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Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy
On this page:
What are diabetes problems?
Too much glucose in the blood for a long time can cause diabetes problems. This high blood glucose, also called blood sugar, can damage many parts of the body, such as the heart, blood
vessels, eyes, and kidneys. Heart and blood vessel disease can lead to heart attacks and strokes. You can do a lot to prevent or slow down diabetes problems.
![Drawing of the outline of a body showing the nervous system.](images/nerves.gif)
High blood glucose can cause nerve problems.
This publication is about nerve problems that can be caused by diabetes. You will learn the things you can do each day and during each year to stay healthy and prevent diabetes problems.
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What should I do each day to stay healthy with diabetes?
![Drawing of a bowl containing bananas, grapes, and an apple.](images/fruit.gif) |
Follow the healthy eating plan that you and your doctor or dietitian have worked out. |
![Drawing of a silhouette of a woman who is walking.](images/walker.gif) |
Be active a total of 30 minutes most days. Ask your doctor what activities are best for you. |
![Drawing of an open pill container on its side with some pills spilling out and an insulin bottle.](images/meds2.gif) |
Take your medicines as directed. |
![Drawing of a hand holding a blood glucose meter that reads 114.](images/meter2.gif) |
Check your blood glucose every day. Each time you check your blood glucose, write the number in your record book. |
![Drawing of two hands holding a bare foot.](images/foot.gif) |
Check your feet every day for cuts, blisters, sores, swelling, redness, or sore toenails. |
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Brush and floss your teeth every day. |
![Drawing of two arms with a blood pressure cuff around one arm. The hand of the other arm is holding the pump connected to the cuff.](images/BloodPressureBW.gif) |
Control your blood pressure and cholesterol. |
![Drawing of a lit cigarette in a circle covered by a slash sign to show that smoking is not allowed.](images/cigarettevector.gif) |
Don’t smoke. |
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What can I do to prevent diabetes from damaging my nervous system?
Research has shown that people who kept their blood glucose close to normal were able to lower their risk of nerve damage.
Here is what you can do to prevent nerve damage:
- Keep your blood glucose as close to normal as you can.
- Limit the amount of alcohol you drink.
- Don’t smoke.
- Take care of your feet (see "What can I do to take care of my feet?").
- Tell your doctor about any problems you have with
- your hands, arms, feet, or legs
- your stomach, bowels, or bladder
- Also tell your doctor if you
- have problems when you have sex
- cannot always tell when your blood glucose is too low
- feel dizzy when you go from lying down to sitting or standing
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What can I do to take care of my feet?
Wash your feet in warm water every day. Make sure the water is not
too hot by testing the temperature with your elbow. Do not soak your feet. Dry your feet well, especially between your toes.
Look at your feet every day to check for cuts, sores, blisters, redness, calluses, or other problems. Checking every day is even more important if you have nerve damage or poor blood flow. If you cannot bend over or pull your feet up to check them, use a mirror. If you cannot see well, ask someone else to check your feet.
![Drawing of a woman dressed in a bathrobe who is sitting in a chair and checking the bottom of her left foot.](images/footcheck.gif)
Look at your feet every day to check for problems.
If your skin is dry, rub lotion on your feet after you wash and dry them. Do not put lotion between your toes.
File corns and calluses gently with an emery board or pumice stone. Do this after your bath or shower.
![Drawing of a nail clipper and an emery board.](images/clippers.gif)
Cut your toenails once a week or when needed. Cut toenails when they are soft from washing. Cut them to the shape of the toe and not too short. File the edges with an emery board. If you cannot cut your own toenails, ask someone who can or go to a foot doctor.
Always wear shoes or slippers to protect your feet from injuries.
![Drawing showing two feet clad in slippers.](images/slippers.gif)
Always wear slippers or shoes to protect your feet.
Always wear socks or stockings to avoid blisters. Do not wear socks or knee-high stockings that are too tight below your knee.
Wear shoes that fit well. Shop for shoes at the end of the day when your feet are bigger. Break in shoes slowly. Wear them 1 to 2 hours each day for the first 1 to 2 weeks.
- Make sure your doctor checks your feet at each checkup.
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What does my nervous system do?
Nerves carry messages back and forth between the brain and other parts of the body. All of your nerves together make up the nervous system.
Some nerves tell the brain what is happening in the body. For example, when you step on a tack, the nerve in your foot tells the brain about the pain. Other nerves tell the body what to do. For example, nerves from the brain tell your stomach when it is time to move food into your intestines.
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How can diabetes hurt my nervous system?
Having high blood glucose for many years can damage the blood vessels that bring oxygen to some nerves. High blood glucose can also hurt the covering on the nerves. Damaged nerves may stop sending messages. Or they may send messages too slowly or at the wrong times.
Diabetic neuropathy is the medical term for damage to the nervous system from diabetes.
![Drawing of the outline of a body showing the nervous system with descriptions of each of the four types of nerves. Cranial nerves go from your brain to your eyes, mouth, ears, and other parts of your head. Central nerves are in your brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nerves go from your spinal cord to your arms, hands, legs, and feet. Autonomic nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, and sex organs.](images/fourparts.gif)
The nervous system has four main parts—cranial, central, peripheral, and autonomic. Diabetes can damage the peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerves.
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How can diabetes damage to the peripheral nerves affect me?
Peripheral nerves go to the arms, hands, legs, and feet. Damage to these nerves can make your arms, hands, legs, or feet feel numb. Also, you might not be able to feel pain, heat, or cold when you should. You may feel shooting pains or burning or tingling, like “pins and needles.” These feelings are often worse at night. They can make it hard to sleep. Most of the time these feelings are on both sides of your body, such as in both of your feet. But they can be on just one side.
Peripheral nerve damage can change the shape of your feet. Foot muscles get weak and the tendons in the foot get shorter. You can get special shoes that are made to fit softly around your sore feet or feet that have changed shape. These special shoes help protect your feet. Medicare and other health insurance programs may pay for special shoes. Talk with your doctor about how and where to get these shoes.
Nerve damage from diabetes can increase your risk for carpal tunnel syndrome, which occurs when a nerve from your forearm to your hand is compressed. Carpal tunnel syndrome can cause numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in your hand and arm.
![Drawing of the outline of a body with shaded areas showing the location of the peripheral nerves with the label “Peripheral Nerves.”](images/peripheral.gif)
Peripheral nerves go from your spinal cord to your arms, hands, legs, and feet.
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How can diabetes damage to the autonomic nerves affect me?
Autonomic nerves help you know your blood glucose is low. Some people take diabetes medicines that can accidentally make their blood glucose too low. Damage to the autonomic nerves can make it hard for them to feel the symptoms of hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose.
This kind of damage is more likely to happen if you have had diabetes for a long time. It can also happen if your blood glucose has been too low very often.
![Drawing of the outline of a body with shaded areas showing the location of the autonomic nerves with the label “Autonomic Nerves.”](images/autonomic.gif)
Autonomic nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, and sex organs.
Autonomic nerves go to the stomach, intestines, and other parts of the digestive system. Damage to these nerves can make food pass through the digestive system too slowly or too quickly. Nerve problems can cause nausea—feeling sick to your stomach—vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea.
Nerve damage to your stomach is called gastroparesis. When nerves to the stomach are damaged, the muscles of the stomach do not work well and food may stay in the stomach too long. Gastroparesis makes it hard to keep blood glucose under control.
Autonomic nerves go to the penis. Damage to these nerves can prevent a man’s penis from getting firm when he wants to have sex. This condition is called erectile dysfunction or impotence. Many men who have had diabetes for several years experience it.
Autonomic nerves go to the vagina. Damage to these nerves can prevent a woman’s vagina from getting wet when she wants to have sex. A woman might also have less feeling around her vagina.
![Drawing of a man and a woman facing each other in a bed. Their bodies are covered with a blanket except for their arms, shoulders, and heads. Their heads are resting on pillows. The woman has her arm around the man. They are smiling at each other.](images/inbed.gif)
Damage to autonomic nerves from diabetes may cause problems with having sex.
Autonomic nerves go to the heart. Damage to these nerves might make your heart beat faster or at different speeds.
Autonomic nerves go to the bladder. Damage to these nerves can make it hard to know when you should go to the bathroom. The damage can also make it hard to feel when your bladder is empty. Both problems can cause you to hold urine for too long, which can lead to bladder infections. Another problem can be leaking drops of urine accidentally.
![Drawing of an older woman standing in front of the toilet. She is slightly bent over and is lifting the lid on the toilet.](images/toilet.gif)
Damage to autonomic nerves from diabetes can cause bladder and stomach problems.
Autonomic nerves go to the blood vessels that keep your blood pressure steady. Damage to these nerves can make your blood move too slowly to keep your blood pressure steady when you change position. When you go from lying down to standing up or when you exercise a lot, the sudden changes in blood pressure can make you dizzy.
![Drawing of a man seated at a table with his head resting on his right hand. His right elbow is on the table. His eyeglasses are on the table. His eyes are closed and he looks ill.](images/dizzy.gif)
Diabetes can damage autonomic nerves that help keep your blood pressure steady.
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How can diabetes damage to the cranial nerves affect me?
Cranial nerves go to the eye muscles. Damage to these nerves usually occurs in one eye, causing double vision. This problem happens all of a sudden and most often lasts for a short time.
Cranial nerves go to the sides of the face. Damage to these nerves usually happens on only one side of the face. This nerve damage causes that side of the face to hang lower or sag. Usually the lips and lower eyelid sag. This problem is called Bell’s palsy. It happens all of a sudden.
![Drawing of a head and neck with a shaded area showing the location of the cranial nerves. The drawing is labeled “Cranial Nerves.”](images/cranial.gif)
Cranial nerves go from your brain to your eyes, mouth, ears, and other parts of your head.
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How do I know if I have nerve damage?
If you have one or more of the problems mentioned in this booklet, you may have some nerve damage from diabetes. Tell your doctor about the problem. Ask your doctor what you can do to make the problem better and to stop it from getting worse.
![Drawing of a female doctor talking with a female patient. They are sitting across from each other at a table.](images/docpatient.gif)
Ask your doctor what you can do about the problems from diabetes nerve damage.
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Pronunciation Guide
autonomic (AW-toh-NOM-ik)
central (SEN-truhl)
cranial (KRAY-nee-uhl)
erectile dysfunction (ee-REK-tyl) (diss-FUHNK-shuhn)
gastroparesis (GASS-troh-puh-REE-siss)
hypoglycemia (HY-poh-gly-SEE-mee-uh)
impotence (IM-puh-tenss)
neuropathy (noo-ROP-uh-thee)
peripheral (puh-RIF-ur-uhl)
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For More Information
![Drawing of a man seated at a table while talking on the phone and writing a note on a pad of paper.](images/manphonegeneric.gif)
Diabetes Teachers (nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and other health professionals) To find a diabetes teacher near you, call the Amer ican Association of Diabetes Educators toll-free at 1–800–TEAMUP4 (832–6874), or look on the Internet at www.diabeteseducator.org and click on “Find a Diabetes Educator.”
Dietitians To find a dietitian near you, call the American Dietetic Association toll-free at 1�0�7�00, or look on the Internet at www.eatright.org and click on “Find a Nutrition Professional.”
Government The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). To learn more about nervous system problems, write or call the NIH Neurological Institute at P.O. Box 5801, Bethesda, MD 20824, 1–800–352–9424; or see www.ninds.nih.gov on the Internet.
To get more information about taking care of diabetes, contact
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
1 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3560
Phone: 1–800–860–8747
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: ndic@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
National Diabetes Education Program
1 Diabetes Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3560
Phone: 1–800–438–5383
Fax: 703–738–4929
Internet: www.ndep.nih.gov
American Diabetes Association
1701 North Beauregard Street
Alexandria, VA 22311
Phone: 1–800–DIABETES (342–2383)
Internet: www.diabetes.org
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
120 Wall Street
New York, NY 10005–4001
Phone: 1–800–533–CURE (2873)
Internet: www.jdrf.org
This publication may contain information about medications used to treat a health condition. When this publication was prepared, the NIDDK included the most current information available. Occasionally, new information about medication is released. For updates or for questions about any medications, please contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at 1–888–INFO–FDA (463–6332), a toll-free call, or visit their website at www.fda.gov. Consult your doctor for more information.
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More in the Series
The “Prevent Diabetes Problems” Series has seven booklets that can help you learn more about how to prevent diabetes problems.
![The Prevent Diabetes Problems series of booklets.](images/Series-Covers-Numbered.gif)
For free single copies of these booklets, write, call, fax, or email the
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
1 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3560
Phone: 1–800–860–8747
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: ndic@info.niddk.nih.gov
These booklets are also available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov on the Internet.
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Acknowledgments
The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse thanks the people who helped review or field-test this publication:
For the American Association of Diabetes Educators
Lynn Grieger, R.D., C.D.E. Arlington, VT Celia Levesque, R.N., C.D.E. Montgomery, AL Teresa McMahon, Pharm.D., C.D.E. Seattle, WA Barbara Schreiner, R.N., M.N., C.D.E. Galveston, TX
For the American Diabetes Association
Phyllis Barrier, M.S., R.D., C.D.E. Alexandria, VA Linda Haas, Ph.C., R.N., C.D.E. Seattle, WA Kathleen Mahoney, M.S.N., R.N., C.D.E. Drexel Hill, PA Randi Kington, M.S., R.N., C.S., C.D.E. Hartford, CT
For the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
Baltimore, MD Jan Drass, R.N., C.D.E.
For the Diabetes Research and Training Centers
Albert Einstein School of Medicine Norwalk Hospital Norwalk, CT Jill Ely, R.N., C.D.E. Sam Engel, M.D. Pam Howard, A.P.R.N., C.D.E.
Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN Madelyn Wheeler, M.S., R.D., F.A.D.A., C.D.E.
VA/JDF Diabetes Research Center Vanderbilt School of Medicine Nashville, TN Ok Chon Allison, M.S.N., R.N.C.S., A.N.P., C.D.E. Barbara Backer, B.S. James W. Pichert, Ph.D. Alvin Powers, M.D. Melissa E. Schweikhart Michael B. Smith Kathleen Wolffe, R.N.
For the Grady Health System Diabetes Clinic
Atlanta, GA Ernestine Baker, R.N., F.N.P., C.D.E. Kris Ernst, R.N., C.D.E. Margaret Fowke, R.D., L.D. Kay Mann, R.N., C.D.E.
For the Indian Health Service
Albuquerque, NM Ruth Bear, R.D., C.D.E. Dorinda Bradley, R.N., C.D.E. Terry Fisher, R.N. Lorraine Valdez, R.N., C.D.E.
Red Lake, MN Charmaine Branchaud, B.S.N., R.N., C.D.E.
For the Medlantic Research Center
Washington, DC Resa Levetan, M.D.
For the Texas Diabetes Council
Texas Department of Health Austin, TX Luby Garza-Abijaoude, M.S., R.D., L.D.
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National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
1 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3560
Phone: 1–800–860–8747
TTY: 1–866–569–1162
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: ndic@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) is a service of
the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services. Established in 1978, the Clearinghouse provides
information about diabetes to people with diabetes and to their families,
health care professionals, and the public. The NDIC answers inquiries, develops
and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and
patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources
about diabetes.
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of
this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 08–4284
March 2008
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