Map showing topographic outline of Mammoth Mountain along the southwestern edge of Long Valley Caldera, phreatic craters (pits) formed about 700 years ago in response to shallow intrusions of magma, Mammoth Mountain fumarole (MMF), and areas of tree kill related to high concentrations of carbon dioxide in soil gas. The tree-kill areas shown totaled about 170 acres in 1995. Also shown are two vaults that access buried water lines (for snow making) where CO2 concentrations in excess of 95 percent have been measured.
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