The MESSENGER spacecraft has revealed geochemical diversity across Mercury’s surface. Magma crystallization experiments suggest a crustal mineralogy consistent with a transition towards shallower and cooler mantle melting conditions.

The controls on fast versus slow fault slip in subduction zones are unclear. Rock deformation experiments suggest that faults within the seismogenic region of a subduction zone may slip aseismically due to pressure solution creep.

Ocean acidification can affect growth and calcification rates of calcifying phytoplankton. Mesocosm experiments reveal that acidification can also cause declines in population size and inhibit bloom formation.

Abrupt glacial climate changes were slowly communicated between hemispheres by oceanic heat transport. Ice core data point to more rapid atmospheric teleconnections linking the North Atlantic, tropics, and southern storm track.

Glaciers have been retreating almost globally over the past century. An analysis using signal-to-noise ratio as a metric of individual glacier change reveals that glacier retreat constitutes categorical evidence for regional climate change.

Thicker oceanic crust forms from a hot mantle. Observations of unusually thick oceanic crust that formed 170 million years ago in the Atlantic and Indian oceans suggest that the ancient supercontinent Pangaea helped insulate and warm the mantle.

Ocean acidification can affect growth and calcification rates of calcifying phytoplankton. Mesocosm experiments reveal that acidification can also cause declines in population size and inhibit bloom formation.

Cement production is a source of CO₂. Analysis of carbonation, a process that sequesters CO₂ during the lifetime of cement, suggests that between 1930 and 2013, it has offset 43% of CO₂ emissions from cement production globally.