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Inorganic Arsenic In Workplace Atmospheres
[356
KB PDF]
Related Information: Chemical Sampling -
Arsenic, Inorganic
|
Method no.: |
ID-105 |
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Matrix: |
Air, Wipes (Smear Tabs), or Bulks |
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OSHA Permissible Exposure
Limit: |
0.01 mg/m3 |
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Collection Procedure: |
Inorganic arsenic1 particulate in the air is collected by drawing
a known volume of the air through a 0.8-µm mixed-cellulose ester (MCE) filter and
backup pad using a calibrated personal sampling pump. A chemically-treated backup pad is used if
volatile inorganic arsenic species are suspected. If arsine is also suspected, a sampling train is used (see
Section 5). Wipe and bulk materials are collected using grab sampling techniques. |
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Recommended Air Volume
Ranges MCE Filter:
Sampling Train (Section 5): |
I480 L to 960 L 120 to 240 L |
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Recommended Sampling Rates MCE Filter:
Sampling Train (Section 5): |
2.0 L/min 0.5 L/min |
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Analytical Procedure: |
Air filters, backup pads, wipes (smear tabs), and bulks are
digested with nitric acid and stabilized by addition of nickel.
After digestion, a small amount of hydrochloric acid is added.
Arsine collected on charcoal is extracted using a dilute nitric
acid/nickel solution. All samples are then diluted to volume and
analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy using a heated
graphite atomizer. |
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Detection Limits Qualitative:
Quantitative: |
0.003 µg/mL arsenic 0.01 µg/mL arsenic |
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Precision and Accuracy Validation Level:
CVT
Bias
Overall Error |
0.006 to 0.04 mg/m3
0.10
+0.004
±20% |
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Method Classification: |
Validated Analytical Method |
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Chemist: |
Steven Edwards |
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Date (Date Revised): |
1982 (May, 1991) |
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1 |
Inorganic arsenic means copper acetoarsenite and all inorganic compounds
containing arsenic (except arsine) and measured as arsenic (8.1). |
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Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are for
descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-OSHA.
Similar products from other sources can be substituted.
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Division of Physical Measurements and Inorganic Analyses
OSHA Technical Center
Sandy, Utah
|
1. Introduction
1.1. Scope
This method describes the collection and analysis of inorganic arsenic for airborne, wipe,
and bulk material samples. Air samples can be taken for particulate and volatile
inorganic arsenic. Sample preparation at the laboratory involves mineral acid digestion
and nickel stabilization. The analysis is performed with an atomic absorption
spectrometer (AAS) utilizing a heated graphite atomizer (AAS-HGA). Additional
analytes (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) can also be analyzed from the same sample media
using flame AAS techniques.
In addition, samples previously prepared for ICP analysis by OSHA method no.
ID-125G (8.2) can also be determined for arsenic using the analytical technique
described herein.
1.2. History
Previously, arsenic was analyzed at the OSHA Analytical Laboratory using an arsine
generation procedure (8.3). The method required special gas generation equipment and
was time-consuming. An early AAS-HGA method without the addition of nickel as a stabilizer was considered; however, this approach had decreased sensitivity, poor
reproducibility, and was subject to potential interferences and loss of arsenic during
analysis. The addition of nickel to samples minimizes these problems by the apparent
formation of a stable nickel arsenide complex (8.4). This complex allows the use of a
higher charring temperature during AAS-HGA analysis and minimizes interferences
caused by incomplete volatilization of any organic substances contained in the sample
matrix (8.5).
Compared to arsine generation, the AAS-HGA procedure offers the following
advantages:
- a simple digestion procedure,
- increased ability to analyze other analytes from the same sample,
- a decrease in sample loss and an increase in sample throughput.
1.3. Analytical Principle
This method uses a HGA with a Zeeman/L'vov configuration to analyze arsenic and
reduce background contributions. Other background compensation techniques can be
used.
1.3.1. The Zeeman electromagnet technique assists in minimizing background without
the use of continuum sources such as the deuterium arc. A magnetic field is
provided during the analytical atomization step and results in a "splitting" of the
atom's energy levels. The capability of measuring the atomic absorption with
and without the magnetic field applied during the atomization step provides a
"clean" signal. This "clean" signal is the net difference between the signal
produced with the magnetic field turned off and then on.
1.3.2. The L'vov platform is a pyrolytically-coated graphite support inserted into a
graphite tube which is also pyrolytically-coated. This assembly offers a more
uniform temperature distribution inside the graphite tube, increased sensitivity,
and less opportunity for matrix effects from molecular formation and absorption
during atomization.
1.4. Uses
Arsenic has metallurgical applications in industry where it is used for hardening lead and
enhancing the toughness and corrosion resistance of copper. Arsenic compounds are
used in medicine, glass manufacture, pigment production, rodent poisons, insecticides,
fungicides, weed killers, semiconductor manufacture, and tanning processes.
1.5. Physical and Chemical Properties (8.6)
Metallic arsenic is a steel gray, brittle metal, with a density of 5.7. It also exists as
yellow crystal, As4, having a density of 2.0.
Some physical properties of arsenic (CAS #7440-38-2) are:
Atomic weight |
74.9216 |
Specific Gravity | 5.727 |
Melting Point | sublimes without melting at 613 °C |
Solubility |
insoluble in H2O; soluble in HNO3 |
2. Range and Detection Limit (8.7)
2.1. For this method, the working range is 0.01 to 0.5 µg/mL arsenic. For a 480-L air volume and 25-mL
solution volume, this range permits quantitation without sample dilution from approximately 0.0005 to 0.03 mg/m3 arsenic.
2.2. Calculated quantitative detection limits (DL) are:
Sample Type
|
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Air Vol
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|
Flow rate
|
|
Solution Vol
|
|
DL
|
Air |
480 L |
2 L/min |
25 mL |
0.0005 mg/m3 |
Air |
120 L |
0.5 L/min |
10 mL |
0.0008 mg/m3 |
Wipe or Bulk |
----- |
------- |
25 mL |
0.25 µg |
2.3. The range and detection limits of the other metal analytes (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn)
should be unaffected by this sample preparation. Detection limits and analytical
parameters for these and other elements can be found in references
8.2 or
8.8.
3. Precision and Accuracy
3.1. Previous and recent quality control samples (8.9) containing arsenic in the approximate
range of 0.5 to 4 times the OSHA PEL (assuming 960-L air volumes), gave the
following data:
|
Sample Set #1
|
|
Sample Set #2
|
Bias |
-0.024 |
+0.004 |
CV |
0.097 |
0.10 |
Overall analytical error |
±21.8% |
±20.0% |
Analysis period |
2/1982-4/1982 |
1/1989-12/1990 |
N |
78 |
100 |
Analytical technique |
HGA/D2 |
HGA/LD2 (5%) HGA/ZL (95%) |
Where:
|
HGA/D2 |
= |
Heated Graphite Atomizer with deuterium arc background correction. |
HGA/LD2 |
= |
Heated Graphite Atomizer/L'vov Platform with deuterium arc with background correction. |
HGA/ZL |
= |
Heated Graphite Atomizer with Zeeman/L'vov Platform |
Approximately 95% of the samples from Set #2 were analyzed using the HGA
Zeeman/L'vov platform approach mentioned in this method. The remaining samples
were analyzed with a HGA/L'vov platform and deuterium arc background correction
only. A significant difference in results was not noted.
3.2. Recovery data for arsenic analyzed in an "ICP digest" is presented in reference
8.7 No
significant loss of arsenic was noted when using the "ICP digest" and a HGA equipped
with a Zeeman/L'vov system.
3.3. For precision and accuracy data for other metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) analyzed with
arsenic, also see reference 8.7. Recoveries for these metals analyzed by flame atomic
absorption were adequate.
4. Interferences
Sampling
Non-volatile organic arsenic-containing compounds will provide a positive interference when
sampling for particulate arsenic. The industrial hygienist should make note of any
organo-arsenic use in the area sampled.
Analysis
The analysis of arsenic in an "ICP-type digestion" matrix (8% HCl/ 4% H2SO4 as mentioned in reference
8.2) may require the use of significant background correction due to the contribution
from sulfuric acid. In these cases, it is recommended to minimize background by using a
Zeeman-type graphite furnace assembly with a L'vov platform inserted in pyrolytically-coated graphite tubes; other techniques can be used to diminish background effects provided they are evaluated using spiked samples and analytical recovery is adequate.
Perchloric acid (HClO4) should not be used for sample digestions and subsequent analysis using this analytical technique. Inhibition of the arsenic signal after digestion of polyvinyl chloride filters and rapid graphite tube deterioration from HClO4 have been noted (8.10).
5. Sampling
When other compounds or elements are known or suspected to be present in the sampled air,
such information should be transmitted with the sample. Sampling for arsenic in air is dependent on the operation. If the operation being
sampled has the potential for producing inorganic arsenic vapor and arsine, a sampling train (Sampling Media II) is used to capture the vapor
and particulate. Some examples of operations potentially producing arsenic vapor are welding and torching (8.11). Arsine can be formed
from arsenic when sufficient hydrogen is present with arsenic [i.e. lead-acid battery manufacturing plants (8.11)]. Sampling
can be accomplished using one of two different approaches:
Suspected Form
|
Sampling Media
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|
Flow Rate (L/min)
|
Particulate ( + Vapor) |
I |
2 |
Particulate + Vapor + Arsine |
II |
0.5 |
If possible, all samples should be taken for at least 240 min.
5.1. Equipment
5.1.1. Sampling Media I for particulate arsenic:
Mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters (0.8 µm pore size), cellulose backup pads,
and two- or three-piece cassettes, 37-mm diameter, (part no. MAWP 037 A0, Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA). If volatile inorganic arsenic is suspected, the
following is used:
For sampling particulate and volatile inorganic arsenic
compounds (i.e. heated arsenic sources): The cellulose backup pad is chemically treated and the pads
and MCE filters are contained in three-piece cassettes. This chemical treatment
ensures capture of volatile inorganic arsenic in the backup pad (8.11). The
backup pads are treated using an impregnation solution:
Pipettes, 0.5 mL
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Glycerol (C3H8O3)
Impregnation solution [Na2CO3 solution with glycerol] - prepare by dissolving
4.0 g Na2CO3 in 50 mL deionized water, add 2 mL glycerol, and dilute this solution to 100 mL with deionized water.
Remove filters from the three-piece cassettes and use the opened cassettes as
supports for backup pad impregnation. Each backup pad should be resting on
the ridge of the middle insert of the cassette and not in contact with the cassette
base. Slowly pipette 0.5 mL of the impregnation solution over the entire backup
pad, let dry overnight, and then place the MCE filters on top of the backup pads
and assemble the cassettes.
5.1.2. Sampling Media II (for sampling when arsine is also suspected to be present): Sampling media I with the
chemically treated backup pad is used in series with
an arsine sampling tube. This tube is composed of glass and contains 400 mg
(front) and 200 mg (backup) sections of activated coconut shell charcoal. This
sampling train is necessary if volatile inorganic arsenic species and arsine are
suspected to be present in the air.
5.1.3. Sampling pumps capable of sampling at 2 L/min (Sampling Media I) or 0.5
L/min (Sampling Media II).
5.1.4. Assorted flexible tubing.
5.1.5. Stopwatch and bubble tube or meter for pump calibration.
5.1.6. Gel bands (Omega Specialty Instrument Co., Chelmsford, MA) for sealing
cassettes.
5.1.7. Scintillation vials, 20 mL, (part no. 74515 or 58515, Kimble, Div. of
Owens-Illinois Inc., Toledo, OH) with polypropylene or Teflon cap liners. If
possible, submit bulk or wipe samples in these vials.
5.1.8. Smear tabs, (Whatman 50, part no. 225-24, SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA) for wipe
sampling.
5.2. Sampling Procedure - Air Samples
5.2.1. Place an MCE filter and a cellulose backup pad in each two- or three-piece
cassette. The backup pad should be chemically-treated if volatile inorganic
arsenic compounds are suspected. Seal each cassette with a gel band.
5.2.2. Attach calibration sampling media to the pump using flexible tubing.
Depending on the sampling media in use, follow the sampling scheme shown:
![For problems with accessibility in using figures, illustrations and PDF in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900. For problems with accessibility in using figures, illustrations and PDF in this method, please contact the SLTC at (801) 233-4900.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081104112410im_/http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/inorganic/id105/fig1.jpg) |
Text Version:
Sampling Media I of the sampling train is a 37-mm mixed cellulose ester (MCE)
filter (0.8 μm pore size) and a backup pad contained in a two- or a three-piece
37-mm diameter plastic filter cassette. The backup pad is chemically treated if
volatile inorganic arsenic substances are suspected to be present. This
treatment for the backup pad is described in Section 5.1.1. The MCE filter and
chemically-treated backup pad are available from SKC, Inc. as catalog no.
225-9001. The filter cassette is connected to sampling Media II, a coconut shell
charcoal sampling tube (400/200 mg sections), with a short length of plastic
tubing. The charcoal sampling tube is used if arsene is suspected to be
present. The sampling train is connected to the sampling pump with flexible
plastic tubing. |
If arsine is suspected, use a minimum amount of tubing to connect the cassette to
the arsine sampling tube.
5.2.3. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with prepared sampling media in-line to within ±10% of the recommended flow
rate of 2 L/min (Sampling Media I) or
0.5 L/min (Sampling Media II). Remove the calibration media and attach new
sampling media to the calibrated pump.
5.2.4. Place the sampling media/pump assembly in appropriate positions on the
employee or the workplace area.
5.2.5. If possible, collect full-shift samples. The minimum recommended air volume is
480 L (120-L for Sampling Media II). Take samples to cover the workshift.
5.2.6. If the filter becomes overloaded while sampling, prepare and use another filter
cassette. Take consecutive samples using shorter sampling periods if
overloading occurs.
5.2.7. Place plastic end caps on each sampling media after sampling.
5.3. Sampling Procedure - Wipe Samples
5.3.1. Wear clean, impervious, disposable gloves when taking each wipe sample.
5.3.2. Moisten the wipe filters with deionized water prior to use.
5.3.3. If possible, wipe a surface area covering 100 cm2.
5.3.4. Fold the wipe sample with the exposed side in.
5.3.5. Transfer the wipe sample into a 20-mL scintillation vial and seal with vinyl or
electrical tape.
5.4. Sampling Procedure - Bulk Samples
In order of laboratory preference, bulk samples may be one of the following:
1. a high-volume filter sample,
2. a representative settled dust (rafter) sample,
3. a sample of the bulk material in the workplace.
Transfer the bulk material into a 20-mL scintillation vial and seal with vinyl or electrical
tape.
5.5. Shipment
5.5.1. Submit at least one blank sample with each set of air, charcoal, or wipe samples.
Blank samples should be handled in the same manner as other samples, except
that no monitoring is performed with these samples.
5.5.2. Attach an OSHA-21 seal around each cassette, scintillation vial, and glass tube
(if used) in such a way as to secure the end caps. Document the industrial
operation(s) the samples were taken from. Send the samples along with any
blank samples to the laboratory with the OSHA-91A paperwork requesting
arsenic analysis. Also note whether volatile arsenic or arsine was suspected and
which Sampling Media was used.
5.5.3. If desired, specify other elements of interest. At the OSHA Technical Center the
following elements are analyzable on the same filter, wipe, or bulk with arsenic:
Technique
|
|
Element
|
|
Atomic Absorption |
Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn |
|
ICP |
Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn,
Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn |
Choose any combination of three elements listed for Atomic Absorption or
choose arsenic/ICP analysis if more than three elements are desired.
5.5.4. The type of bulk sample should be stated on the OSHA-91A and
cross-referenced to the appropriate air sample(s).
5.5.5. Ship bulk samples separately from air samples. They should be accompanied by
Material Safety Data Sheets, if available. Check current shipping restrictions
and ship to the laboratory by the appropriate method.
6. Analysis
6.1. Safety Precautions
6.1.1. Arsenic is considered a human carcinogen (8.1,
8.6). Use extreme care when
handling arsenic or arsenic-containing compounds.
6.1.2. All work with concentrated acids is potentially hazardous. Care should be
exercised when handling any acidic solutions. Acid solution contact with work
surfaces should be avoided. If any acid contacts the eyes, skin, or clothes, flush
the area immediately with copious amounts of water. Medical treatment may be
necessary.
6.1.3. Always wear safety glasses and protective clothing when using chemicals.
Prepare all mixtures, samples, or dilutions in an exhaust hood. To avoid
exposure to acid vapors, do not remove any beakers from the hoods until they
have returned to room temperature and have been diluted.
6.1.4. Use a pipette bulb, never pipette by mouth.
6.1.5. When scoring glass sampling tubes to remove the sorbent before analysis, score
with care. Apply only enough pressure to scratch a clean mark on the glass. Use
a paper towel or cloth to support the opposite side while scoring. Moisten the
mark with DI H2O and wrap the tube in cloth before breaking. If the tube does not break easily, re-score. Dispose of glass in a waste receptacle specifically designed and designated for broken-glass.
6.1.6. Consult the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) (8.12) and any instrument
manuals before using any instrument.
6.1.7. Since metallic elements and other toxic substances are vaporized during HGA
operation, it is imperative that an exhaust hood is installed and used directly
above the graphite furnace. Always ensure the exhaust system is operating
before proceeding with the analysis.
6.1.8. Do not look directly at the furnace during the atomization step or at the emission
of an electrodeless discharge lamp.
6.2. Equipment
6.2.1. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer consisting of a(an):
a. Heated graphite furnace atomizer with argon purge system and graphite tubes
Note: |
If samples are analyzed in matrices other than recommended in this method (4%
HNO3, 200 µg/mL Ni), or matrix-matching samples and standards is difficult, it is recommended to use an HGA capable of
significant resolution of background,
such as a Zeeman/L'vov Platform-type HGA (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT) with pyrolytically-coated
graphite tubes. |
b. Pressure-regulating devices capable of maintaining constant argon purge
pressure.
c. Optical system capable of isolating the desired wavelength of radiation.
d. Adjustable slit.
e. Light measuring and amplifying device.
f. Display, strip chart, or computer interface for indicating the amount of
absorbed radiation.
g. Deuterium Arc Background Corrector (if Zeeman background correction
is unavailable).
h. Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL) for arsenic and an EDL power
supply (Note: A modulated system is necessary when using a Zeeman
HGA.).
i. Automatic sampler.
6.2.2. Glassware
a. Phillips beakers, 125- and 250-mL
b. Volumetric flasks, Class A: 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-mL
c. Pipettes, Class A: Assorted sizes
d. Scintillation vials, 20-mL (for desorbing charcoal)
6.2.3. Forceps.
6.2.4. Exhaust hood and hotplate, or microwave digestion system (model no. MDS-81,
CEM Corp., Matthews, NC).
6.2.5. Filtering apparatus consisting of MCE filters, 0.45-µm pore size, 47-mm diameter (cat. no. HAWP 047 00, Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) and filtering
apparatus (cat. no. XX15 047 00, Millipore).
6.2.6. Automatic pipets, adjustable, 0.1 to 5.0 mL range (models P-1000 and P-5000, Rainin Instruments Co., Woburn, MA).
6.2.7. Glass tube scorer, or needle, 21 to 25 gauge - for glass wool, foam, and sorbent
from glass tubes. A piece of bent wire can also be used.
6.2.8. Exhaust vent.
6.2.9. Ultrasonic bath (for arsine samples).
6.2.10. Analytical balance (0.01 mg).
6.2.11. Arsine sampling media (for standard preparation if arsine has been collected):
Obtain six sampling tubes each containing 400 mg (front) and 200 mg (backup)
sections of activated coconut shell charcoal.
6.3. Reagents (All chemicals should be reagent grade or better.)
6.3.1. Deionized water (DI H2O) with a specific conductance of less than 10 µS.
6.3.2. Mineral acids (used for digestions and dilution solution preparation)
CAUTION: Refer to Sections 6.1.2.-6.1.3. before using acids.
a.Hydrochloric acid (HCl), concentrated (36.5 to 38%).
b.Nitric acid (HNO3), concentrated (69 to 71%).
6.3.3. Mineral acids (used for cleaning glassware)
CAUTION: Refer to Sections 6.1.2.-6.1.3. before using acids.
a. Nitric acid, 1:1 HNO3/DI H2O mixture: Carefully add a measured volume of concentrated HNO3 to an
equal volume of DI H2O.
b. Nitric acid 10% v/v: Carefully add 100 mL of concentrated HNO3 to 500 mL of DI H2O and then dilute to 1 L.
6.3.4. Nickelous nitrate [Ni(NO3)2· 6H2O].
6.3.5. Stabilizer, 1,000 µg/mL Ni solution - Dissolve 5.0 g nickelous nitrate in 100 mL
of DI H2O, add 5 mL concentrated HNO3, and dilute to 1-L with DI H2O.
6.3.6. Mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters, 0.8-µm pore size, 37-mm diameter.
(Note: |
These filters are used for matrix-matching standards with samples. If
possible, use the same brand and lot of filters for air sampling and
matrix-matching.) |
6.3.7. Diluting solution: Place 20 blank MCE filters in a cleaned 250-mL Phillips
beaker and carefully add 100 mL of concentrated HNO3 and 100 mL of the 1,000 µg/mL nickel solution. Digest this
mixture on a hot plate until about 20 to 40 mL of solution remain. Transfer the solution to a cleaned 500-mL volumetric
flask, add 2 mL of concentrated HCl, and dilute to volume with DI H2O.
6.3.8. Standard solution, 1,000 µg/mL arsenic: If possible, use commercially available
aqueous standards. Observe expiration dates; if none, properly dispose the
standard after 1 year.
6.3.9. If a commercial standard (Section 6.3.8.) is not available, a 1,000 µg/mL
solution can be prepared as follows:
1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
2. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3).
3. Sodium hydroxide, 10% solution: Dissolve 10 g of NaOH in about 75 mL of DI H2O. Dilute to 100 mL.
In a cleaned 1-L volumetric flask, dissolve 1.320 g As2O3 in 25 mL 10%
NaOH. Dilute to volume with DI H2O, and mix. Dispose of properly after 1 year.
6.3.10. Argon, compressed gas (for HGA tube purges).
6.4. Glassware Preparation
6.4.1. Place the Phillips beakers in an exhaust hood and add approximately 10 mL of a
1:1 HNO3/DI H2O mixture in each 125- or 250-mL Phillips beaker. Using a hot plate, apply moderate heat to
the beakers until refluxing occurs. Carefully decant the acid mixture into a waste container and allow the beakers to cool before removing
from the hood. Rinse the beakers thoroughly with DI H2O.
6.4.2. Rinse all volumetric flasks with 10% v/v HNO3 and then rinse thoroughly with DI H2O.
6.4.3. Allow all glassware to air dry before proceeding.
6.5. Standards
6.5.1. Dilute stock solutions:
Prepare dilute arsenic stock solutions (0.1-, 1-, and 10-µg/mL) by diluting
aliquots of the 1,000-µg/mL standard solution with DI H2O. Prepare the diluted stock solutions on the same
day the working standards are prepared.
6.5.2. Working standards:
A dilution scheme using 0.1-, 1-, and 10-µg/mL stock solutions is proposed
below.
Working Standard (µg/mL) |
Stock Solution (µg/mL) |
Stock solution Aliquot (mL) |
Final Volume* (mL) |
|
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 |
0.1 0.1 1 1 10 10 |
10 20 5 10 2 5 |
100 100 100 100 100 100 |
|
* Diluent is the diluting solution (Section 6.3.7.) |
Dilute all working standards to volume using the diluting solution. This will
assure the matrix (acid, sample filter, and nickel content) of the samples (air and
wipe) and standards are closely matched. Dispose working standards after
6 months.
6.5.3. Standards for arsine determinations
Remove the 400-mg section of charcoal sorbent from six arsine sampling tubes.
Place each 400-mg section in a separate vial. Pipet a 3-mL aliquot from each working standard (prepared in Section 6.5.2.) into each vial such that six
standards ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 0.5 µg/mL arsenic are prepared
with a charcoal matrix.
6.6. Sample Preparation
Note: |
Always prepare blank samples with every sample set. Prepare an additional blank media
sample any time an extra procedure is used (i.e. wiping out the particulate contained
inside a cassette with an MCE filter or preparing a contaminated backup pad). If
possible, this blank media should be from the same manufactured lot as the prepared
filter, tube, or backup pad. |
a. Preparation of air and wipe sample filters
1. Carefully transfer any loose dust from the cassette into a labeled beaker. Using forceps transfer the sample filter into the same
digestion beaker. If volatile inorganic arsenic species are suspected, or if the backup pad appears contaminated, include it with the sample
filter. If there is loose dust present, rinse the cassette top (and ring, if present) with a small amount of DI H2O and pour the water into
the beaker with the sample filter. Wipe out the cassette top (and ring, if present) interior surface with a clean Smear Tab (or 1×2 inch
section of Ghost Wipe) that has been moistened with DI H2O and place it in the same digestion beaker with the rinse and sample filter.
Similarly wipe out the cassette bottom interior surface if the cassette contains loose dust or if the backup pad is contaminated. Ensure
that blank samples are prepared and analyzed using the same materials and procedures as used for air samples.
2. If the backup pad appears discolored, it may be due to leakage of air around the filter during sampling.
b. Preparation of bulk samples
1. Review any available material safety data sheets to determine safe bulk
handling. The data may also offer a clue regarding the aliquot amount needed
for adequate detection.
2. Measure by volume or weight an appropriate aliquot of any liquid bulk sample.
Weigh the appropriate amount of any solid bulk sample.
Note: |
Aliquot amounts of bulks are dependent on the analytical sensitivity,
detection limit, and solubility of the material used. If uncertain, a 20- to 50-mg aliquot of a solid material can be taken as a starting point. Make sure the aliquot
taken is representative of the entire bulk sample. If necessary, use a mortar and
pestle to grind any nonhomogenous particulate bulk samples in an exhaust hood. |
After measuring, transfer the aliquot to a 250-mL Phillips beaker.
c. Preparation of arsine (charcoal) samples
1. Score the tube with a glass tube cutter (also see Section 6.1.5.) and then
break open the front section of the tube above the glass wool. An
alternative approach to scoring and breaking is to carefully remove the glass
wool with a bent wire or needle.
2. Carefully transfer each section of the sorbent to separate 20-mL scintillation
vials without losing any particles.
6.7. Sample Digestion or Extraction
a. MCE air filters and smear tabs
Place the beakers in an exhaust hood and carefully add 3 to 5 mL concentrated
HNO3 and the appropriate amount of Stabilizer (Section 6.3.5.) as shown below.
Place the beakers on a hot plate and heat the samples until the appropriate amount
of solution remains as shown below.
Air Vol (L)
|
Stabilizer (mL)
|
Digestion Vol (mL)
|
< 200 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
³ 200 |
5.0 |
1.0 |
Smear tabs |
5.0 |
1.0 |
Note: |
If the sample solution is not clear, add a second portion of approximately 1 to 2 mL of
concentrated HNO3. Apply heat until the appropriate digestion volume listed above
remains.
|
Remove the beakers from the hotplate. Allow beakers to cool, then add 100 µL (~2
drops) of HCl to each and swirl the contents.
b. Polyvinyl chloride filters, or backup pads
Note: |
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters are not routinely used for arsenic sample collection and
analysis. In some cases the industrial hygienist will sample for total or respirable dust
using PVC filters and also submit these samples for analysis. The PVC filter will not be
completely digested using the acid digestion listed in this method; rather, the particulate
is acid-extracted from the filter.
Perchloric acid should not be used to digest arsenic samples collected on PVC filters or
backup pads; low recoveries for arsenic were noted when PVC filters were digested
using an H2SO4/HCl/HClO4 acid matrix (8.10). In addition, graphite tube degradation is greatly
accelerated from perchloric acid. |
Place the beakers in an exhaust hood and add the following amount of concentrated
HNO3 to the beakers:
Backup pads | |
10 to 15 mL |
PVC filters | |
3 to 5 mL |
Follow the digestion procedure mentioned above (Section 6.7., MCE air filters and smear
tabs) and determine the amount of Stabilizer needed, and digestion volumes. After
heating on a hot plate and subsequent cooling, each PVC filter should be thoroughly
rinsed with DI H2O during quantitative transfer of the sample solution.
c. Bulk samples
If necessary, use a microwave digestion system to facilitate digestion [For further
information regarding microwave digestion, see the Microwave Standard Operating
Procedure (8.13)].
Add 10 to 30 mL HNO3, 5 mL of Stabilizer, and place the beaker on a hot plate. Digest the bulk sample until the material dissolves and approximately 1 mL of
solution remains. Remove the beakers from the hot plate. Allow beakers to cool, then add 40 µL (~2 drops) of HCl to each and swirl the contents.
d. Arsine (charcoal) samples
To each scintillation vial add 3 mL of Stabilizer solution (Section 6.3.5.). Cap and
sonicate each vial contents for 10 min.
6.7.1. Filtration - any solutions samples containing particulate
Digested samples: If particulate matter is present after digesting, allow the
sample to cool, add approximately 10 mL DI H2O, then filter the solution through a 0.45-µm MCE filter.
Save the filtrate for analysis. Repeat the digestion procedure above for the filter containing the particulate.
Arsine samples: If particulate is present after extraction (i.e. charcoal fines),
filter the 3-mL solution through a 0.45-µm MCE filter, and analyze the filtrate.
6.7.2. Dilution - all samples
Digested samples: Allow all beakers to cool to room temperature in an exhaust
hood before proceeding. Carefully add about 5 mL of DI H2O to each beaker, rinsing down the insides of each beaker.
Quantitatively transfer each sample
solution to individual volumetric flasks. Dilute to volume with DI H2O and mix well. Recommended final sample solution
volumes are:
Air (³200-L), wipe, and bulk samples |
|
25 mL |
Air volumes <200-l |
|
10 mL |
Larger dilution volumes can be used for bulk samples; however, the final
solution volume should contain 4% HNO3 and 200 µg/mL Ni.
Arsine samples: For charcoal samples, further dilution is not necessary.
6.7.3. Samples previously prepared for ICP analysis
For samples already prepared and analyzed using OSHA method no. ID-125G,
no additional sample preparation is necessary.
6.8. Instrument Setup and Analysis
6.8.1. Set up the spectrometer and HGA according to the SOP (8.12) or the
manufacturer's instructions. Suggested parameters for two specific instruments
are shown in Appendix A.
1. Install an EDL for arsenic and allow to stabilize.
2. Optimize conditions such as lamp position, furnace alignment, etc. as mentioned in the SOP (8.12).
3. Be sure cooling water is circulating around the furnace before heating it and if deuterium (D2) arc background
correction is used, assure the purge air is circulating around the D2 components before lighting the
D2 lamp.
4. Only for those samples previously prepared using OSHA Method
ID-125G:
Set up the instrument such that a nickel spike is added to each sample or
standard immediately prior to HGA initiation. A 10-µL aliquot of the sample can be injected, then overlay
5 µL of Stabilizer (Section 6.3.5.) on the sample before starting the HGA cycle. Standards prepared in Section 6.5. can be used during analysis of these samples.
6.8.2. Inject an aliquot of a standard into the HGA and measure the absorbance of the
standard using peak height or area. The standard concentration should be within
the linear range. If possible, compare this absorbance to a value from a previous
analysis. Measure other prepared working standards first to assure proper
instrument operation.
6.8.3. Analyze samples and blanks. Analyze a standard after every four or five
samples. Standards should bracket the sample concentrations. Standard
readings should be within 10 to 15% of the readings obtained at the beginning of
the analysis.
6.8.4. If any samples exceed the linear range, dilute with diluting solution (Section
6.3.7.) to bring them into the working range.
6.8.5. Cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc can be analyzed in conjunction with the
arsenic analysis using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (air/acetylene
flame) and direct aspiration. Analytical conditions for flame analysis of these
elements are shown in Appendix B. Additional information can be found in
OSHA Method No. ID-121 or instrument manufacturers' manuals.
6.9. Analytical Recommendations
6.9.1. The amount of nickel added to each sample can vary slightly from the standards
without producing a significant matrix effect. An excess of nickel always needs
to be present. (Note: A common range is to have from 100 to 2,000 µg/mL Ni
present in the samples and standards.)
6.9.2. When standards are prepared, analyze the old and new standards and compare
results to verify the new standard is correct. If two or more 1,000 µg/mL arsenic
solutions are available for standard preparations, rotate the preparation from one
stock solution to the next to verify the quality.
6.9.3. Keep a permanent record of all standard preparation and comparison data.
Assign and follow expiration dates for all standards.
6.9.4. Always analyze blank samples along with the other samples. Treat blanks in the
same fashion as samples, including any filtration steps.
6.9.5. If possible, analyze quality control samples from an independent source. The
quality control samples should be freshly prepared if they are derived from
liquid spikes on MCE filters.
7. Calculations
If sample or standard injection volumes are not constant, the differences need to be considered
before establishing a curve and calculating results.
7.1. Plot the peak height or area versus the standard concentrations in µg/mL. Using a least squares method,
determine the equation for the best curve fit.
7.2. Use the equation to calculate the concentration of arsenic in µg/mL for each sample.
7.3. Calculate the concentration of each air sample as:
C = |
[(A × SA × D) - (B × SB)] air volume |
Where: |
|
C |
= |
arsenic (mg/m3) |
A |
= |
concn of arsenic in the sample solution (µg/mL) |
B |
= |
concn of arsenic in the blank solution (µg/mL) |
SA |
= |
sample solution volume (mL) |
SB |
= |
blank solution volume (mL) |
D |
= |
sample dilution factor (if any) |
Air Vol |
= |
air volume sampled (L) |
7.4. For wipe or bulk samples, calculate the total amount (in µg) of analyte in each sample using the
equation above without air volumes. Convert bulk sample analytes to %
composition using:
Arsenic %(w/w) = |
(C)(100%) (sample weight)(1000 µg/mg) |
(Bulk Samples) |
Where: |
C |
= |
arsenic amount (µg) |
Sample wt |
= |
aliquot (in mg) of bulk taken in Section 6.6. |
7.5. Analytes other than arsenic are calculated in the same fashion as described above. For
the charcoal sampling media results from Sampling Media II, multiply the arsenic found
by 0.326 to obtain ppm arsine values. For air samples, multiply any results for zinc or
iron by the appropriate gravimetric factor (ZnO/Zn = 1.2447, Fe2O3/Fe = 1.4298).
7.6. With the exception of arsine sample results, combine results from sampling trains or
filtrate/particulate samples to give a single arsenic result per sample. As examples:
Total As exposure
|
|
Results
|
Sampling Media I or II |
= |
filter + backup pad* |
Samples containing undigested particulate |
= |
filtrate + redigest |
* |
If the chemically-treated pad was used or if the air sample leaked onto the pad. |
7.7. Reporting Results to the Industrial Hygienist
7.7.1. Report air sample results as mg/m3 arsenic.
7.7.2. Report wipe sample concentrations as total micrograms or milligrams arsenic.
7.7.3. Report bulk sample results as approximate percent by weight arsenic (Note:
Sample results for bulk liquids may be reported as approximate percent by
volume if volumetric aliquots were taken during sample preparation.) Due to
differences in sample matrices between bulks and standards, bulk results are
approximate.
Analytes other than arsenic are reported in the same fashion as described above. Arsine
results (in ppm) are reported separately. Air sample results for zinc and iron are reported
to the industrial hygienist as oxides.
8. References
8.1. "Inorganic arsenic," Code of Federal Regulations
29 CFR 1910.1018. 1989. 142-155.
8.2.
Metal and
Metalloid Particulate in Workplace Atmospheres (ICP Analysis) by J. Septon
(USDOL/OSHA-SLTC Method No. ID-125G). Salt Lake City, UT. Revised 1991.
8.3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Analytical Laboratory: OSHA
Manual of Analytical Methods edited by R.G. Adler (Method No. I-2). Salt Lake City, UT. 1978.
8.4. Ediger, R.D.: Atomic Absorption Analysis with the Graphite Furnace using Matrix
Modification. Atomic Absorption Newsletter 14(5): 127-130 (1975).
8.5. Edwards, S.E.: "The Determination of Arsenic and Lead on a Single Personal Air
Sample." Paper presented at American Industrial Hygiene Association National Conference, Houston, TX, 1980.
8.6. Hawley, G.G.: The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987.
8.7.
Arsenic Backup
Data Report (ID-105). Salt Lake City, UT. 1991.
8.8. Metal and
Metalloid Particulate in Workplace Atmospheres (Atomic Absorption) (USDOL/OSHA-SLTC Method No. ID-121).
Salt Lake City, UT. Revised 1990.
8.9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Technical Center: OSHA
Laboratory Quality Control Division Data by B. Babcock. Salt Lake City, UT, 1990
(unpublished).
8.10. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Analytical Laboratory: As on
FWSB filters by ICP digest by C. Merrell. Salt Lake City, UT. 1989 (unpublished).
8.11. Costello, R.J., P.M. Eller, and R.D. Hull: Measurement of Multiple Inorganic Arsenic Species.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44(1): 21-28 (1983).
8.12. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Technical Center: AAS-HGA
Standard Operating Procedure. Salt Lake City, UT. In progress (unpublished).
8.13. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Analytical Laboratory: Standard
Operating Procedure for Microwave Digestions. by D. Cook. Salt Lake City, UT. 1989
(unpublished).
Appendix A
Typical Instrumental Parameters*
|
Instrument |
Zeeman*
|
PE 5000*
|
|
Wavelenth+
Slit
Signal
Mode
D2 Background Correction
Integration Time
Sample Injection Vol
Automatic sampler |
197.3 nm
0.7 nm
Peak Area
6 s
10 µL
AS60** |
197.3 nm
0.7 nm low
Peak Area
AA-BG/ABS
Yes
6 s
10 µL
AS40** |
Zeeman* or PE 5000* wiht L'vov Platform |
|
Furnace |
Time |
Internal Argon |
|
Temperature (°C) |
Ramp (s) |
Hold (s) |
Flow (mL/min) |
|
1) Pre-dry
2) Dry
3) Char
4) Cool Down
5) Atomize
6) Burn out
|
90
140
1,300
30
2,300
2,600 |
5
30
10
1
0
1 |
10
10
20
8
5
6 |
300
300
300
300
0
300 |
|
* Instruments are: |
Zeeman |
= |
Model 5100 Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with a model 600 HGA
controller (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT) |
|
PE 5000 |
= |
Model 5000 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with a model 500 HGA
controller (Perkin-Elmer) |
|
** Model numbers of automatic samplers (Perkin-Elmer) |
|
+ |
Secondary wavelength is used to increase the upper linear range. Primary wavelength of
193.7 nm can be used to increase sensitivity; however, a decrease in the upper range may be noted. |
Appendix B
Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn Analysis |
The following parameters were used for the validation (8.7) (atomic absorption-air/acetylene
flame) of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn:
|
Metal |
Wavelength (nm) |
Slit Setting (nm) |
Light Source |
Comments |
|
Cd Cu Fe Pb Zn |
228.8 324.7 248.3 283.3 213.9 |
0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.7 |
HCL HCL HCL HCL HCL |
*
|
HCL = Hollow Cathode Lamp
* When Fe is determined in the presence of Ni and HNO3, a reduction in sensitivity is observed. This effect can be
controlled by using a very lean (hot) flame.
All analytes were analyzed using an oxidizing air/acetylene (lean-blue) flame.
|
|
|
|