Underground Architecture
Tracer Bullet 93-3
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Underground space development is one possible way to help solve
urban problems such as congestion, lack of open space, and an
aging infrastructure. What is sometimes referred to as underground
architecture may in reality be earth-sheltered, earth-bermed,
or earth-covered, rather than below the natural ground surface.
Terms used to describe structures constructed in underground spaces
include semisubterranean, subterranean, geotectural, lithotectural
(i.e., mined rock-enclosed space), petratectural (i.e., covered
with rock), psammotectural (i.e., covered with sand), argillatectural
(i.e., covered with clay), and terratectural (i.e., earth-covered
architecture, in which a building is constructed within an excavation,
waterproofed and then backfilled and earth-covered).
The use of underground space may be evaluated in terms of how
it preserves limited surface open space, limits visual impact,
promotes efficient land use, better conceals large or ugly structures,
provides a noise-free or vibration-free environment, reduces energy
costs by reducing heat loss and increasing the potential for earth
cooling, provides for safety and security, dampens daily temperature
fluctuations, reduces life-cycle and maintenance costs, offers
protection from natural disasters, environmental extremes, difficult
living conditions, or a stressful climate, preserves areas of
beauty or areas of historical significance so as not to visually
impact them by buildings or other structures, or isolates an area
where better control of air moisture or temperature is required.
Disadvantages include increased construction costs, limited or
no natural light, limited access and air circulation, limited
visibility, negative psychological reactions, and site restrictions.
Questions frequently asked about the use of underground space
often concern drainage, waterproofing, windows, lighting, and
ventilation.
This Tracer Bullet reviews the literature on the development
and use of underground space in the collections of the Library
of Congress, and it partially supersedes TB 82-3 on Earth Sheltered
Buildings. Not intended as a comprehensive bibliography, it is
designed--as the name of the series implies--to put the reader
"on target."
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Carmody, John, and Raymond Sterling. Earth sheltered housing
design. Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota.
2nd ed. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1985. 350 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
Rev. ed. of Earth sheltered housing design
(Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota, 1979).
TH4819.E27C37 1985 <SciRR>
Sterling, Raymond, and John Carmody. Underground space design.
Designed and illustrated by John Carmody. Underground Space Center,
Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Minnesota.
New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1993. 328 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents: pt. 1. Overview of subsurface space
utilization, by Raymond L. Sterling.-- pt. 2. Design for people
in underground facilities, by John Carmody.
TA712.C254 1993 <SciRR>
Van Lohuizen, H. P. S. New dimensions for the twenty-first century.
Tunnelling and underground space technology, v. 7, Apr.
1992: 105-108.
Pamphlet box <SciRR> and TA800.T7893
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Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which books
on underground space can be located in most card, book, and online
catalogs, include the following:
Higly Relevant
UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION
Relevant
EARTH-SHELTERED HOUSES
UNDERGROUND AREAS
Related
BUILDINGS--ENERGY CONSERVATION
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Boyer, Lester L., and Walter T. Grondzik. Earth shelter technology.
College Station, Tex., Texas A&M University Press, c1987. 221
p.
Bibliography: p. 197-216.
TH4819.E27B66 1987 <SciRR>
Edelhart, Mike. The handbook of earth shelter design.
Garden City, Doubleday, 1982. 235 p. T
Bibliography: p. 198-203.
H4819.E27E42 <SciRR>
Klodt, Gerald. Earth sheltered housing. Reston, Va., Reston
Pub. Co., c1985. 296 p.
Bibliography: p. 289-292.
H4819.E27K58 1985 <SciRR>
Rollwagen, Mary, Susan Taylor, and T. Lance Holthusen. The
consumer's guide to earth sheltered housing: a step-by-step workbook
for prospective owners. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
c1984. 163 p.
Bibliography: p. 147-149.
TH4819.E27R64 1984 <SciRR>
Wade, Herb. Building underground: the design and construction
handbook for earth-sheltered houses. Emmaus, Pa., Rodale Press,
c1983. 289 p.
Bibliography: p. 263-273.
TH4819.E27W3 1983 <SciRR>
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Baggs, S. (Sydney), David W. Baggs, and Joan C. Baggs. New ed.
Australian earth-covered buildings. Kensington, NSW, Australia,
New South Wales University Press; Portland, Ore., Available in North
America through International Specialized Book Services, 1991. 184
p.
Bibliography: p. 170-175.
TH4819.E27B32 1991
Carmody, John, and Raymond Sterling. Underground building design:
commercial and institutional structures. Underground Space
Center, University of Minnesota. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Co., c1983. 254 p.
Bibliography: p. 248-250.
TA712.C25 1983
Carter, David. Build it underground: a guide for the self-builder
& building professional. New York, Sterling, c1982. 208
p.
TA712.C257 1982
Frenette, Edward R. Earth sheltering: the form of energy and
the energy of form. Editor, T. Lance Holthusen. American Underground-Space
Association, in conjunction with their 1981 design competition.
New York, Pergamon Press, c1981. 245 p.
TH4819.E27E4 1981
Golany, Gideon. Earth-sheltered habitat: history, architecture,
and urban design. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1983. 240
p.
Bibliography: p. 217-235.
NA2542.7.G64 1983
LaNier, Royce. Geotecture: subterranean accommodation and the
architectural potential of earthworks. South Bend, Ind., c1970.
72 p.
Bibliography: p. 69-71.
TA712.L3
Lesser, Wendy. The life below the ground: a study of the subterranean
in literature and history. Boston, Faber and Faber, c1987.
207 p.
Bibliography: p. 203-207.
PN56.O7L4 1987
Scott, Ray G. The underground home answer book. Blue Ridge
Summit, Pa., Tab Books, c1983. 263 p.
TH4819.E27S347 1983
Williams, Rosalind H. Notes on the underground: an essay on
technology, society, and the imagination. Cambridge, Mass.,
MIT Press, c1990. 265 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
TA712.W55 1990
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Ahrens, Donna, Tom Ellison, and Raymond Sterling. Earth sheltered
homes: plans and designs. Underground Space Center, University
of Minnesota. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., c1981. 125 p.
TH4819.E27A35
Bulson, P. S. Buried structures: static and dynamic strength.
London, New York, Chapman and Hall, 1985. 227 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
TA712.B85 1985
DeBord, David Douglas, and Thomas R. Dunbar. Earth-sheltered
landscapes: site considerations for earth-sheltered environments.
New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1985. 126 p.
Bibliography: p. 119-121.
TH4819.E27D43 1985
Golany, Gideon. Chinese earth-sheltered dwellings: indigenous
lessons for modern urban design. Honolulu, University of Hawaii
Press, c1992. 178 p.
Bibliography: p. 159-173.
NA7448.G6 1992
Golany, Gideon. Earth-sheltered dwellings in Tunisia: ancient
lessons for modern design. Newark, Del., University of Delaware
Press; London, Associated University Presses, c1988. 164 p.
Bibliography: p. 148-160.
NA7461.8.A1G6 1988
Golany, Gideon. Urban underground space design in China: vernacular
and modern practice. Newark, Del., University of Delaware Press;
London, Associated University Presses, c1989. 160 p.
Bibliography: p. 151-153.
NA2542.7.G65 1989
Macdonald, Angus Wyman. Building your own earth-tempered home:
a construction manual. Hendersonville, N.C., Mother Earth News,
1984. 96 p.
TH4819.E27M33 1984
Scott, Ray G. How to build your own underground home.
2nd ed. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa., Tab Books, c1985. 209 p.
TH4819.E27S34 1985
Sterling, Raymond, John Carmody, and Gail Elnicky. Earth sheltered
community design: energy-efficient residential development.
Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota. New York, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., c1981. 270 p.
Bibliography: p. 251-262.
TH4819.E27S72
Underground structures: design and construction. Edited
by R. S. Sinha. Amsterdam, New York, Elsevier; New York, distributors
for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., 1991. 529
p. (Developments in geotechnical engineering, 59B)
Includes bibliographical references.
TA712.U477 1991
Underground structures: design and instrumentation. Edited
by R. S. Sinha. Amsterdam, New York, Elsevier; New York, distributors
for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co., 1989. 480 p.
(Developments in geotechnical engineering, 59A)
Includes bibliographical references.
TA712.U48 1989
University of Minnesota. Underground Space Center. Earth sheltered
housing: code, zoning, and financing issues. Prepared by Ray
Sterling, Roger Aiken, John Carmody. Rev. ed. New York, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., c1981. 143 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
TH4819.E27U54 1981
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American Society of Civil Engineers. Underground Construction Research
Council. The use of underground space to achieve national goals;
report of a program for improving the effectiveness of underground
construction. Prepared by Robert F. Baker and others. New York,
1972. 335 p.
Bibliography: p. 79-86.
Prepared in cooperation with American Institute
of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers.
TA712.A52 1972
Conference on Re-shaping Cities Using Underground Construction,
Melbourne, 1974. Conference on Re-shaping Cities Using Underground
Construction, Melbourne, October 21-22, 1974. Organised by
the Australian Tunnelling Committee of the Australian Geomechanics
Society. Sydney, Institution of Engineers, Australia, [1974?] 91
p. (Institution of Engineers, Australia, National conference publication,
no. 74/5)
Includes bibliographical references.
TA712.C66 1974
Design and performance of underground excavations: ISRM Symposium,
Cambridge, U.K., 3-6 September 1984. Conception et comportement
des excavations souterraines. Editors, E. T. Brown and J. A. Hudson.
London, British Geotechnical Society; Distributed by T. Telford,
1984. 518 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
Summaries in French and German.
TA712.D47 1984
Underground Space Conference and Exposition, Kansas City, Mo.,
1981. The potential of earth-sheltered and underground space:
today's resource for tomorrow's space and energy viability: proceedings
of the Underground Space Conference and Exposition, Kansas
City, Missouri, June 8-10, 1981. Edited by T. Lance Holthusen. New
York, Pergamon Press, c1981. 503 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
"Sponsored by the American Underground-Space
Association".
TH4819.E27U5 1981
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Keehn, Pauline A. Earth-sheltered houses: an annotated bibliography,
1950-1985. Jefferson, N.C., McFarland, c1987. 360 p.
Z7914.D87K4 1987
Moe, Christine. Underground space: a new resource. Monticello,
Ill., Vance Bibliographies, 1981. 12 p. (Public administration series--bibliography,
P-768)
Z5853.U53M63
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Abstracting and Indexing Services which index relevant journal
articles and other literature relevant to underground space development
are listed below. Consult reference librarian for location of abstracting
and indexing services in the Science Reading Room.
Applied Science & Technology Index (1913- )
Z7913.I7 <SciRR A&I> and CD-ROM <SciRR>
See: Underground Construction
Architectural Index (1950- )
Z5941.A66 <MRR>
See: Underground Architecture
Artificial Periodicals Index (1972/1973- )
Z5941.A69 <MRR>
See: Underground Buildings
Art Index (1929-)
Z5937.A78 <MRR CD-ROM> and <MRR>
See: Underground Construction
Bibliography and Index of Geology (1933- )
Z6031.G4 <SciRR A&I>
See: Underground Installations -- Underground
Space
Energy Research Abstracts (1976- )
Z5853.P83U544b <SciRR A&I>
See: Subsurface Structures
Underground Facilities
Underground Space
Engineering Index (1884- )
Z5851.E62 <SciRR A&I> and CD-ROM <SciRR>
See: Buildings--Underground
General Science Index (1978- )
Z7401.G46 <SciRR A&I>
See: Underground Areas
Magazine Index (1980- )
Available in several formats in LC
See: Underground Construction
Underground Architecture
Underground Areas
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature (1900 -)
AI3.R48 <B&E>
See: Houses, Earth Sheltered
Underground Structures
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Journals that often contain relevant articles to underground space
development include the following:
Tunneling and Underground Space Technology
(Formed in 1986 by the merger of
Underground Space (1976-1985) TA712.U47 and
Advances in Tunnelling Technology and Subsurface Use
(1981-1985) TA800.A36) |
TA800.T7893 |
AUA News [American Underground-Space
Association] |
Recent issues in Pamphlet
Box <SciRR> |
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Digging in against jet noise, vandals. ENR, v. 224, Jan.
25, 1990: 16-17.
02748 <MicRR> and Business Periodicals Ondisc
<N&CPR>
Dorris, Virginia Kent, and Lee Yanowitch. Past, present, future
mix during final work at treasured Louvre. ENR, v. 229,
July 20, 1992: 24-27.
02748 <MicRR> and Business Periodicals Ondisc
<N&CPR>
Finnish Tunnelling Association. City planners' notions of rock
spaces. Tunnelling and underground space technology, v.
7, Oct. 1992: 399-406.
TA800.T7893
Howells, D. J., and T. C. F. Chan. Development of a regulatory
framework for the use of underground space in Hong Kong. Tunnelling
and underground space technology, v. 8, Jan. 1993: 37-40.
TA800.T7893
Kerr, William C., George J. Tamaro, and Daniel M. Hahn. Exchange
Place Station subsurface reconstruction and improvements. Journal
of construction engineering and management, v. 118, Mar. 1992:
166-178.
TA1.A5236
Kind-Barkauskas, F. Creative aspects of and uses for underground
structures -- examples from Germany. Tunnelling and underground
space technology, v. 8, Jan. 1993: 25-30.
TA800.T7893
Nishida, Y., and N. Uchiyama. Japan's use of underground space
in urban development and redevelopment. Tunnelling and underground
space technology, v. 8, Jan. 1993: 41-46.
TA800.T7893
Smith, Robert J. Risk management for underground projects: cost-saving
techniques and practices for owners. Tunnelling and underground
space technology, v. 7, Apr. 1992: 109-118.
TA800.T7893
Sterling, Ray, John Carmody, and Walter H. Rockenstein. Case study
of life safety standards for a large mined underground space facility
in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tunnelling and underground space
technology, v. 7, Apr. 1992: 119-126.
TA800.T7893
Watanabe, I., and others. Safety and disaster prevention measures
for underground space: an analysis of disaster cases. Tunnelling
and underground space technology, v. 7, Oct. 1992: 317-324.
TA800.T7893
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Selected materials available in the Science Reading Room pamphlet
boxes include the following:
Cross, Michael. Japan invests millions in life underground. New
scientist, v. 122, Apr. 29, 1989: 31.
Global review of underground space '91/92. Westport,
Conn., Green Global Publications, c1991. 96 p.
Global review of underground space '93. Westport, Conn.,
Green Global Publications, c1993. 48 p.
Groundworks: North American underground projects 1980-1989.
Susan R. Nelson, editor. Minneapolis, Minn., American Underground-Space
Association, 1989. 105 p.
Ishioka, H. Security management for underground space. Tunnelling
and underground space technology, v. 7, Oct. 1992: 335-338.
Robbins, Richard J. Balancing risk and innovation in underground
construction. AUA news, v. 7 winter 1992-93: 7-8.
Underground cities may ease overcrowding. American city &
county, v. 107, Mar. 1992: 22.
Underground cities: Japan's answer to overcrowding. Futurist,
v. 24, Jul./Aug. 1990: 29-32.
Wells, Malcolm. Notes from underground: an architect's sketchbook.
Futurist, v. 25, Jan./Feb. 1991: 29-32..
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Susan Nelson, Executive Director
American Underground-Space Association
511 11th Avenue So., Suite 248
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Telephone: (612) 339-5403
FAX: (612) 339-3207
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