Table of Contents:
- Introduction
- Distribution
- Susceptible greenhouse crops and environment
- Symptoms
- The disease cycle
- Lab diagnosis
- Disease management plan
- Research
- Sources of information
- Acknowledgements
Powdery mildew, Leveillula taurica, became a new and serious threat
to British Columbia’s greenhouse bell pepper industry early February, 2003.
The disease was found simultaneously in two separate locations near Langley
in southern British Columbia. Trace amounts of mildew developed on the
foliage of cultivar Zamboni in one operation and 10-80% of the foliage of
cultivar Triple Four in an organic operation. Reported pepper fruit yield
losses have been 2 to 4 kg/m2. By summer, pepper powdery mildew was reported
throughout British Columbia’s pepper greenhouses. Dutch research has shown a
direct relationship between per cent mildew infection of the leaves and yield
loss. One per cent mildew infection on the leaves results in a one percent
yield loss. Studies show that the higher the level of powdery mildew
infection the higher the loss of production. An early, heavy infection with
mildew had about 30% loss of production compared to a later, lighter
infection. Powdery mildew generally has caused 10-15% yield loss in NA
greenhouse pepper crops. Greenhouse pepper growers need to follow an
intensive disease prevention plan because it is very important that powdery
mildew never gets out of hand. Once pepper leaves are infected with powdery
mildew it is difficult to control; if left unchecked the crop can be entirely
destroyed. Monitor the crop right from the start. Apply preventive fungicide
sprays once the disease is detected. Carry out strict hygiene throughout the
year and practice a thorough year-end clean up. There are no powdery mildew
resistant pepper varieties currently available.
Pepper powdery mildew is different in several ways from the mildews that
infect tomato (Erysiphe, Oidium lycopersicum), or cucumber, (Erysiphe
cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Pepper powdery mildew grows
unseen, within the leaf tissue for a latency period of up to 21 days. Unlike
tomato and cucumber powdery mildew which is easily seen on the top side of
the leaves, pepper powdery mildew grows on the under side of leaves (Figure
1). Disease monitoring, early detection and prevention of pepper powdery
mildew is critical. By the time pepper powdery mildew is detected in a
greenhouse many more leaves are already infected but do not show any disease
symptoms or signs. In addition, pepper plants can become defoliated and do
not recover as quickly as other greenhouse crops when infected with powdery
mildew. Pepper powdery mildew does not infect the fruit or stems but can
quickly destroy unprotected leaves and eventually the entire pepper crop.
![](images/ppm.jpg)
Figure 1. Unlike other powdery mildew diseases, greenhouse pepper powdery
mildew, Leveillula taurica, forms on the under side of leaves not on
the upper leaf surface.
Leveillula taurica is a tropical to subtropical fungus which first
appeared in North America in Florida in 1971. Since the early 1990’s it has
been a recurring problem in California on chili and bell peppers, tomato,
cotton, globe artichoke, onion and can also infect weed species. By the late
1990’s it had spread to Arizona, Idaho, New York, Oklahoma, Utah, Mexico and
Ontario. It was first detected in British Columbia in February, 2003 on
greenhouse pepper crops and has since spread throughout the greenhouse pepper
industry.
3. Susceptible Greenhouse Crops and Environment
Over 1000 plant species in numerous plant
families are susceptible to the pepper powdery mildew fungus. Leveillula taurica has been reported on greenhouse bell peppers but not
on any other greenhouse vegetable crop in British Columbia. The disease can
also infect tomato and eggplant while cucumbers are not as readily infected.
Pepper powdery mildew infection can occur over a wide temperature range
(19-33 ÂșC) with high or low humidity.
In general, pepper crops become more susceptible to this powdery mildew as
they mature. Older plants and lower leaves are the first to show evidence of
powdery mildew infection. Pepper powdery mildew needs living host plant
tissue to grow and survive. The fungus only infects the leaves not the fruit
or stems of pepper plants. Check for pepper powdery mildew by closely
inspecting the underside of older leaves for the first signs of the disease.
Look for fluffy, white patches of powdery mildew on the underside of leaves
(Figure 1).
These patches may turn brown rather than remaining white. The top surface of
the leaf may appear normal or have diffuse, yellow patches which correspond
to the mildew colonies on the lower surface (Figure 2). Early powdery mildew infections
can be seen more easily by holding the leaf up to the light and looking for
developing mildew colonies. Severely infected leaves wither and drop off
causing plants to die. Dutch research showed that the amount of leaf drop
depended not only on the severity of powdery mildew but also on the pepper
variety. Outbreaks of pepper powdery mildew can devastate a pepper crop.
Ontario greenhouse pepper growers have also experienced severe leaf drop
resulting in sun burned fruit.
![](images/ppm2.jpg)
Figure 2. Light yellow spots may also form on the top side of the leaf
corresponding to the powdery mildew colonies on the under surface of
infected pepper leaves.
The powdery mildew disease cycle (life cycle) starts when spores (known as
conidia) land on a pepper leaf (Figure 3). Spores germinate much like a seed
and begin to grow into the leaf. Pepper powdery mildew parasitizes the plant
using it as a food source. The fungus initially grows unseen within the leaf
for a latency period of 18-21 days. Then the fungus grows out of the
breathing pores (stomates) on the under surface of the leaf, producing spores
which are borne singly on numerous, fine strands or stalks (conidiophores)
(Figure 4).
These fungal strands become visible as white patches or mildew colonies on
the under side of the leaf. Air currents within the greenhouse carry these microscopic,
infectious spores to more plants. Spores are dispersed further through the
greenhouse vents. In addition to dispersal by air currents or wind, powdery
mildew can spread on ornamental plants and weeds, and by workers on their
clothing. Repeated cycles of powdery mildew can lead to severe outbreaks of
powdery mildew that economically damage the crop.
![](images/ppmfig3.gif)
Figure 3. Life cycle of greenhouse pepper powdery mildew (Leveillula
taurica)
![](images/ppm1.jpg)
Figure 4. Powdery mildew, Leveillula taurica, grows through the
stomates and produces white colonies of abundant spores (conidia) borne
singly on stalks (conidiophores) on the underside of greenhouse pepper
leaves.
Send samples of pepper powdery mildew for lab confirmation to the BC
Ministry of Agriculture and Lands provincial Plant Diagnostic Lab.
Send a representative sample of infected leaves showing mild to severe
symptoms and include some healthy appearing leaves.
Provincial Plant Diagnostic Lab
BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
Abbotsford Agriculture Centre,
1767 Angus Campbell Road,
Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3
Tel: 604.556.3126 (directly) or 1.800.661.9903 (main office)
Fax: 604.556.3154
For more information consult the Plant Diagnostic
Lab website.
Take these steps to prevent introducing pepper powdery mildew into your
greenhouse:
- Restrict visitor access to the greenhouse
- Follow strict greenhouse hygiene throughout the growing season
- Conduct a through year-end clean up and dispose of all crop debris
off-site or by burning or burying in a landfill. For more information
consult the BCMAL fact sheet ‘Greenhouse Vegetable
Crop Clean-Up’.
- Control outdoor weeds surrounding the greenhouse
- Keep ornamentals and imported tropical plants out of the greenhouse and
immediate area
- Improve greenhouse climate to reduce relative humidity and increase air
circulation
Training workers: Train workers and integrated pest management
(IPM) scouts to recognize early symptoms and signs of powdery mildew. Early
disease detection is important for successful powdery mildew control. Follow
season-long monitoring for powdery mildew starting as soon as new plants are
placed in the greenhouse. Target areas in the greenhouse for closer inspection
where diseases have sprung up in the past or where powdery mildew first started
the previous year. Hot spots for powdery mildew are areas where the climate
fluctuates, air circulation is poor and relative humidity is high. Powdery
mildew is likely to start on older, lower leaves. Remember to check the lower
leaf surface for signs of pepper powdery mildew. Also check leaves with oedema
spots (water blisters) which indicate relative humidity fluctuations and
possibly powdery mildew sites. Use a hand lens or dissecting microscope (15-30
x magnification) to examine the under side of suspect leaves and compare them
to healthy leaves.
Moist chamber: Enhance early disease detection by placing
suspect leaves in a moist chamber made by placing a suspect leaf in a zip lock
bag with some moist paper toweling. After a day or two in a warm spot you can
use a hand lens (15-30 x) to check the under surface of leaves for white
mildew colonies. Be sure to have the disease confirmed by sending a sample to
the plant diagnostic lab.
Greenhouse bell pepper cultivars will react differently to powdery mildew
infection. Currently there are no powdery mildew resistant bell pepper
varieties. Consult your seed supplier for the latest information concerning new
developments in resistant pepper varieties.
The disease can be prevented by early application of fungicides. Apply a
protectant fungicide when powdery mildew is first detected. Repeat the
treatment by alternating with a different fungicide. Continue treatments if
your greenhouse has had powdery mildew the previous season or if disease
pressure warrants control. If practical, remove and dispose of the first
infected leaves or entire plants to help stop the disease build up. Strict
hygiene is necessary as powdery mildew can survive in plant debris.
Inactive powdery mildew colonies should be flattened, discolored and not
actively expanding once fungicide treatment has been applied. The following
fungicides are registered in Canada for pepper powdery mildew control.
Always follow label directions and rates. For more information refer to
Health Canada’s
Pest Management Regulatory Agency website for fungicide label information.
Fungicides registered in Canada for pepper powdery mildew control:
Nova 40W (myclobutanil), PCP 22399 (triazole - sterol inhibitor fungicide)
- Nova is used as a systemic protectant and curative fungicide, and has
good activity against powdery mildew fungi.
- Apply as soon as possible after initial infection and again 12 days later
when disease pressure warrants control.
- Use Nova 40 W at a rate of 340 g/ha
- Apply in 1500- 3000 L/ha for thorough crop coverage.
- Alternate fungicides to avoid fungicide resistance.
- Use no more than a maximum of 3 applications of Nova 40W per crop cycle.
- Do not apply Nova 40W within 3 days of harvest.
- Do not re-enter treated areas within 12 hours of application.
Microscopic Sulphur 92%, PCP 00873 (elemental, inorganic fungicide)
- Microscopic Sulphur is used as a protectant fungicide applied prior to
infection.
- Apply uniformly and evenly according to specified interval throughout the
cropping season.
- Consider applications in late evening when it is cooler.
- Apply Microscopic Sulphur 92% at 500-700g ai/ha (ai = active ingredient)
(= 543-761 g product/ha)
- Use no more than 10 applications per crop cycle
- Apply on a minimum of 14 day interval
- There are no specified days to harvest.
Biological control: There are no biological controls currently
registered for pepper powdery mildew. Sporodex (Pseudozyma flocculosa)
is registered in Canada for powdery mildew control on cucumber and rose but has
not been evaluated and is not registered for pepper powdery mildew. Biological
control agents are pest control products that also require registration through
the federal Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) system.
Further research is also needed on these potential powdery mildew controls:
- Silica amendment of nutrient solutions
- Bicarbonates (sodium, potassium) as foliar sprays
- Fertilizer salts (calcium, potassium and sulphur) as foliar sprays
- Ionized water as foliar sprays
- Sulphur vaporizers
- Alternative fungicides
- BCMAL Infobasket:
http://infobasket.gov.bc.ca/
under Greenhouse Vegetable section A1.4.2.3 ‘Diseases of Pepper’
- First report of powdery mildew of greenhouse pepper caused by
Leveillula taurica in British Columbia, Canada. Cerkauskas, R.F. and A.
Buonassisi. Plant Disease 87: 1151. 2003.
- First report of powdery mildew of greenhouse pepper caused by
Leveillula taurica in Canada. Cerkauskas, R.F. and J. Brown. Plant
Disease 83:781. 1999.
- Suppression of powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown cucumber by addition of
silicon to hydroponic nutrient solution is inhibited at high temperature.
Schuerger, Andrew and W. Hammer. Plant Disease 87:177-185. 2003.
-
Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of greenhouse peppers.
Olsen, M.W. et. al.
http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1252/az1252-3c.pdf
-
Cornell University Vegetable MD:
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/NewsArticles/PepperyPowdery.htm
- Pest Management Fact Sheet: Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on
greenhouse pepper. Isaacson, Peter, 2001. Available upon request from the BC
Greenhouse Growers Association:
www.bcgreenhouse.ca
-
PMRA label search, for fungicide label information:
http://pr-rp.pmra-arla.gc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=34,17551&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
-
Leveillula taurica - HYPP Pathology home, INRA:
http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/pathogene/6levtau.htm
-
Bicarbonate solutions control powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on
sweet red pepper and reduce the development of postharvest fruit rotting.
Fallik, E. et. al.
http://phytoparasitica.org/phyto/pdfs/1997/issue1/NOTE.pdf
Input was provided by the following contributors: Jennifer
Curtis, Heather Carriere, Elizabeth Hudgins, Vippen Joshi (B.C. Ministry of
Agriculture and Lands, Abbotsford, BC) and Marian Partridge (BC
Greenhouse Growers Association, Surrey, BC).
For further information, please contact:
Siva Sabaratnum
Plant Health Program
Food Safety and Quality Branch
BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
Abbotsford Agriculture Centre
1767 Angus Campbell Road
Abbotsford, B.C. V3G 2M3
Phone: 604 556-3001
March, 2004
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