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Children's Health
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Childhood Correlates of Blood Lead Levels in Mumbai and Delhi Nitin B. Jain1 and Howard Hu1,2,3 1Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; 2Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA; 3Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Sri Ramachandra
Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Background: Lead exposure has previously been associated with intellectual impairment in children in a number of international studies. In India, it has been reported that nearly half of the children have elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) . However, little is known about risk factors for these elevated BLLs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from the Indian National Family Health Survey, a population-based study conducted in 1998-1999. We assessed potential correlates of BLLs in 1,081 children who were < 3 years of age and living in Mumbai or Delhi, India. We examined factors such as age, sex, religion, caste, mother’s education, standard of living, breast-feeding, and weight/height percentile. Results: Most children (76%) had BLLs between 5 and 20 µg/dL. Age, standard of living, weight/height percentile, and total number of children ever born to the mother were significantly associated with BLLs (log transformed) in multivariate regression models. Compared with children ≤ 3 months of age, children 4-11 and 12-23 month of age had 84 and 146% higher BLLs, respectively (p < 0.001) . A low standard of living correlated with a 32.3% increase in BLLs (p = 0.02) . Children greater than the 95th percentile for their weight/height had 31% (p = 0.03) higher BLLs compared with those who were below the 5th percentile for their weight/height. Conclusions: Our study found various factors correlated with elevated BLLs in children. The correlation between greater than the 95th percentile weight/height and higher BLL may reflect an impact of lead exposure on body habitus. Our study may help in targeting susceptible populations and identifying correctable factors for elevated BLLs in Mumbai and Delhi. Key words: children, India, lead. Environ Health Perspect 114:466-470 (2006) . doi:10.1289/ehp.8399 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 20 October 2005] Address correspondence to H. Hu, Landmark Center, East Wing, 3rd Floor, Room 110A, 401 Park Dr., Boston, MA 02215 USA. Telephone: (617) 384-8870. Fax: (617) 384-8994. E-mail: howard.hu@channing.harvard.edu This study would not have been possible without the help of F. Martin and M. Wulfe at ORC Macro and free access to National Family Health Survey data sets provided by the Demographic Health Survey of India. We also acknowledge M.J. Brown and D.M. Homa at the Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for providing us blood lead level estimates of children in the United States from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III survey. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant 1R03TW005914 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences center grant ES00002. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 11 June 2005 ; accepted 19 October 2005. |
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Last Updated: March 9, 2006
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