Inclusion Criteria:

(cases; n = 20 total; 10 each with predominantly “physical” and 10 “irritant”triggers):

• A significant history of chronic and/or recurrent nasal symptoms (rhinorrhea, blockage,sneezing or pruritus) in response to:

  1. Changes in temperature and/or humidity predominantly (“physical triggers”; n = 10); or
  2. Two or more nonspecific irritant triggers predominantly, including: perfumes or colognes,cleaning products, environmental tobacco smoke, vehicular exhaust, paint odors, etc. (“irritant triggers”;n = 10). This history shall be of at least two years' duration.

Exclusion Criteria:

(controls; n = 10):

• A significant history of chronic and/or recurrent nasal symptoms (rhinorrhea, blockage,sneezing or pruritus) in response to one or more nonallergic triggers, including: perfumes or colognes, cleaning products, environmental tobacco smoke, vehicular exhaust, paint odors, changes in temperature and/or humidity.

Exclusion criteria:

(all subjects; n = 30):

• A prior history of allergic disease (allergic rhinitis, asthma, angioedema, anaphylaxis)
• Significant skin test reactivity to one or more substances in a panel of 24 locally relevant seasonal and perennial aeroallergens
• Negative wheal response to positive control (histamine) on skin test panel
• Abnormalities on a screening x-ray (Waters view) of the paranasal sinuses
• Cigarette smoking (active, within previous 6 months or cumulative history of >20 pack years)
• Chronic cardiopulmonary diseases (asthma, COPD, coronary artery disease…)
• Continuous therapy with medications having antihistaminic or autonomic primary or secondary effects (e.g., oral or topical antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, ipratropium bromide, albuterol, alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers...)
• Unable to provide meaningful tracings on screening rhinomanometry.
• Pregnancy (or planned pregnancy within 6 months); positive urinary HCG at screening visit. Patient is a breast feeding female.
• Upper respiratory infection (common cold or sinusitis) within 2 week of screening.
• Patient has participated in a clinical trial involving an investigational drug within 4 weeks of visit 1.
• Patient is a current or recent past (within the past 10 years) abuser of alcohol or is currently a user or recent past (within 10 years) abuser of illicit drugs.