
The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American Correctional Association's
Commission on Accreditation.
|
1991 |
The Parole Commission's workload continued to decline. In Fiscal Year 1991,
10,720 hearings were conducted. [ARUSPC (1990-91)]
In August 1991, as part of its phase down effort, the Parole Commission closed
its Philadelphia and Atlanta Regional Offices and consolidated these operations
in a new Eastern Regional Office, co-housed with the Headquarters Office in Chevy
Chase, Maryland. [ARUSPC (1990-91)]
The Special Curfew Parole Project, which had started in 1986, reached a cumulative
total of 3,500 cases. As electronic monitoring (started under the Community Control
Project) became available in each judicial district, it replaced the curfew parole
project. [ARUSPC (1990-91)]
Due to the Parole Commission's phase down, its research unit was eliminated.
[ARUSPC (1990-91)]
|
1992 |
The Parole Commission, in cooperation with the U.S. Probation Service, developed
an experimental project to place technical parole violators in "sanction centers,"
rather than return them to prison. In 1992, two sanction centers were opened,
one in the Baltimore, Maryland, area and one in the Washington, D.C. area. [ARUSPC
(1991-92)]
The Parole Commission's Intensive Supervision Project in Hyattsville and Baltimore,
Maryland, which had started in 1988, was terminated due to the downsizing of the
Commission. An evaluation of the Hyattsville project, prepared by the National
Center on Institutions and Alternatives, concluded that the early intervention
and increased surveillance of the project provided a tool for preventing escalating
criminal behavior. [ARUSPC (1991-92)]
|
1993 |
The number of hearing conducted in Fiscal Year 1993 was 6,769, down from 9,307
hearings in Fiscal Year 1992, and slightly less than one half of the 13,568 hearings
conducted in Fiscal Year 1990. [ARUSPC (1992-93)] |
1994 |
As part of its phase-down effort, the Commission closed its Dallas Regional
Offices and consolidated that operation in its Eastern Regional Office co-housed
with the Headquarters Office in Chevy Chase, Maryland. This closing resulted in
a savings of more than one million dollars in operating funds and reduced the
number of Commission personnel by 22 positions. The Commission also eliminated
a number of mid-management positions. [ARUSPC (1993-94)]
Given the requirement for the downsizing of the Commission, the Commission
began using single hearing examiners to conduct parole hearings. From 1974 to
1994, hearings had been conducted by two-person panels of hearing examiners. Under
the revised procedure, a second examiner would review the case record and hearing
summary at the Commission's office. [ARUSPC (1993-94)]
The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American Correctional Association's
Commission on Accreditation.
|
1995 |
The Parole Commission revised the Salient Factor Score by adding an additional
item for older offenders. The revised Salient Factor Score was designated as SFS
95.
The Parole Commission published a Desk Book on Training and Reference Materials
as part of a program of staff training.
|
1996 |
The Parole Commission closed its Kansas City Regional Office and consolidated
that operation in its Eastern Regional Office co-housed with the Headquarters
Office in Chevy Chase, Maryland. As with the closing of the Dallas Regional Office
in 1993, this closing resulted in a savings of more than one million dollars in
operating funds and reduced the number of Commission personnel by 22 positions.
With the closing of this office, all Commission functions are conducted from its
Chevy Chase, Maryland, office.
Congress passed the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996. This Act
extended the life of the Parole Commission by an additional five years (until
November 1, 2002). In addition, it reinstated the twelve-year limitation on total
service as a Parole Commissioner, and provided for the reduction in the number
of Parole Commissioners to two Commissioners on December 31, 1999, and to one
Commissioner on December 31, 2001. Furthermore, it required the Attorney General
to report to the Congress annually, beginning in May 1998, as to whether it is
more cost effective for the Parole Commission to remain a separate agency or whether
its functions should be transferred elsewhere. If the Attorney General recommends
incorporating the Commission's functions in another component of the Department
of Justice, the Attorney General's plan shall take effect in November of the year
in which it is submitted unless Congress, by law, provides otherwise. If the Commission's
functions are transferred to another component within the Department of Justice,
all laws pertaining to these functions remain in effect notwithstanding the November
1, 2002, termination date for the Commission set forth elsewhere in the legislation.
The Parole Commission, with the assistance of a grant from the Office For
Victims of Crime, established two Victim/Witness Coordinator positions, and developed
a program to enhance the Commission's responsiveness to victims and witnesses
at revocation hearings.
Due to the phasing down of the Parole Commission, the Commission had 48 positions
(Commissioners and staff) at the end of 1996, a substantial reduction from 145
positions in 1992. At the beginning of 1996, there were six Parole Commissioners.
By the end of 1996, this number was reduced to three due to resignations and the
provisions of the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996. The Commission's
budget was $5,446,000.
|
1997 |
The Parole Commission began an experimental project in which parole hearings
are conducted using video-conferencing equipment. In February 1997, the first
hearings in this project were conducted for prisoners at the Federal Correctional
Institution in Oakdale, Louisiana.
The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act
of 1997 gave the Parole Commission several additional responsibilities. First,
it provided for the abolition of the District of Columbia Board of Parole by August
5, 2000 and the transfer of its responsibilities to the U.S. Parole Commission.
The Act required the Parole Commission to assume jurisdiction by August 5, 1998
over all parole release decisions for felony prisoners confined under D.C. Code
felony sentences, and to assume jurisdiction by August 5, 2000 over parole and
mandatory release supervision and revocation decisions for all persons serving
D.C. Code felony sentences. Second, the Act required the District of Columbia
to move to a determinate sentencing system (at least for certain offenses), provided
for terms of supervised release to follow these determinate sentences, and gave
the Parole Commission ongoing responsibility for supervision and revocation decisions
for D.C. Code offenders subject to terms of supervised release under the new determinate
sentencing system. Third, it increased the authorized size of the Commission to
five Commissioners.
The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American Correctional Association's
Commission on Accreditation.
|
1998 |
The Parole Commission revised the Salient Factor Score by increasing the weight
given to prior commitments and age at offense, and deleting the drug-abuse item.
The revised Salient Factor Score was designated as SFS 98.
The Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over parole grant hearings for
D.C. Code felony offenders confined in District of Columbia Institutions (effective
August 5, 1998). The District of Columbia Board of Parole continued to make post-release
supervision and revocation decisions for D.C. Code cases.
|
2000 |
The Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over supervision and revocation
decisions for D.C. Code parolees and mandatory releasees (effective August 5,
2000). The District of Columbia Board of Parole was abolished.
The District of Columbia moved to a determinate sentencing system for all
D.C. Code offenses committed on or after August 5, 2000 (The Sentencing Reform
Amendment Act of 2000). (As the law was signed at 5:00 p.m. on August 11,
2001, offenses committed on or after August 5, 2001 but before 5:00 p.m. on August
11, 2001 may be subject to the provisions of the ex post facto clause.).
Court-imposed terms of supervised release are mandatory for felony offenders sentenced
to imprisonment. For felony offenders sentenced to imprisonment for more than
one year, the length of the term of supervised release is fixed by statute at
five years (if the maximum term of imprisonment authorized for the offense is
twenty-five years or more) or three years (if the maximum term of imprisonment
authorized for the offense is more than one year but less than twenty-five years),
except in the case of certain sexual offenses for which longer terms of supervised
release are authorized. By statute, the Parole Commission is responsible for supervision
and revocation decisions for these offenders.
|
2001 |
The first D.C. Code determinate-sentence offenders were released on supervised
release under the jurisdiction of the Parole Commission.
The Parole Commission began using its hearing examiners to conduct probable
cause hearings in D.C. Code parole violation cases. Previously, probable cause
hearings for alleged D.C. Code parole violators had been conducted by personnel
of the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency.
The Commission re-established the position of research director.
In FY 2001, the Commission had an authorized total of 81 positions (Commissioners
and staff) and a budget of $8,836,000.
|
2002 |
Due to the additional responsibilities given the Parole Commission by The
National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997, the
Commission was authorized a total of 100 positions (Commissioners and staff)
for FY 2002 and a budget of $9,876,000.
The Parole Commission published a revised Desk Book on Training and Reference
Materials for hearing examiners and analysts as part of a program of staff
training.
The 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization
Act of 2002 extended the life of the Parole Commission until November 1, 2005.
|
Back to top
PART 2 - BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MEMBERS AND COMMISSIONERS
OF THE U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE AND U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION
A. OVERVIEW
Sixty-three men and women have served as Members/Commissioners of the U.S.
Board of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission. There have been fifty-one men and eleven
women appointed. Their backgrounds have included law, medicine, law enforcement,
institutional corrections, probation and parole, education, social work, and business.
From 1930-1950, federal parole board members were appointed by the Attorney
General. Originally, the Board of Parole had three members. In 1945, two additional
members were appointed.
Beginning in 1950, federal parole board members were appointed by the President
with the advice and consent of the Senate for six-year, staggered terms, and their
number was increased to eight. At the end of his or her term, a member who had
not been reappointed would continue to serve until his successor had been appointed
and qualified. In the case of a vacancy, an appointment filling the vacancy would
be for the unexpired portion of the term.
In 1976, the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act increased the
number of federal parole board members (now called Parole Commissioners) to nine,
and changed the provisions governing their terms in two respects. First, it provided
that future appointments would be for full, six-year terms, effective on the date
the appointee took office. Second, it provided that no person could serve a total
of more than twelve years as a Parole Commissioner.
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 extended the terms of Parole
Commissioners holding office on the date of the taking effect of the sentencing
guidelines (November 1, 1987) for an additional five years (until November 1,
1992) and removed the twelve-year limitation on total service as a Parole Commissioner.
The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the terms of the Parole
Commissioners holding office on November 1, 1987, by an additional five years
(until November 1, 1997).
The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 reinstated the twelve-year
limitation on total service as a Parole Commissioner. It also provided for the
reduction in the number of Parole Commissioners to two Commissioners on December
31, 2000, and to one Commissioner on December 31, 2001.
The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act
of 1997 increased the authorized size of the Parole Commission to five Commissioners.
Subpart B lists the Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S.
Parole Commission by dates of service.
Subpart C provides a brief biographical sketch of each Member/Commissioner.
B. LIST OF MEMBERS/COMMISSIONERS BY DATES OF SERVICE
Dates of Service
Commissioner |
from |
to |
1. Amy N. Stannard |
06/30 |
07/35 |
2. Irvin B. Tucker |
06/30 |
01/35 |
3. Arthur D. Wood |
06/30 |
03/46 |
4. Charles Whelan |
02/35 |
01/39 |
5. T. Webber Wilson |
07/35 |
09/47 |
6. Edward P. Reidy |
06/39 |
02/47 |
7. Douglas P. Lucas |
03/46 |
01/47 |
8. Fred S. Rogers |
01/47 |
07/53 |
9. B. J. Monkiewicz |
06/47 |
08/53 |
10. Daniel M. Lyons |
09/47 |
05/48 |
11. George G. Killinger |
05/48 |
07/58 |
12. Joseph H. DeWitt |
10/48 |
08/53 |
13. James A. Johnston |
10/48 |
09/54 |
14. Richard A. Chappell |
08/53 |
09/54 |
|
10/59 |
12/65 |
15. Dorothy McCullough Lee |
08/53 |
08/56 |
16. George J. Reed |
08/53 |
11/64 |
|
05/69 |
01/78 |
17. Scovel Richardson |
08/53 |
04/57 |
18. Paul W. Tappan |
08/53 |
09/54 |
19. Lewis J. Grout |
09/54 |
12/65 |
20. John E. Henry |
09/54 |
09/62 |
21. William F. Howland, Jr. |
07/55 |
04/72 |
22. Gerald E. Murch |
07/55 |
12/73 |
23. Eva Bowring |
11/56 |
09/64 |
24. Harvey G. Straub |
09/57 |
01/58 |
25. Edward J. Donovan |
09/58 |
04/63 |
26. Homer L. Benson |
11/62 |
07/69 |
27. James A. Carr, Jr. |
04/63 |
01/67 |
28. Zeigel W. Neff |
10/64 |
09/70 |
29. Charlotte Paul Reese |
12/64 |
10/70 |
30. William T. Woodard, Jr. |
09/66 |
12/74 |
31. Walter Dunbar |
06/67 |
02/71 |
32. William E. Amos |
07/69 |
11/80 |
33. Paula A. Tennant |
11/70 |
11/77 |
|
12/83 |
06/86 |
34. Curtis C. Crawford |
11/70 |
11/77 |
35. Maurice H. Sigler |
08/71 |
10/76 |
36. Thomas R. Holsclaw |
10/72 |
09/75 |
37. Lawrence A. Carpenter |
05/74 |
12/76 |
38. Philip H. Modlin |
02/75 |
03/75 |
49. Joseph A. Nardoza |
11/75 |
01/82 |
40. J. Robert Cooper |
05/76 |
09/78 |
41. Dorothy Parker |
10/76 |
10/82 |
42. Cecil C. McCall |
11/77 |
12/83 |
43. Benjamin J. Malcolm |
11/77 |
07/84 |
44. Robert Vincent |
11/77 |
09/83 |
45. Audrey A. R. Kaslow |
11/77 |
11/83 |
46. O.J. Keller |
19/78 |
10/84 |
47. Richard T. Mulcrone |
10/78 |
01/82 |
48. Cameron M. Batjer |
11/81 |
10/90 |
49. Benjamin F. Baer |
01/82 |
04/91 |
50. Victor M.F. Reyes |
12/82 |
12/92 |
51. Carol Pavilack Getty |
03/83 |
04/96 |
52. Vincent J. Fechtel, Jr. |
11/83 |
04/96 |
53. Helen G. Corrothers |
12/83 |
10/85 |
54. Daniel Raul Lopez |
07/84 |
11/90 |
55. Jasper R. Clay, Jr. |
10/84 |
10/96 |
56. Saundra Brown Armstrong |
07/86 |
01/89 |
57. George MacKenzie Rast |
10/86 |
06/90 |
58. John R. Simpson |
04/92 |
present |
59. Edward F. Reilly, Jr. |
08/92 |
present |
60. Michael J. Gaines |
09/94 |
05/03 |
61. Marie F. Ragghianti |
12/99 |
12/00 |
62. Janie L. Jeffers |
12/99 |
12/00 |
63. Timothy E. Jones, Sr. |
01/01 |
08/01 |
64. Cranston J. Mitchell |
03/03 |
present |
C. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MEMBERS/COMMISSIONERS
1. |
Amy N. Stannard |
|
Birth Date: |
April 17, 1894 (Appelton, Wisconsin). |
|
Education: |
B. A. and M.D., University of California. |
|
Employment: |
Medical Officer, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, D.C. (1923-1930). |
|
Civic Works: |
Psychiatric Consultant, Life Adjustment Clinic and Juvenile Protective Association;
Lecturer in Mental Hygiene, San Francisco Teacher's College. |
|
Appointment: |
June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Dwight Mitchell. Term expired on July 24,
1935. Continued in post-graduate psychiatric work. |
2. |
Irvin B. Tucker |
|
Birth Date: |
September 17, 1878 (Whiteville, North Carolina). |
|
Education: |
North Carolina State College (1897-1900); University of North Carolina
(1900). Admitted to the Bar (1901). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney (Private Practice) Whiteville, N.C.(1901-1921); U.S.
Attorney (1921-1923); Attorney (private practice) (1923-1925); U.S. Attorney (1925-1930). |
|
Appointment: |
June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Charles B. Sisson. Resigned
on January 31, 1935. |
3. |
Arthur D. Wood |
|
Birth Date: |
October 3, 1876 (Little Falls, Minnesota). |
|
Education: |
High School Graduate. |
|
Employment: |
Judge, Probate and Juvenile Court, Alger County, Michigan (1908-1926); Commissioner
of Pardons and Paroles, Michigan (1926-1930). |
|
Appointment: |
June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Dwight Mitchell. Served as Chairman during
entire term. Resigned on March 20, 1946, to accept position as Expert Consultant
in Justice Department. Retired from government service on October 31, 1946. |
4. |
Charles Whelan |
|
Birth Date: |
July 9, 1873 (Gallion, Alabama). |
|
Education: |
Bellevue Academy, Birmingham, Alabama; Georgetown College, Washington, D.C.;
University of Virginia; M.D., University of Alabama (1896). |
|
Employment: |
Physician, private practice, Birmingham, Alabama (1896-19O8); City Physician
in Charge of Prisons, Birmingham, Alabama (1908-1918); Welfare Director (Physician),
American Radiator Co. (1918-1929). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, Medical Association of the State of Alabama. |
|
Appointment: |
February 1, 1935, by Attorney General Homer Cummings. Died on January 27,
1939. |
5. |
T. Webber Wilson |
|
Birth Date: |
January 19, 1893 (Coldwater, Mississippi). |
|
Education: |
B.A. and LL.B., University of Mississippi. Admitted to the Bar (1913). |
|
Employment: |
Prosecuting Attorney, Jones County, Mississippi (1915-1919); U.S. District
Attorney, Mississippi (1919-1923); Member of Congress (1923-1929); Attorney, Laurel,
Mississippi (1929-1933); U.S. District Judge, Virgin Islands (1933-1935). |
|
Appointment: |
July 25, 1935, by Attorney General Homer Cummings. Served as Chairman from
April 11, 1946, to September 9, 1947. Resigned on September 1, 1947, to return
to private law practice in Laurel, Mississippi. |
6. |
Edward P. Reidy |
|
Birth Date: |
January 9, 1898 (Worcester, Massachusetts). |
|
Education: |
B.B.A., Boston University (1922); B.Ed., Clark University (1925). |
|
Employment: |
High School Teacher/Assistant Principal, Williamsburg, Massachusetts (1922-1925);
High School Teacher, Ansonia, Connecticut (1925); High School Teacher, Providence,
Rhode Island (1926-1936); Director of Public Welfare, Providence, R.I. (1929-1936);
Director of Public Welfare, State of Rhode Island (1936-1938). |
|
Civic Works: |
Chairman, Providence Council of Social Agencies. |
|
Appointment: |
June 12, 1939, by Attorney General Frank Murphy. Resigned on February 5,
1947, to accept position of Director of Social Welfare for Rhode Island. |
7. |
Douglas P. Lucas |
|
Birth Date: |
April 11, 1881. |
|
Education: |
March 20, 1946, by Attorney General Tom Clark. Resigned on January 10, 1947. |
|
|
(no other information available) |
8. |
Fred S. Rogers |
|
Birth Date: |
April 19. 1897 (Beeville, Texas). |
|
Education: |
High School; studied in law office in Texas. Admitted to the Bar (1909). |
|
Employment: |
Major, U.S. Army (1917-1918); Attorney, Texas (1919-1931); County Attorney,
Fannin County Texas (1927-1931); Member, State Board of Pardons & Paroles,
Texas (1934-1935); Attorney, Austin, Texas (1935-1941); Attorney, U.S. Department
of Justice (1941-1947). |
|
Appointment: |
January 12, 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Retired on July 31, 1953. |
9. |
Boleslaus J. Monkiewicz |
|
Birth Date: |
August 8, 1898 (Syracuse, New York). |
|
Education: |
LL.B., Fordham University (1921). Admitted to the Bar (1923). |
|
Employment: |
Apprentice Seaman, U.S. Navy (1918-1921); Attorney, New Britain, Connecticut
(1923-1937); Police Court Clerk, New Britain, Connecticut (1937-1939); Member
of Congress (1939-1945); Unemployment Commissioner, Connecticut (1946-1947). |
|
Appointment: |
June 5, 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Resigned on August 5, 1953,
to return to private law practice. |
10. |
Daniel M. Lyons |
|
Birth Date: |
February 7, 1886 (Boston, Massachusetts). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Boston Law College (1907); Harvard Law School (1908-1910). Admitted
to the Bar (1910). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, private practice, Suffolk County, Mass. (1910-1917); Assistant District
Attorney, Suffolk County, Massachusetts (1917-1922); Attorney, private practice,
Boston, Massachusetts (1922-1935); Litigation Attorney, National Recovery Act,
Washington, D.C. (1935); Trial Examiner, National Labor Relations Board, Washington,
D.C. (1935); U.S. Pardon Attorney, Washington, D.C. (1936-1947). |
|
Civic Works: |
Counsel, Carney Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; President, Boston College
Alumnus Association. |
|
Appointment: |
September 15. 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Served as Chairman during
entire appointment. Transferred to former position of Pardon Attorney on May 17,
1948, in accordance with agreement at time of appointment to the Board. |
11. |
George C. Killinger |
|
Birth Date: |
March 13, 1908 (Marion, Virginia). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Wittenberg College, (1930); Ph.D., University of North Carolina (1933). |
|
Employment: |
Assistant Psychologist, TVA, Knoxville, Tennessee (1934-1936); Director, Outpatient
& Social Service Departments, S.W. State Hospital, Marion, Virginia (1936-1937);
Psychologist and Director of Education, U.S. Bureau of Prisons, Chillicothe, Ohio,
Atlanta, Georgia, and Washington, D.C. (1937-1943); Lt. Commander & Chief,
Psychological Activities, War Shipping Administration, U.S. Navy, Washington,
D.C. (1943-1946). |
|
Civic Works: |
Chairman, Army Parole Board, Washington, D.C.; Fellow, American Psychologist
Association; Diplomat, Board of Professional Examiners in Psychology. |
|
Appointment: |
May 17, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Served as Chairman from May
17, 1948, to August 7, 1953. Retired on July 31, 1958. |
12. |
Joseph H. DeWitt |
|
Birth Date: |
March 15, 1888 (Duluth, Minnesota). |
|
Education: |
B.S., University of Minnesota. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Army, Chemical Warfare Service (1918-1919); Parole Officer and Parole
Director, Minnesota (1919-1944); Agent, U.S. Secret Service, Washington, D.C.
(1944); Chief of Internal Security Officers, U.S. War Relocation Authority, Tule
Lake, California (1944-1945); Chairman, U.S. Army Clemency & Parole Board
(1945-1948). |
|
Appointment: |
October 13, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Term expired on August
7, 1953, upon creation of a reorganized Board. Continued in Government service
later with the War Claims Commission. |
13. |
James A. Johnston |
|
Birth Date: |
September 15, 1874 (Brooklyn, New York). |
|
Education: |
Two years of college, Sacred Heart, San Francisco, California; Healds Business
College; American Institute of Banking; LaSalle Law School. Admitted to the Bar
(1919). |
|
Employment: |
Department Manager, Weinstock & Lublin Co. (1899-1909); Self-employed,
Men's Furnishings Store (1910); Chairman, Board of Control, California (1911-1912);
Warden, Folsom Prison, California (1912-1913); Warden, San Quentin & Folsom
Prisons, California (1913-1925); Vice-President, American Trust Co. (1925-1932);
Appraiser, H.O.L.C, (1933); Warden, Alcatraz Prison, U.S, Bureau of Prisons (1934-1948). |
|
Civic Works: |
Director, California Crime Commission (1927-1930); Director, California Department
of Penology (1929-1930); Member, Advisory and Pardon Board (1915-1925 and 1929-1930). |
|
Appointment: |
October 13, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Died on September 6, 1954. |
14. |
Richard A. Chappell |
|
Birth Date: |
December 23, 1901 (Jeffersonville, Georgia). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Mercer University, Macon, Georgia (1926); LL.B., Washington University;
Fellow at New York School of Social Work (1926). Admitted to the Bar (1928). |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Probation Officer, Macon, Georgia (1928-1930); U.S. Probation Officer,
Atlanta, Georgia (1930-1937); Regional Director, Attorney General's Survey of
Release Procedures (1936); Assistant Supervisor of Probation, Bureau of Prisons
(1938-1940); Chief of Probation, Administrative Office of the Courts, Washington,
D.C. (1940-1944, 1946-1953); U.S. Navy, Prison Administration (1944-1946). |
|
Civic Works: |
Consultant on Probation to the U.S. High Commissioner's Office, Germany (1950);
Chairman, Professional Council of National Crime and Delinquency (1951); Consultant
on Probation to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (1953); Delegate to the United
Nations World Conference on Crime and Delinquency, Stockholm, Sweden (1965). |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Retired September 30, 1954, to engage
in private law practice. Reappointed October 5, 1959, by President Eisenhower.
Retired on December 30, 1965. |
15. |
Dorothy M. Lee |
|
Birth Date: |
April 11, 1901 (Oakland, California). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of California (1921); J.C.D., University of California (1923).
Admitted to the Bar (1923). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, self-employed (1923-1943); Member, Oregon House of Representatives
(1929-1933); Member, Oregon Senate (1933-1943); Commissioner, Public Utilities,
Portland, Oregon (1943-1949); Mayor, Portland, Oregon (1949-1953). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, Women's Advertising Club, Portland, Oregon; State Department Specialist,
Western Germany; Chairman, Oregon Crime Commission; Municipal Judge, Portland,
Oregon. |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Resigned on August 31, 1956, to accept
appointment as Chairman U.S. Subversive Activities Control Board. |
16. |
George J. Reed |
|
Birth Date: |
May 31, 1914 (Haigler, Nebraska) |
|
Education: |
B.A., Pasadena College (1938); Graduate Work at University of Southern California
in Sociology and Social Work |
|
Employment: |
Deputy Probation Officer, Los Angeles County Probation Department (1938-1946);
U.S. Navy (1942-1946); Field Representative, California Youth Authority (1946-1948);
Chief, Division of Prevention and Parole Services, Minnesota Youth Conservation
Commission (1949-1953). |
|
Civic Works: |
Executive Secretary of the Minnesota Governor's Second and Third State Conference
on Youth; Chairman, Minnesota State Interagency Recreational Council; Chairman,
Committee on Community Organization of the Minnesota State Welfare Conference;
Delegate, Mid-Century White House Conference on Children and Youth; Chairman,
Parole Council, Member of Board of Trustees, National Conference Committee, National
Conference on Parole. |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman of the Youth Correction
Division from October 2, 1953, to May 22, 1957. Reappointed in 1958. Served as
Chairman of the Board from May 23, 1957 to February 26, 1961. Term expired on
September 30, 1964, but remained on duty until successor was appointed on November
30, 1964. Reappointed by President Nixon on May 9, 1969, and served as Chairman
until July 1, 1972. Subsequently served as Vice-Chairman. Retired on January 30,
1978. |
17. |
Scovel Richardson |
|
Birth Date: |
February 4, 1912 (Nashville, Tennessee). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Illinois (1934); M.B.A. University of Illinois (1936);
LL.B., Howard University School of Law (1937). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, Chicago, Ill. (1938-1939); Associate Professor of Law, Lincoln University,
Missouri (1939-1943); Senior Attorney, Office of Price Administration, Washington,
D.C. (1943-1944); Dean and Professor of Law, Lincoln University, Missouri (1944-1953). |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman from September
28, 1954, to April 24, 1957. Resigned to accept appointment by President Eisenhower
as Judge, U.S. Customs Court, on April 23, 1957. |
18. |
Paul W. Tappan |
|
Birth Date: |
December 25, 1911 (Danbury, Connecticut). |
|
Education: |
B.A. cum laude, Clark University, Worchester, Massachusetts (1935); M.A. and
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin (1940); LL.B., New York University (1943); J.C.D.,
Columbia University (1945). Admitted to the Bar (1943). |
|
Employment: |
Assistant Instructor, University of Wisconsin (1936-1937); Instructor, Miami
University, Ohio (1937-1941); Assistant Professor, Queens College, New York (1940-1946);
Professor, New York University (1946-1953); Associate Reporter, American Law Institute
(1952-1953). |
|
Civic Works: |
Delegate, International Penal & Penitentiary Congress, The Hague; Delegate,
Second International Congress of Criminology, Paris; Consultant, Economics &
Social Council of the U.N.; Consultant, American Law Institute, Committee on Model
Penal Code; Permanent Delegate, Society of Criminology, to the United Nations
Organization. |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman during entire
period of service. Resigned on September 10, 1954, to return to former position
as Professor at New York University and Reporter for the American Law Institute. |
19. |
Lewis J. Grout |
|
Birth Date: |
July 19, 1903 (Bosworth, Missouri). |
|
Education: |
LL.B., University of Missouri (1928). Admitted to the Bar (1927). |
|
Employment: |
Special Agent, F.B.I. (1928-1933); U.S. Probation Officer, Kansas City, Missouri
(1933-1934); Chief U.S. Probation Officer, Kansas City, Missouri (1934-1943);
Chief of Probation Division, Administrative Office of the Courts, Washington,
D.C. (1944-1946); Chief U.S. Probation Officer, Kansas City, Missouri (1946-1954). |
|
Appointment: |
September 8, 1954, by President Eisenhower. Retired on December 30, 1965. |
20. |
John E. Henry |
|
Birth Date: |
October 13, 1894 (Waverly, Illinois). |
|
Education: |
Public Schools, Jacksonville, Ill; Finance and Business Administration, Cedar
Rapids, Iowa. |
|
Employment: |
Food Brokerage Business (1919-1922); Salesman, Montana Representative, Folger
Coffee Co. (1922-1941); Purchasing Agent, Montana (1941-1942); Warden, Montana
State Prison (1943-1949); Treasurer, State of Montana (1950-1952); Chairman, Montana
Railroad and Public Service Commission (1953-1954). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Executive Committee, American Prison Association (1946-1949). |
|
Appointment: |
September 28, 1954, by President Eisenhower. Retired on September 28, 1962. |
21. |
William F. Howland, Jr. |
|
Birth Date: |
November 21, 1909 (Townsville, North Carolina). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Duke University (1930); LL.B., Duke University (1933). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, private practice, Henderson, North Carolina (1933-1936); U.S. Probation
Officer, Eastern District of North Carolina (1936-1943); Chief, U.S. Probation
Officer, Western District of Virginia (1943-1955); Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve,
(Prison Administrative Officer) (1944-1946). |
|
Appointment: |
July 15, 1955, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman of the Youth Correction
Division from July 15, 1970, to April 30, 1972. Retired on April 30, 1972. |
22. |
Gerald E. Murch |
|
Birth Date: |
July 2, 1909 (North Jay, Maine). |
|
Education: |
Wilton Academy, Wilton, Maine (1928); B.S., University of Illinois, Urbana
(1932). |
|
Employment: |
Parole Officer, State School for Boys, Maine (1933-1941); Parole Officer,
Maine State Prison (1941-1942); Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve, Active Duty
(1942-1946), Active Reserve (1946-1960); Private Industry (1946-1949); Chief Parole
Officer, Maine (1949-1955); Executive Secretary, Maine State Parole Board (1952-1955). |
|
Civic Works: |
Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve (1946-1960), |
|
Appointment: |
June 29, 1955, by President Eisenhower. Reappointed by Presidents Johnson
and Nixon. Retired on December 31, 1973. |
23. |
Eva Bowring |
|
Birth Date: |
January 9, 1892 (Nevada, Missouri). |
|
Education: |
Public Schools, Pleasant Hill, Missouri. |
|
Employment: |
Operated self-owned Bar-99 Ranch, Merriman, Nebraska (since 1944). U.S. Senator,
appointed to fill unexpired term of Senator Dwight Griswold of Nebraska (1954). |
|
Civic Works: |
Advisor, National Institute of Mental Health; Director and Member, Northwest
Hereford Breeders Association and Nebraska Stock Growers Association. |
|
Appointment: |
November 2, 1956, by President Eisenhower. Retired on September 30, 1964.
|
24. |
Harvey G. Straub |
|
Birth Date: |
September 9. 1902 (Toledo, Ohio). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Michigan (1930); LL.B., University of Michigan (1932);
Admitted to the Bar (1932). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, Brady and Associates (1932-1936); Assistant Director of Law, Toledo,
Ohio (1936-1939); Municipal Court Judge, Toledo, Ohio (1939-1944); Judge, Court
of Common Pleas, Lucas County, Ohio (1944-1956); Attorney, Marshall, Melhorn,
Block, and Beet (1956-1957). |
|
Appointment: |
September 5, 1957, by President Eisenhower. Resigned on January 14, 1958,
to accept appointment as Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Lucas County, Ohio. |
25. |
Edward J, Donovan |
|
Birth Date: |
July 24, 1897. |
|
Education: |
B.A., Catholic University; Graduate Work at the New York School of Law and
New York School of Social Work. |
|
Employment: |
Deputy Director, Westchester County, New York, Department of Probation (1929-1942);
Director of Personnel, Westchester County, New York (1945-1947); Member, New York
Board of Parole (1947-1951); Executive Director, Legislation Committee on Government
Operation, New York (1957-1958). |
|
Appointment: |
September 2, 1958, by President Eisenhower. Resigned on April 25, 1963. Accepted
post as Special Consultant, Bureau of Prisons until retirement on September 2,
1963. |
26. |
Homer L. Benson |
|
Birth Date: |
November 19, 1918 (Elmore County, Alabama). |
|
Education: |
B.S., Tuskegee Institute, Alabama (1941); M.S.W., Atlanta University School
of Social Work (1948). |
|
Employment: |
Caseworker, Department of Public Welfare, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1948-1949);
Caseworker, U.S. Bureau of Prisons, Terre Haute, Indiana (1949-1961); Analyst,
U.S. Bureau of Prisons, Washington, D.C. (1961-1962). |
|
Appointment: |
November 9, 1962, by President Kennedy. Term expired and remained on duty
until July 10, 1969, when his successor was appointed and qualified. |
27. |
James A. Carr |
|
Birth Date: |
June 12, 1913. |
|
Education: |
Boston Public Latin School (1931); B.A., Harvard University (1935); Masters
in Social Sciences, Boston University (1941). |
|
Employment: |
Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare (1936-1939); U.S. Probation Officer,
Massachusetts (1946-1947); Chief Probation Officer, Suffolk County, Massachusetts
(1947-1963). |
|
Civic Works: |
Lieutenant, Naval Reserve, Corrective Services Division (1943-1946); President,
Board of Directors, Jamaica Plain Neighborhood House (1947-1963); Vice-President,
Massachusetts Committee on Probation (1939-1943); Director, Greater Boston Community
Drive Fund (1939-1943). |
|
Appointment: |
April 26, 1963, by President Kennedy. Served as Chairman of Youth Correction
Division from May 13, 1963, to January 6, 1967. Resigned on January 6, 1967, and
returned to his former position in Suffolk County. |
28. |
Zeigel W. Neff |
|
Birth Date: |
April 17, 1916 (Salisbury, Missouri). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Southwest Missouri State (1939); J.D., University of Missouri (1948);
LL.M., Georgetown University (1958). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, private practice (1948-1951); Commissioner, U.S. Court of Military
Appeals (1955-1957); Special Assistant, Navy JAG (1957-1958); Member, Navy Board
of Review (1958-1963); Special Assistant to Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
(1963-1964). |
|
Civic Works: |
Captain, U.S.N.R. (Retired) 1940-1945; Assistant Attorney General, Missouri
(1953-1954); Judge Advocates Association (National Secretary). |
|
Appointment: |
October 1, 1964, by President Johnson. Served as Acting Chairman and Chairman
of the Youth Division from 1965 to 1970. Term expired on September 30, 1970. |
29. |
Charlotte Paul Reese |
|
Birth Date: |
May 22, 1916 (Seattle, Washington). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Wellesley College (1938). |
|
Employment: |
Assistant Foreign News Editor, Chicago Sun-Times (1940-1943); Editorial Staff,
Esquire-Coronet Publications (1943-1946); Free lance researcher and writer (1941-1961);
Co-publisher, Snoqualmie Valley Record and North Bend Record (weekly newspapers)
(1949-1961); Panelist, KING-TV (1956-1959); Member, Washington State Board of
Prison Terms & Paroles (1962-1964). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Governor's Council for Children and Youth, State of Washington (1957-1961. |
|
Appointment: |
September 24, 1964, by President Johnson. Term delayed until December 1, 1964,
by agreement with predecessor. Term expired on September 30, 1970. |
30. |
William T. Woodard, Jr. |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of North Carolina |
|
Employment: |
Teacher, North Carolina Public Schools; Caseworker, North Carolina Department
of Public Welfare; Superintendent, County Division, North Carolina Department
of Public Welfare; Chief U.S. Probation Officer, Eastern District of North Carolina
(1951-1966). |
|
Appointment: |
June 12, 1966, by President Johnson. Retired on December 12, 1974. |
31. |
Walter Dunbar |
|
Birth Date: |
September 15, 1918 (Bakersfield, California). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; Graduate Work in Public Administration
and Law. |
|
Employment: |
Supervisory Officer, California Institute for Men, Chino (1941-1942, 1946-1948);
Staff, Special Crime Study Commission, California (1948-1949); Personnel Training
Officer, California Department of Corrections (1949-1951); Associate Warden, San
Quentin (1951-1955); Deputy Director, California Department of Corrections (1955-1961);
Director, California Department of Corrections (1961-1967). |
|
Civic Works: |
Editor, Manual of Correctional Standards; President, American Correctional
Association; Chairman, Self Evaluation and Accreditation Committee, American Correctional
Association. |
|
Appointment: |
June 20, 1967, by President Johnson. Served as Chairman from June 20, 1967
to May 11, 1969. Resigned on February 26, 1971, to take position as Deputy Commissioner,
Department of Correctional Services, State of New York. |
32. |
William E. Amos |
|
Birth Date: |
July 26, 1926 (Charleston, Arkansas) |
|
Education: |
B.S.E., State College of Arkansas (1949); M.A., University of Tulsa (1950);
M.Ed. University of Maryland (1959); E.Ed, University of Maryland (1960). |
|
Employment: |
Superintendent of Public Schools, Cabot, Arkansas (1950-1951); Army Officer
(assigned to various correctional institutions and Military Police Schools) (1951-1956);
Special Agent, U.S. Secret Service (1956-1958); Superintendent, Cedar Knoll School,
Washington, D.C. (1960-1962); Chief, Division of Youth Employment and Guidance
Services, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. (1962-1965); Assistant Director,
President's Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.
(1965-1967); Chief, Division of Counseling and Test Development, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, D.C. (1967-1969). |
|
Civic Works: |
Fellow, American Psychological Association; President, Western Society of
Criminology (1975-1976); President, American Society of Criminology (1976-1977). |
|
Appointment: |
July 17, 1969, by President Nixon. Designated as Chairman of the Youth Correction
Division on May 1, 1972. Reappointed by President Ford in November 1974. Served
as first Regional Commissioner of the South Central Region. Retired in November
1980, and accepted a teaching position at North Texas State University, Denton,
Texas. |
33. |
Paula Tennant |
|
Birth Date: |
May 23, 1913 (Indiana) |
|
Education: |
LL.B., Lincoln University Law School |
|
Employment: |
Military Service, Active Duty (1942-1945); Assistant U.S. Attorney, Territory
of Alaska (1956-1957); Attorney, private practice (1958-1959); Deputy District
Attorney, Lassen County, Calif. (1959-1961) District Attorney and Public Administrator,
Lassen County, California (1961-1963); Attorney, private practice, Susanville,
California (1963-1968); Member, California Youth Authority Board (1968-1970). |
|
Civic Works: |
Board of Directors for Camp Fire Girls (1957-1968); Chairman Lassen County
Republican Central Committee; Founding Member of Executive Women in Government;
Faculty, Federal Judicial Center, Seminar for Newly Appointed U.S. Judges. |
|
Appointment: |
November 9, 1970, by President Nixon. Designated as the first Regional Commissioner
of the Western Region in May 1976. Term expired on November 10, 1977, when her
successor was appointed and qualified. Appointed Assistant District Attorney,
County of Sam Mateo, Calif. after leaving the Commission. Reappointed in November
1983 by President Reagan. Designated as Regional Commissioner of the Southeast
Region. Retired in June 1986. |
34. |
Curtis C. Crawford |
|
Birth Date: |
April 18, 1921 (Paris, Tennessee). |
|
Education: |
B.A., West Virginia State College (1947); St. Louis University (1947-1949);
LL.B., Lincoln University School of Law, Jefferson City, Missouri (1951). |
|
Employment: |
Staff Sergeant, U.S. Air Force (1943-1946); Clerk, Army Records Center, St.
Louis, Missouri (1949-1952); Investigator, Civil Transit and Casualty Co., St.
Louis, Missouri (1951-1953); Associate Attorney, Lynch & McMillian Law Office,
St. Louis, Missouri (1952-1956); Assistant Circuit Attorney, St. Louis, Missouri
(1956-1961); Circuit Attorney, Chief Trial Assistant, St. Louis, Missouri (1962-1965);
Director, Legal Aid Society, St. Louis, Missouri (1965-1967); Regional Director,
U.S. Small Business Administration, St. Louis, Missouri (1970). |
|
Appointment: |
November 9, 1970, by President Nixon. Served as first Regional Commissioner
of the Northeast Region. Designated as Vice-Chairman in 1975. Designated as Acting
Chairman on October 9, 1976. Term expired on November 10, 1977, when his successor
was appointed and qualified. Resumed private law practice in Missouri. |
35. |
Maurice H. Sigler |
|
Birth Date: |
July 3, 1909 (Missouri City, Iowa) |
|
Education: |
South Dakota State College |
|
Employment: |
Correctional Officer, Leavenworth, Kansas (1939-1946); Correctional Lieutenant
and Staff Training Supervisor, Seagoville, Texas (1946-1952); Warden, Louisiana
State Prison (1952-1958); Florida Division of Corrections (1958-1959); Warden,
Nebraska State Penitentiary (1959-1963); Warden, Nebraska Penal and Correctional
Complex (1963-1967); Director of Corrections, State of Nebraska (1967-1972). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, American Correctional Association. |
|
Appointment: |
August 2, 1971, by President Nixon. Designated as Chairman July 1, 1972. Retired
on October 9, 1976. Accepted a position as a Senior Design Consultant in private
industry. |
36. |
Thomas R. Holsclaw |
|
Education: |
B.S., University of Louisville; J.D., University of Louisville. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Army (1954-1956); Member, Jefferson County Police Department, Kentucky
(1959-1961); Chief, Jefferson County Police Department (1961-1971). |
|
Appointment: |
October 4, 1972, by President Nixon. Designated as Regional Commissioner of
the Southeast Region on August 1, 1974. Died in office on September 16, 1975. |
37. |
Lawrence A. Carpenter |
|
Education: |
B.A., Southern Methodist University |
|
Employment: |
Warden, Texarkana Prison; Warden, Seagoville Prison; Executive Assistant to
the Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons; Chief of Corrections Division of Law
Enforcement Assistance Administration. |
|
Civic Works: |
Co-director, National Conference on Corrections; Executive Director of the
Corrections Task Force of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice
Standards and Goals. |
|
Appointment: |
May 23, 1974, by President Nixon. Designated as the first Regional Commissioner
of the North Central Region. Retired on December 23, 1976. |
38. |
Philip H. Modlin |
|
Education: |
B.S., High Point College; LL.B., University of North Carolina |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, Department of Labor; Labor Relations in private industry; Assistant
to the Deputy Attorney General for Lawyer Careers; Deputy Director/Director, Executive
Office for U.S. Attorneys. |
|
Appointment: |
February 13, 1975, by President Ford. Designated as a member of the National
Appeals Board. Resigned on March 28, 1975, to accept a position with the Department
of Justice. |
39. |
Joseph A. Nardoza |
|
Birth Date: |
September 16, 1919 (New York City). |
|
Education: |
B.B.A., Baruch School, City University of New York (1965); M.P.A., City University
of New York (1968). |
|
Employment: |
New York City Police Department (1948-1968); Intelligence Analyst, New York
Intelligence System, Albany, New York (1968-1969); Organized Crime Program Specialist,
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Washington, D.C. (1969-1971); Regional
Administrator, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, New York Office (1971-1973);
Assistant Administrator, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (1973-1975). |
|
Civic Works: |
|
|
Appointment: |
November 24, 1975, by President Ford. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the Northeast Region. Term expired, but remained in office until January 9,
1982, when his successor was appointed and qualified. |
40. |
J. Robert Cooper |
|
Education: |
Junior College of Augusta; B.A., Emory University; LL.B., University of Georgia. |
|
Employment: |
Aviator, U.S. Navy; Private practice of law, Gainsville, Georgia; Juvenile
Court Judge, Hall County, Georgia; Member, Georgia House of Representatives (1967-1970);
Assistant U.S. Attorney. |
|
Appointment: |
May 18, 1976 by President Ford. Designated as Regional Commissioner of the
Southeast Region. Term expired on September 30, 1978. Resumed private law practice
in Georgia. |
41. |
Dorothy Parker |
|
Birth Date: |
January 30, 1916 (New York, N.Y.). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Barnard College; LL.B., Columbia Law School (changed to J.D.). |
|
Employment: |
Private practice of law, New York, N.Y. (1938-1940); Technical Advisor, Court
Press, Inc. (1940-1942); Executive Director, Independent Citizens' Committee to
Re-elect Mayor LaGuardia (1942); Consultant, U.S. Office of Censorship (1942-1945);
Executive Assistant to Director, UNRRA Clothing Collection (1945); Attorney, private
practice, New York City (1945-1964); Branch Chief and Special Assistant, Office
of General Counsel, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1965-1970);
Counsel to Senator Hiram Fong (1970-1976); Minority Counsel, U.S. Senate Committee
on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments (1970-1974); Minority
Counsel, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Refugees and
Escapees (1974-1976). |
|
Civic Works: |
Vice-Chairman, Exchange Visitors' Waiver Review Board; Faculty Member, Federal
Judicial Center Seminar for Newly Appointed District Court Judges; Member, Executive
Women in Government. |
|
Appointment: |
October 19, 1976, by President Ford. Designated as a member of the National
Appeals Board. Retired in October 1982. |
42. |
Cecil C. McCall |
|
Birth Date: |
June 22, 1936 (Pickens, South Carolina). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of South Carolina (1961); Georgia State University. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Air Force (1954-1958); Southeastern Regional Director of the National
Foundation (1961-1970); Director, Georgia Department of Probation (1970-1971);
Deputy Commissioner, Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation (1971-1972);
Chairman, Georgia State Board of Pardons & Paroles (1972-1976); Member, Georgia
State Board of Pardons & Paroles (1976-1977). |
|
Civic Works: |
Visiting Fellow, Guggenheim Program in Criminal Justice, Yale University Law
School (1979) |
|
Appointment: |
November 11, 1977, by President Carter. Served as Chairman from November 11.
1977 until June 26, 1981. Then designated as Regional Commissioner of the Southeast
Region. Term expired in November 1983; continued to serve until December 1983
when his successor was appointed and qualified. |
43. |
Benjamin J. Malcolm |
|
Birth Date: |
August 24, 1919 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Morehouse College; M.P.A., New York University |
|
Employment: |
First Lt., U.S. Army; Parole Officer/Deputy Chief Parole Officer, New York
City (1948-1967); Assistant Director of Labor Relations, New York City (1967-1970);
Deputy Commissioner, New York City Department of Corrections (1970-1972); Commissioner,
New York City Department of Corrections (1972-1977); Associate Professor, John
Jay College; Associate Professor, C.W. Post College. |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Criminal Justice Advisory Council, National Urban League; Member,
New York City Criminal Justice Coordinating Council (1972-1977); Member, New York
State Crime Control Planning Board; Consultant, Commission on Accreditation. |
|
Appointment: |
November 11, 1977, by President Carter. Served as Vice-Chairman from November
11, 1977, to June 27, 1981. Served as Acting Chairman from June 27, 1981, to November
3, 1981. Designated as Regional Commissioner of the Northeast Region on February
19, 1982. Retired on July 3, 1984. |
44. |
Robert D. Vincent |
|
Birth Date: |
November 15, 1942 |
|
Education: |
Oklahoma State University (1960-1963); B.A., University of Oklahoma (1964);
M.S., University of Oklahoma (1968); Ph.D., University of Oklahoma Institute of
Group Relations (1970). |
|
Employment: |
Group Leader, Batelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio (1968-1969); President,
Action Analysis, Washington, D.C. (1969-1970); President, Antec, Inc., Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma. (1970-1972); Vice-Chancellor for Governmental Affairs, Oklahoma
State Regents for Higher Education (1972-1977). |
|
Civic Works: |
Chairman, Federal United Way Campaign, Dallas, Texas; Member and Director,
Federal Executive Board, Dallas; Adjunct Professor, University of Texas, Arlington;
Guggenheim Fellow, Yale University, College of Law (1980). |
|
Appointment: |
November 11, 1977, by President Carter. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the North Central Region. Designated as a member of the National Appeals Board
on August 1, 1978. Served as a member of the National Appeals until January 11,
1981, when designated as Regional Commissioner of the South Central Region. Resigned
in September 1983. |
45. |
Audrey Anita Rojas Kaslow |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; M.A., University of California,
Los Angeles; M.S., University of Southern California. |
|
Employment: |
Probation Officer/Administrator and Probation Director, Los Angeles County
Probation Department; Consultant to international government bodies in Europe
and Latin America; Consultant to U.S. Department of Labor Consultant/Advisor,
U.S. Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development; Fulbright
Lecturer. |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, California State Judicial Council; Committee Member, California State
Social Welfare Board; Member, California State Committee on Public Education. |
|
Appointment: |
November 22, 1977, by President Carter. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the Western Region. Designated as a member of the National Appeals Board on
March 16, 1983. Term expired in November 1983. |
46. |
O.J. Keller |
|
Birth Date: |
April 21, 1923 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania). |
|
Education: |
Phillips Exter Academy (1941); B.A., Williams College (1945); M.A., Northern
Illinois University (1965). |
|
Employment: |
Vice President and Sales Manager, WTAX Radio, Springfield, Illinois (1951-1960);
Chairman/Commissioner Illinois Youth Commission, Springfield, Illinois; Special
Fellow, Committee on Human Development, University of Chicago (1963-1967); Research
Fellow, Center Studies in Criminal Justice, University of Chicago (1965-1967);
Director, Florida Division of Youth Services, Tallahassee, Florida (1967-1973);
Secretary, Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, (1973-1975);
Visiting Professor, Criminal Justice Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida (1975-1978). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, American Correctional Association; President, National Association
of State Juvenile Delinquency Administrators; Vice Chairman, Forum on Delinquency,
White House Conference on Children and Youth Faculty; Member, National College
of Juvenile Justice. |
|
Appointment: |
September 1, 1978, by President Carter. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the Southeast Region. Designated as a member of the National Appeals Board
on January 11, 1981. Term expired in September 1984; continued to serve until
October 1984 when his successor was appointed and qualified. |
47. |
Richard T. Mulcrone |
|
Birth Date: |
May 23, 1934 (St. Paul, Minnesota). |
|
Education: |
Central High School, St. Paul Minnesota (1952); St. Thomas College (1952-1953)
and (1955-1956). |
|
Employment: |
Police Patrolman, St. Paul Parks Department (1953-1954); U.S. Army, Special
Services (1954-1955); Roving Gang Worker, St. Paul, Minnesota (1956); Probation
Officer, St. Paul, Minnesota (1957-1959); Probation Officer, Carver and Scott
Counties, Minnesota (1959-1963); Director of Court Services, Carver and Scott
Counties, Minnesota (1963-1967); Family Court Referee, Carver and Scott Counties,
Minnesota (1973); Chairman, Minnesota Corrections Board (1973-1978). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, Minnesota Association of County Probation Officers; President,
Minnesota Corrections Association; Member, Governors Commission on Crime Prevention
and Control; Member, Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission. |
|
Appointment: |
October 18, 1978, by President Carter. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the North Central Region. Resigned on January 4, 1982, to accept a position
as General Manager of City Venture Corporation to head their Criminal Justice
Program. |
48. |
Cameron M. Batjer |
|
Birth Date: |
August 8, 1924 (Smith, Nevada). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Nevada (1941); J.D., University of Utah (1950). |
|
Employment: |
General ranch and farm experience (prior to 1941); Teacher, Nevada Elementary
Schools and Legal Assistant, Utah State Senate (1941-1951); Legal Assistant to
Senator George W. Malone, Washington, D.C. (1952-1953); District Attorney, Carson
City, Nevada (1954-1959); Attorney, private practice, Carson City, Nevada (1959-1967);
Justice, Nevada Supreme Court (1967-1981); Chief Justice, Nevada Supreme Court
(1977-1978). |
|
Civic Works: |
President Carson City Rotary Club; Member American Bar Association Committee
on Implementation of Standards of Judicial Administration; Member Board of Governors,
State of Nevada. |
|
Appointment: |
November 4, 1981, by President Reagan. Designated as Chairman. Designated
as Vice-Chairman on February 18, 1982. Term extended under the provisions of the
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Retired on October 3, 1990. |
49. |
Benjamin F. Baer |
|
Birth Date: |
January 2, 1918 (Peoria, Illinois) |
|
Education: |
University of Illinois; B.A., San Diego State College (1941); M.A., University
of Southern California (1947); Completed course work for doctorate degree, University
of Southern California. |
|
Employment: |
Deputy Probation Officer, L.A. County Probation Department (1942-1947); Senior
Sociologist, Reception Center, State of California (1947-1951); Departmental Supervisor
of Classification, State of California (1951-1954); Associate Warden, San Quentin
(1954-1960); Director of Corrections, Iowa (1960-1964); Co-Director, Correctional
Decisions Information Project, Sacramento, California (1965-1967); Chairman, Youth
Conservation Commission, Department of Corrections, St. Paul, Minnesota (1967-1972);
Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1972-1974, 1979-1982), Administrative
Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1974-1979). |
|
Civic Works: |
Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing Commission; Advisory Board Member
(ex-officio), National Institute of Corrections; Member, President Kennedy's Juvenile
Delinquency Committee; Member Board of Directors of American Correctional Association;
Member of the Professional Counsel, National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency.
|
|
Appointment: |
January 8, 1982, by President Reagan. Designated as Vice-Chairman. Designated
as Acting Chairman on February 18, 1982. Designated as Chairman on March 24, 1982.
Term extended under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Died
in office on April 9, 1991. |
50. |
Victor M.F. Reyes |
|
Education: |
B.S. and M.P.A., University of Arizona; Ph.D course work at the University
of Texas. |
|
Employment: |
Recreational Director and Supervisor for the Pima County Juvenile Detention
Center; Arizona State Juvenile Parole Officer; Arizona State Adult Parole Officer;
Administrator, (Warden) CHAPS Project at the Arizona State Industrial School and
Member of the Arizona Juvenile Administrative (Parole) Board; Coordinator, Mutual
Agreement Programming Project; Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1974-1979),
Administrative Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1979-1982). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member of the Hispanic Task Force, and the Women/Minority Task Force, Presidential
Personnel Office of The White House. Publications include History and Development
of Parole Service in Arizona (1970), CHAPS Behavior Modification Programs (1970),
CHAPS First Annual Report (1971), The Mutual Agreement Program (1972). |
|
Appointment: |
December 14, 1982, by President Reagan. Designated as a Member of the National
Appeals Board. Designated as Regional Commissioner of the Western Region on March
3, 1983. Designated as Regional Commissioner of the South Central Region on December
1, 1983. Term extended under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.
Died in office on December 25, 1992. |
51. |
Carol Pavilack Getty |
|
Education: |
B.A. (Mathematics), Wellesley College; M.S. (Criminal Justice), Arizona State
University. Courses completed at the University of Oregon, Phoenix College, University
of Southern California, and Washington Public Affairs Center; Ph.D. course work
completed at university of Missouri - Kansas City. |
|
Employment: |
Member and Vice Chairman of the Arizona Board of Pardons and Parolees; mathematics
teacher for grades 7-11; engineering aide for the Garrett Corporation; computer
analyst for Motorola. |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Arizona Crime Commission; Technical Advisor, Maricopa County Alternatives
to Incarceration Committee; Vice Chairman, Criminal Justice Advisory Committee,
City of Phoenix; Volunteer Institutional Probation Officer, Maricopa County; Member,
Maricopa County Foster Care Review Board; Treasurer and Chairman of Finance Committee
and Community Study and Action Committees, Junior League of Phoenix; Co-Chair,
Phoenix Junior League IMPACT Program; President, Phoenix Wellesley Club; Treasurer,
Secretary, Docent, Touring Docent Chair, Fund Raising Chair, and By-Laws Chair,
Phoenix Art Museum League; Advisor, Kansas City Junior League: Focus on Crime
Committee; Member, Kansas City Victim Net Board; Third Vice-President, Chair of
Substance Abuse Program and Public Relations Committees, Kansas City Federal Executive
Board; Board Member, Kansas City Women's Chamber of Commerce; Chair, Women's Leadership
Institute, University of Missouri - Kansas City; Chair-Elect of Chancellor's Advisory
Board to the Women's Center, University of Missouri - Kansas City; Treasurer and
Regional Vice-President, Association of Paroling Authorities, International; Commissioner
(ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing Commission (1991-1992); Advisory Board Member (ex-officio),
National Institute of Corrections (1991-1992). |
|
Appointment: |
March 1, 1983, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional Commissioner of
the North Central Region. Served as Acting Chairman from March 1, 1991 to April
29, 1991. Designated as Chairman on April 29, 1991. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the North Central Region on August 13, 1992. Term extended under the provisions
of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Resigned on April 1, 1996. |
52. |
Vincent J. Fechtel, Jr. |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Florida College of Business Administration. |
|
Employment: |
Owned and operated various business enterprises in Florida, including a retail
store chain and a real estate and construction company (since 1959). Elected as
a legislator in the Florida Senate and Florida House of Representatives. Served
in the Naval Reserve and the National Guard. |
|
Appointment: |
November 22, 1983, by President Reagan. Designated as a Member of the National
Appeals Board. Term extended under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act
of 1984. Retired on April 1, 1996. |
53. |
Helen G. Corrothers |
|
Education: |
A.A., Arkansas Baptist College (Liberal Arts) (Magna Cum Laude); B.S., Roosevelt
University (Business Administration) (Honors Graduate); U.S. Army Officer Training
and Leadership School (Distinguished Military Graduate); Graduate, Summer Institute
for Criminal Justice Executives, University of Chicago; Completed course requirements
for M.B.A./Ph.D., California Coast University (Business Administration). |
|
Employment: |
United States Army (1955-1969), entered as a Private and rose to the rank
of Captain (Good Conduct Medal, National Defense Service Medal and the Army Commendation
Medal); Chief, Military Personnel, Fort Meyers, Virginia (1965-1967); Director
for Housing, U.S. Army Support Center, Giessen, Germany (1967-1969); State Prison
Warden/Superintendent, Arkansas Department of Correction (1971-1983). |
|
Civic Works: |
Arkansas State Commission on Crime and Law Enforcement; Arkansas State Commission
on Status of Women; National Board of Directors, Volunteers of America; Treasurer,
Pine Bluff Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority; Treasurer, Vice-President,
and President, American Correctional Association. |
|
Appointment: |
December 1, 1983, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the Western Region. Resigned on October 25, 1985 to accept appointment as a
Commissioner, United States Sentencing Commission, by President Reagan. |
54. |
Daniel R. Lopez |
|
Education: |
Army Air Corps Instructors Course, University of Southern California. Courses
at the U.S. Navy Quartermaster School, Phipps Flying Service, State Personnel
Board Training Officer School, Vallejo Junior College, University of Southern
California, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California
School Criminology, and McGeorge School of Law. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Navy, Quartermaster and Senior Petty Officer (during World War II). Correctional
Officer, California Department of Corrections (attained the rank of Captain and
was appointed a Special Agent, working as a liaison with the courts, district
attorneys, probation departments, and law enforcement agencies). Consultant to
the Director of the California Director of Corrections. Manager of the East Los
Angeles State Service Center; Deputy Director of the Division of Job Training
and Placement of the Department of California Human Resources Development. Member
of the California Parole Board (1980-1983). |
|
Appointment: |
July 6, 1984, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional Commissioner of
the Northeast Region. Term extended under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform
Act of 1984. Died in office on November 24, 1990. |
55. |
Jasper R. Clay, Jr. |
|
Birth Date: |
November 26, 1933 (Fairmont, West Virginia) |
|
Education: |
B.S., Morgan State University (Psychology) (1954); graduate courses at Loyola
College in Baltimore. |
|
Employment: |
First Lieutenant, U.S. Army (Infantry); Correctional Officer, State of Maryland;
Parole & Probation Agent, State of Maryland (1958-1966); Staff Training and
Development Specialist, State of Maryland (1966-1969); Member of the Maryland
State Parole Board (1969-1984). |
|
Civic Works: |
Executive Vice President, Regional Vice President, and Treasurer, Association
of Paroling Authorities International; Awards Committee, American Correctional
Association; Board of Directors of Threshold Halfway House; Co-founder of Zeta
Alpha Sigma Chapter of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. |
|
Appointment: |
October 12, 1984, by President Reagan. Designated as a Member of the National
Appeals Board. Designated as Vice Chairman on May 31, 1991. Term extended under
the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Retired on October 16, 1996. |
56. |
Saundra Brown Armstrong |
|
Education: |
B.A., California State University at Fresno; J.D., University of San Francisco
School of Law. |
|
Employment: |
Policewomen, Oakland Police Department; Deputy District Attorney, Alameda
County, California; District Attorney's Office; Senior Consultant, California
Assembly Committee on Criminal Justice; Trial Attorney, Public Integrity Section,
U.S. Department of Justice; Commissioner, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,
served as Vice Chairman (1984-1985). |
|
Appointment: |
July 24, 1986, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional Commissioner of
the Western Region. Resigned on January 27, 1989, to accept appointment as a judge
of the Alameda County Superior Court (California). On June 21, 1991, she was appointed
as a judge of the U.S. District Court (Northern District of California). |
57. |
G. MacKenzie Rast |
|
Birth Date: |
October 20, 1935 (Leesburg, Florida) |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of South Florida; J.D., University of Florida. Graduate of
the U.S. Air Force Language School at Indiana University; received additional
litigation and advocacy training at Northwestern University, University of Houston,
and Georgetown University. |
|
Employment: |
Assistant State Attorney for the Fourth and Fifth Judicial Circuits of Florida
(1970-1981); Special Counsel to the President of Hillsdale College, Hillsdale,
Michigan (1981-1982); Shareholder with the Jacksonville, Florida law firm of Mahoney,
Adams, Milam, Surface and Grimsley (1982-1986). |
|
Appointment: |
October 14, 1986, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the Southeast Region. Resigned to accept appointment as a U.S. Immigration
Judge on June 30, 1990. |
58. |
John R. Simpson |
|
Birth Date: |
February 13, 1932. |
|
Education: |
B.C., Loyola College in Montreal (1954); J.D., New England School of Law (1964). |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Secret Service (1962-1992) (served as Director from 1981-1992). |
|
Civic Works: |
President of Interpol (1984-1988); Life Member, International Association
of Chiefs of Police; Member, American Society of Industrial Security; Member,
National Sheriffs' Association; Member, National Association of Public Administrators;
Member, Former Agents' Association of Secret Service; Member, National War College
Alumni Association; Member, Board of Trustees, New England School of Law; Member,
Board of Corporators, New England School of Law; Member, Maryland Governor's Commission
on Violent Crime (1993-1995). |
|
Appointment: |
April 20, 1992, by President Bush. Designated as Regional Commissioner of
the Eastern Region. |
59. |
Edward F. Reilly, Jr. |
|
Birth Date: |
March 24, 1937 (Leavenworth, Kansas). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Kansas (Political Science) (1961). |
|
Employment: |
Vice-President, Reilly & Sons, Inc., Insurors-Realtors, Leavenworth, Kansas
(1956-1992). Director/Vice President, First State Bank of Lansing, Kansas (1977-1983).
Kansas State Senator, District 3 (1964-1992) (Assistant Senate Majority Leader;
Chairman, Senate Committee on Federal and State Affairs; Vice-Chairman, Senate
Elections Committee; Chairman, Senate Insurance Subcommittee). Kansas State House
of Representatives, District 3 (1963-1964). |
|
Civic Works: |
Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing Commission (1992-1997); Advisory
Board Member (ex-officio) (1992-1997), National Institute of Corrections; Commissioner,
National Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (1982-1986);
Member, National Highway Safety Advisory Committee (1985); Advisory Member, American
Justice Institute (1983-1984); Member, Community Advisory Committee, Leavenworth
Penitentiary; Member, Board of Directors, St. John Hospital Leavenworth, Kansas
(1974 - 1981); Vice-President and Director, Leavenworth Historical Society (1968-1973);
Member, Kansas City Chamber of Commerce; Director and Charter Member, Leavenworth
People To People; Director, Kaw Valley Heart Association (1971-1977); Director,
Leavenworth Association for the Handicapped (1968-1969); Director, Leavenworth
County Chapter, American Red Cross; Member, Frontier Army Museum Association Board
of Directors (1986-1993); Member, Kansas Attorney General's Task Force on Drug
Education (1986); Member, Buffalo Soldier Monument Committee; Commissioner, Kansas
Governor's Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Celebration Commission (1991); Member,
Kansas State Penitentiary Citizens Advisory Committee; Civilian Co-sponsor, Irish
International Officers attending the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas; Instructor/lecturer in Local, State, and National Government, Command
and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, for International Officers
and Students (1975-1992); Director, Kansas Blue Cross/Blue Shield (1969-1972). |
|
Appointment: |
August 12, 1992, by President Bush. Designated as Chairman on August 13, 1992.
Served as Chairman until February 4, 1997, when designated as a Member of the
National Appeals Board. Again designated as Chairman on May 31, 2001. |
60. |
Michael J. Gaines |
|
Birth Date: |
September 13, 1951 (Russellville, Arkansas). |
|
Education: |
B.A. (1973) and J.D. (1977), University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Admitted
to the Bar (1977). Member of the Bar of Arkansas, the United States District Court,
and the Supreme Court of the United States. |
|
Employment: |
Arkansas Governor's Security (1973-1977); Attorney, private practice (1977-1978);
Parole Hearing Examiner, Arkansas Department of Correction (1978-1983); Criminal
Justice Liaison and Pardon and Extradition Counsel to Governor of Arkansas (1983-1986);
Executive Director of the Arkansas State Supreme Court Committee on Professional
Conduct (1986-1989); Chairman of the Arkansas State Board of Parole and Community
Rehabilitation (1986-1994); Member of Arkansas Board of Correction (1989-1994). |
|
Civic Works: |
Arkansas Governor's Corrections Resources Commission; Arkansas Governor's
Task Force on Crime; Arkansas Commission on Probation and Parole Guidelines; Adjunct
Professor, University of Arkansas (1979-1982). |
|
Appointment: |
September 28, 1994, by President Clinton. Designated as a Member of the National
Appeals Board. Designated as Chairman on February 4, 1997. Served as Chairman
until May 31, 2001 when designated as a member of the National Appeals Board.
Resigned on May 15, 2003. |
61. |
Marie Fajardo Ragghianti |
|
Birth Date: |
June 13, 1942. |
|
Education: |
B.S. (English Literature and Psychology) (1975) and M.S. (management of Human
Services) (1978), Vanderbilt University; M.P.A., Harvard University (Kennedy School
of Government) (1992). |
|
Employment: |
Extradition Officer, Tennessee Department of Corrections (1975-1976); Chair,
Tennessee Board of Pardons and Paroles (1976-1977); Consultant to the Tennessee
Legislature (1979); Criminal Justice Consultant (1979-1997); Chief of Staff, U.S.
Parole Commission (1997-1999). |
|
Civic Works: |
Ms. Ragghianti was responsible for a federal investigation of corruption in
the Tennessee parole and pardon process that led to the conviction of the governor
and two aides, and was the subject of the movie, Marie. She received the
Goldsmith award for journalism while attending the Kennedy School of Government
and was a National Institute on Drug Abuse fellow while attending the graduate
program in criminal justice at the State University of New York at Albany. |
|
Appointment: |
December 9, 1999, by President Clinton (recess appointment). Designated as
Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated as Vice Chairman on January 6,
2000. Appointment expired December 15, 2000 as no action on her nomination had
been taken by the Senate. |
62. |
Janie L. Jeffers |
|
Birth Date: |
June 4, 1947. |
|
Education: |
B.A. and M.S.W., Howard University. |
|
Employment: |
New York City (including various positions with the Department of Corrections)
(1972-1985); Deputy Commissioner, New York City Department of Corrections (1985-1991);
Special Assistant, United States Bureau of Prisons (1991-1992); Chief, National
Office of Citizen Participation, U.S. Bureau of Prisons (1992-1996); Policy Advisor
for the President's Crime Prevention Council (1996-1997); Executive Deputy Director,
Federal-District of Columbia Interagency Task Force, White House (1997-1999).
|
|
Civic Works: |
Ms. Jeffers has served as a consultant to the World Health Organization on
AIDS management in penal institutions in Europe and Africa, as an adjunct professor
at the Baruch College, as a field instructor at the Columbia University School
of Social Work, as a field instructor at the Howard University School of Social
Work, and as an instructor at the National Academy of Corrections. |
|
Appointment: |
December 10, 1999, by President Clinton (recess appointment). Designated as
a Regional Commissioner. Appointment expired December 15, 2000 as no action on
her nomination had been taken by the Senate. |
63. |
Timothy E. Jones, Sr. |
|
Birth Date: |
September 21, 1948. |
|
Education: |
B.A. (Sociology/Psychology) and M.Ed. (Correctional Counseling), Georgia State
University. |
|
Employment: |
Probation/Parole Officer (1974-1977), Parole Review Officer (1977-1980), Director,
Parole Decision Guidelines Unit (1980-1982), Assistant Director, Field Operations
(1982-1990), Director, Field Operations (1989-1990), Member (1990-1997), Georgia
Board of Parole; Director, Governor's Office of Highway Safety (Georgia) (1997-1999),
Chief of Staff, U.S. Parole Commission (1999-2001). |
|
Civic Works: |
Board of Directors for the Greater Lithonia Chamber of Commerce; Member of
the DeKalb County (Georgia) Olympic Authority; Member of the DeKalb County Civic
Center Commission; Vice Chairman of the Georgia Law-Related Education Consortium;
Alumnus of Leadership Georgia and Leadership Atlanta Foundations; Vietnam Veteran
- received the Bronze Star (for heroism in ground combat), Purple Heart, and Vietnam
Cross of Gallantry; served as District Commander and State Judge Advocate for
the Military Order of the Purple Heart. |
|
Appointment: |
January 2, 2001, by President Clinton (recess appointment). Designated as
a Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated as Vice Chairman on January
19, 2001. Resigned August 31, 2001 to accept an appointment as Chief of Staff
to the Dekalb County (Georgia) Executive Officer. |
64. |
Cranston J. Mitchell |
|
Birth Date: |
August 25, 1946 |
|
Education: |
B.S. (Political Science), University of Missouri-St. Louis. |
|
Employment: |
Police Officer, City of St. Louis (1968-1974); Marketing Representative for
Mitchum-Thayer (1974-1975); Counselor and Administrator, Department of Elementary
and Secondary Education, Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, State of Missouri
(1975-1984); Chairman and Director of the Board of Probation and Parole, Missouri
Department of Corrections (1984-2002); Program Specialist, National Institute
of Corrections, United States Department of Justice (2002-2003). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member of the Association of Paroling Authorities, International and honored
with the Vincent O'Leary Award for contributions to the field of parole; member
of the National Association of Blacks in Justice and honored with the Jonathon
Jasper Wright Community Leadership Award. Served on the Public Housing Authority
of Jefferson City, MO as Commissioner and as Vice Chairman. Served on the Board
of Directors of the Missouri Victim Assistance Network. |
|
Appointment: |
March 6, 2003, by President Bush. |
Back to top
PART 3 - WORKLOAD OF THE U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE AND U.S. PAROLE
COMMISSION
The following table illustrates the workload of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S.
Parole Commission for the fiscal years 1931-2001. Included are decisions made
on the basis of initial and review hearings relative to the grant or denial of
parole, and revocation hearings for persons on parole or mandatory release supervision.
The decisions shown are those that generally follow a personal hearing with the
prisoner or releasee (although in some circumstances, the decision may have been
made on the basis of a record review). Other decisions that are made on the basis
of a review of the case record (e.g., decisions relative to warrant issuance,
modification of conditions of supervision, and termination of supervision) are
not included.
The decisions shown enable comparison of the workload for the years before
Fiscal Year 1974 with the workload for Fiscal Year 1975 and thereafter. In Fiscal
Year 1975, the Board of Parole completed its regionalization and shifted to a
more automated data collection system. Data from Fiscal Year 1974, the transition
year, is not available. Despite its limitations, it is believed that this table
can provide a useful approximation of the workload of the Board/Commission over
the years.
Parole and Revocation Decisions
Fiscal Year |
Number of Decisions |
1931 |
8,459 |
1932 |
10,087 |
1933 |
8,333 |
1934 |
6,345 |
1935 |
6,521 |
1936 |
7,242 |
1937 |
8,317 |
1938 |
7,720 |
1939 |
8,103 |
1940 |
8,553 |
1941 |
8,434 |
1942 |
8,234 |
1943 |
7,944 |
1944 |
6,963 |
1945 |
7,847 |
1946 |
9,218 |
1947 |
10,628 |
1948 |
8,289 |
1949 |
9,374 |
1950 |
8,630 |
1951 |
8,938 |
1952 |
10,080 |
1953 |
11,329 |
1954 |
10,306 |
1955 |
11,973 |
1956 |
13,161 |
1957 |
12,665 |
1958 |
12,648 |
1959 |
12,307 |
1960 |
13,622 |
1961 |
14,981 |
1962 |
15,195 |
1963 |
15,872 |
1964 |
14,620 |
1965 |
13,325 |
1966 |
13,844 |
1977 |
12,730 |
1978 |
12,720 |
1969 |
15,886 |
1970 |
14,950 |
1971 |
13,495 |
1972 |
16,640 |
1973 |
19,174 |
1974 |
not available |
1975 |
19,465 |
1976 |
19,419 |
1977 |
17,403 |
1978 |
18,731 |
1979 |
17,617 |
1980 |
16,042 |
1981 |
14,060 |
1982 |
14,326 |
1983 |
16,665 |
1984 |
15,865 |
1985 |
16,957 |
1986 |
19,207 |
1987 |
19,796 |
1988 |
20,465 |
1989 |
16,619 |
1990 |
13,568 |
1991 |
10,720 |
1992 |
9,307 |
1993 |
6,776 |
1994 |
4,922 |
1995 |
4,303 |
1996 |
3,572 |
1997 |
3,044 |
1998 |
3,293 |
1999 |
4,503 |
2000 |
4,683 |
2001 |
5,140 |
2002 |
4,217 |
Back to top
PART 4 - SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS
Amos, W.E. and Newman, C.L., ed. (1975) Parole. New York: Federal Legal
Publications.
Bell, M., ed. (1957). Parole in Principle and Practice: A Manual and Report
(The National Conference on Parole). New York, NY: National Probation and Parole
Association.
Davis, K.C. (1969). Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry. Baton
Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
Frankel, M.E. (1973). Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order. New York,
NY: Hill and Wang.
Glaser, D. (1964). The Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole System.
Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Gottfredson, D.M., Wilkins, L.T., and Hoffman, P.B. (1978). Guidelines For
Parole and Sentencing: A Policy Control Method. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Humbert, W.H. (1941). The Pardoning Power of the President. Washington,
DC: American Council on Public Affairs.
Management Programs and Budget Staff, Office of Management and Finance. (1975).
An Evaluation of the U.S. Board of Parole Reorganization. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Justice.
National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency Research Center. (1973). The Utilization
of Experience in Parole Decision-Making (Fourteen Volumes). Davis, CA: National
Council on Crime and Delinquency.
Reed, George (with Hunt, Dave) (1987). Fear No Man. Eugene, OR: Harvest
House Publishers.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Attorney General's Survey of Release
Procedures, Volume 1: Digest of Federal and State Laws on Release Procedures.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Attorney General's Survey of Release
Procedures, Volume 4: Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Proceedings - National Parole Conference.
Washington, DC.
U.S. Parole Commission/National Institute of Corrections. (1981). Parole
in the 1980's: Proceedings of the National Parole Symposium. Washington, DC.
B. ARTICLES
Beck, J.L. (1975). The Effect of Representatives at Parole Hearings. Criminology
13:114-117.
Beck, J.L. (1984). Development of Explicit Decision Guidelines By the United
States Parole Commission. In Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fourteenth
Annual Congress of Correction of the American Correctional Association: 173-178.
Beck, J.L., and Hoffman, P.B. (1976). Time Served and Release Outcome. Journal
of Research in Crime and Delinquency 13: 107-112.
Beck, J.L., and Hoffman, P.B. (1985). Reliability in Guideline Application:
Initial Hearings - 1982. Federal Probation 49: 33-36.
DeGostin, L.K., and Hoffman, P.B. (1974). Administrative Review of Parole Decisions.
Federal Probation 38: 24-28.
Gottfredson, D.M., Hoffman, P.B., Sigler, M.H., and Wilkins, L.T. (1975). Making
Paroling Policy Explicit. Crime and Delinquency 21: 34-44.
Gottfredson, M.R. Parole Guidelines and the Reduction of Sentencing Disparity.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1: 218-231.
Gottfredson, M.R., and Adams, K. (1982). Prison Behavior and Release Performance.
Law and Policy Quarterly 4: 373-391.
Hoffman, P.B. (1972). Paroling Policy Feedback. Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency 9: 117-133.
Hoffman, P.B. (1975). A Paroling Policy Feedback Method. In Parole,
ed. W. E. Amos and C. L. Newman: 343-362.
Hoffman, P.B. (1982). Females, Recidivism, and Salient Factor Score: A Research
Note. Criminal Justice and Behavior 9: 121-125.
Hoffman, P.B. (1983). Screening For Risk: A Revised Salient Factor Score (SFS
81). Journal of Criminal Justice 11: 539-547.
Hoffman, P.B. (1983). Parole Guidelines. In Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice,
ed. S. Kadish, 3: 1234-1240.
Hoffman, P.B. (1994). Twenty Years of Operational Use of a Prediction Instrument:
The United States Parole Commission's Salient Factor Score. Journal of Criminal
Justice 22: 477-494.
Hoffman, P.B. (1997). History of the Federal Parole System, Parts I & II.
Federal Probation 61: 23-31, 49-57.
Hoffman, P.B., and Adelberg, S. (1980). The Salient Factor Score: A Nontechnical
Overview. Federal Probation 44: 44-53.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1974). Parole Decision-Making: A Salient Factor
Score. Journal of Criminal Justice 2: 195-206.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1976). Salient Factor Score Validation--A 1972
Release Cohort. Journal of Criminal Justice 4: 69-76.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1980). Revalidating the Salient Factor Score:
A Research Note. Journal of Criminal Justice 8: 185-188.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1984). Burnout - Age at Release from Prison
and Recidivism. Journal of Criminal Justice 12: 617-623.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1985). Recidivism Among Released Federal Prisoners:
Salient Factor Score and Five Year Followup. Criminal Justice and Behavior
12: 501-507.
Hoffman, P.B., Beck, J.L., and DeGostin, L.K. (1975). The Practical Application
of a Severity Scale. In Parole, ed. W.E. Amos and C.L. Newman: 169-187.
Hoffman, P.B., Beck, J.L., Hardyman, P.L., and Scotkin, R.M. (1986). Sentencing
Reform: Sentencing Guidelines and Related Issues - A Partial Bibliography.
Journal of Criminal Justice 14: 545-569.
Hoffman, P.B., and DeGostin, L.K. (1974). Parole Decision-Making: Structuring
Discretion. Federal Probation 38: 7-15.
Hoffman, P.B., and DeGostin, L.K. (1975). An Argument for Self Imposed Explicit
Judicial Sentencing Standards. Journal of Criminal Justice 5: 195-206.
Hoffman, P.B., and Gottfredson, D.M. (1975). Paroling Policy Guidelines: A
Matter of Equity. In Parole, ed. W.E. Amos and C.L. Newman: 188-210.
Hoffman, P.B., Gottfredson, D.M., Wilkins, L.T., and Pasela, G.E. (1974). The
Operational Use of an Experience Table. Criminology 12: 214-228.
Hoffman, P.B., and Hardyman, P. L. (1986). Crime Seriousness Scales: Public
Perception and Feedback to Criminal Justice Policymakers. Journal of Criminal
Justice 14: 413-431.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1977). Application of Guidelines
to Sentencing. Law and Psychology Review 3: 53-70.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1979). Post Release Arrest Experiences
of Federal Prisoners. Journal of Criminal Justice 7: 193-216.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1980). Reporting Recidivism Rates.
Journal of Criminal Justice 8: 53-60.
Hoffman, P.B., Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Beck, J.L. (1978). Salient Factor
Score and Release Behavior: Three Validation Samples. Law and Human Behavior
2: 47-63.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stover, M.A. (1979). Reform in the Determination of Prison
Terms: Equity, Determinacy, and the Parole Release Function. Hofstra Law Review
7: 89-121.
Janus, M. (1985). Selective Incapacitation: Have We Tried It? Does It Work.
Journal of Criminal Justice 13: 117-129.
McCall, C.C. (1978). The Future of Parole - In Rebuttal of S.1437. Federal
Probation 42: 3-10.
Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Hoffman, P.B. (1982). Presumptive Parole Dates:
The Federal Approach. Federal Probation 46: 41-57.
Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Hoffman, P.B. (1982). The Effects of Presumptive
Parole Dates on Institutional Behavior: A Preliminary Assessment. Journal of
Criminal Justice 10: 283-297.
C. U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE/U. S. PAROLE COMMISSION PUBLICATIONS
U. S. Board of Parole. (1957). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1956. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1958). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1956 to June 30, 1957. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1959). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1957 to June 30, 1958. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1960). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1958 to June 30, 1959. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1961). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1959 to June 30, 1960. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1963). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1961 to June 30, 1962. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1964). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1965). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1966). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1967). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1965 to June 30, 1966. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1974). Annual Report - The United States Board of
Parole: July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice.
U.S. Board of Parole. (1969). Annual Reports - United States Board of Parole:
July 1, 1966 to June 30, 1968. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). Biennial Report - The United States Board
of Parole: July 1, 1968 to June 30, 1970. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1973). Biennial Report - The United States Board
of Parole: July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1966). Functions of the United States Board of Parole.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (undated, circa 1976). History of the United States
Board of Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Board of Parole (mimeo).
U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). Rules of the United States Board of Parole.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). You and the Parole Board. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1975). You and the Parole Board. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1988). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1986 to September 30, 1987. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1989). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1987 to September 30, 1988. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1990). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1988 to September 30, 1989. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1991). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1989 to September 30, 1990. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1992). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1990 to September 30, 1991. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1993). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1992 to September 30, 1993. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Annual Report of the United States Parole
Commission: October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Deskbook of Training and Reference Materials.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (2002). Deskbook of Training and Reference Materials.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Frequently Asked Questions by Federal Prisoners
About the Parole Procedure. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U.S. Parole Commission. (1998). History of the Federal Parole System.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1993). An Overview of the United States Parole
Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). An Overview of the United States Parole
Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). An Overview of the United States Parole
Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1981). Report of the United States Parole Commission:
October 1, 1978 - September 30, 1980. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1984). Report of the United States Parole Commission:
October 1, 1980 - September 30, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1985). Report of the United States Parole Commission:
October 1, 1983 - September 30, 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1986). Report of the United States Parole Commission:
October 1, 1984 - September 30, 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1977). Report - The United States Parole Commission:
July 1, 1973 - September 30, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1979). Report - The United States Parole Commission:
October 1, 1976 - September 30, 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1987). Report - The United States Parole Commission:
October 1, 1985 to September 30, 1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1982). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (March 1983). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (October 1983). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1984). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1985). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1987). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1989). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1991). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1997). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (2000). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (2001). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1977). You and the Parole Commission. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1978). Federal Parole Decision-Making:
Selected Reprints, Volume I. Washington, DC: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1980). Federal Parole Decision-Making:
Selected Reprints, Volume II. Washington, DC: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1981). Federal Parole Decision-Making:
Selected Reprints, Volume III. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1982). Federal Parole Decision-Making:
Selected Reprints, Volume IV. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1984). Federal Parole Decision-Making:
Selected Reprints, Volume V. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1986). Federal Parole Decision-Making:
Selected Reprints, Volume VI. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
D. U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION WEBSITE
http://www.usdoj.gov/uspc/
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Footnotes:
1. As the statute was signed on August 11, 2000 at 5:00
p.m., offenses committed on or after August 5, 2000 but before August 11, 2000
at 5:00 p.m. may be subject to the provisions of the ex post facto clause.
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