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2-Aminopyridine, 3-Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine
[139 KB PDF]
Related Information: Chemical Sampling -
2-Aminopyridine,
3-Aminopyridine,
4-Aminopyridine
|
Method number: |
PV2143 |
|
|
Control number: |
T-PV2143-01-0605-M |
|
Target
concentration:
OSHA PEL:
ACGIH TLV: |
0.5 ppm (2-aminopyridine,
3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine)
0.5 ppm (2 mg/m3) (2-aminopyridine)
0.2 ppm (2-aminopyridine) |
|
|
Procedure: |
Samples are collected by
drawing a known volume of air through 37-mm polystyrene cassettes
containing two glass fiber filters coated with sulfuric acid separated by
a spacer contained in a closed-face cassette. Samples are extracted with 3
mL of a solution of 0.1 N NaOH and analyzed by gas chromatography using a
nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC/NPD). |
|
|
Recommended sampling
time and
sampling rate: |
240 min at 1.0 L/min (240 L) |
|
|
Reliable
quantitation limit: |
3.48 ppb (13.4 µg/m3)
2-aminopyridine
5.23 ppb (20.2 µg/m3) 3-aminopyridine
9.13 ppb (35.2 µg/m3) 4-aminopyridine |
|
|
Status of method: |
Partially evaluated method.
This method has been subjected to established evaluation procedures of the
Methods Development Team and is presented for information and trial use. |
|
|
May 2006 |
Mary E. Eide |
|
|
Methods Development Team
Industrial Hygiene Chemistry Division
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center
Sandy UT 84070-6406 |
1. General Discussion
1.1 Background
1.1.1 History
Air samples collected using sulfuric acid coated glass fiber filters (GFF-H2SO4) were received at OSHA SLTC with
requested analysis for aminopyridine. This partially-validated work was performed because SLTC had no sampling and analytical method for the
three isomers of aminopyridine: 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine. There are several OSHA methods that are used to
collect aromatic amines using GFF-H2SO4: OSHA Methods 57, 65, 71, and 731. These methods use extraction with an
aqueous NaOH solution followed by either direct analysis, or by derivatization. The sensitivity for analysis of the basified extract
analyzed by GC/NPD was sufficient at the target concentration of the aminopyridines, so no further derivatization was used.
The samples were extracted with 3 mL of 0.1 N NaOH with a mean extraction efficiency of 97.3, 97.7, and 97.5% for 2-aminopyridine,
3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine, respectively. The retention efficiency study showed no loss of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine,
or 4-aminopyridine from the front, spiked filter of a sampling train consisting of two cassettes connected in series, each cassette
containing 2 GFF-H2SO4 separated by a spacer, that had 240 L of humid air drawn through them. The storage study
showed little loss for samples stored for up to 15 days.
1.1.2 Toxic effects (This section is for information only and should not be taken as the basis of OSHA policy.)
All three isomers of aminopyridine are toxic by ingestion, interaperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Exposure to
2-aminopyridine can cause skin irritation, headache, dizziness, nausea, increased blood pressure, flushing of the extremities, with high e
xposures leading to convulsions and respiratory failure2. Exposure to 3-aminopyridine can cause eye, skin, and mucous membrane
irritation, and nausea3. Exposure to 4-aminopyridine can cause eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritation, hallucinations and
distorted perceptions, dyspnea, nausea or vomiting4.
1.1.3 Workplace exposure5
2-Aminopyridine is used in the synthesis of antihistamines and other pharmaceuticals. 3-Aminopyridine is used in the synthesis of drugs and
dyes. 4-Aminopyridine is used as a drug and in synthesis of chemicals and other drugs.
1.1.4 Physical properties and other descriptive information
2-aminopyridine2 |
|
synonyms: |
α-aminopyridine; o-aminopyridine; amino-2-pyridine; 2-AP; 2pyridylamine; α-pyridylamine |
IMIS6: |
0165 |
CAS number: |
504-29-0 |
boiling point: |
210.6 °C (411 °F) |
melting point: |
58.1 °C (136.6 °F) |
molecular weight: |
94.12 |
flash point: |
67.78 °C (154 °F) (closed cup) |
appearance: |
colorless to white solid |
molecular formula: |
C5H6N2 |
odor: |
characteristic unpleasant odor |
solubility: |
soluble in water, alcohol, benzene, and
ether |
structural formula: |
|
3-aminopyridine4 |
|
synonyms: |
β-aminopyridine; 3-AP; 3-pyridylamine; m-aminopyridine;
amino-3-pyridine; β-pyridylamine |
IMIS6: |
A174 |
CAS number: |
462-08-8 |
boiling point: |
251 °C (484 °F) |
melting point: |
64 °C (147 °F) |
molecular weight: |
94.12 |
flash point: |
88 °C (190.4 °F) (closed cup) |
appearance: |
white to light yellow-brown crystals |
molecular formula: |
C5H6N2 |
odor: |
characteristic unpleasant odor |
solubility: |
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether |
structural formula: |
|
4-aminopyridine4 |
|
synonyms: |
γ-aminopyridine; 4-AP; 4-pyridylamine; p-aminopyridine;
amino-4-pyridine; γ-pyridylamine |
IMIS6: |
A173 |
CAS number: |
504-24-5 |
boiling point: |
273.5 °C (524.3 °F) |
melting point: |
158.9 °C (318 °F) |
molecular weight: |
94.12 |
appearance: |
off-white to white crystals |
molecular formula: |
C5H6N2 |
odor: |
characteristic unpleasant odor |
solubility: |
soluble in water, slightly soluble in
benzene, and ether |
structural formula: |
|
This method was evaluated according to the OSHA SLTC "Evaluation Guidelines for
Air Sampling Methods Utilizing Chromatographic Analysis"7. The Guidelines define analytical parameters, specify required laboratory tests, statistical calculations and
acceptance criteria. The analyte air concentrations throughout this method are based on the recommended sampling and analytical parameters.
1.2 Detection limit of the overall procedure (DLOP) and reliable quantitation limit (RQL)
The DLOP is measured as mass per sample and expressed as equivalent air concentration, based on the recommended sampling parameters. Ten
samplers were spiked with equally descending increments of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine, such that the highest
sampler loadings were 11.5 μg, 12.1 μg, and 22.8 μg, respectively. This is the amount spiked on a sampler that would produce a peak
about 10 times the response for a sample blank. These spiked samplers were analyzed with the recommended analytical parameters, and the
data obtained used to calculate the required parameters (standard error of estimate (SEE) and slope) for the calculation of the DLOP. The
slope was 429.2 and the SEE was 137.8 for 2-aminopyridine. The slope was 495.8 and the SEE was 240 for 3-aminopyridine. The slope was
595.0 and the SEE was 502.7 for 4-aminopyridine. The RQL is considered the lower limit for precise quantitative measurements. It is
determined from the regression line parameters obtained for the calculation of the DLOP, providing 75% to 125% of the analyte is recovered.
The DLOP and RQL were 0.964 µg (1.04 ppb) and 3.21 μg (3.48 ppb), respectively for 2-aminopyridine, 1.45 µg (1.57 ppb) and 4.84
μg
(5.23 ppb), respectively for 3-aminopyridine, and 2.53 µg (2.74 ppb) and 8.45 μg (9.13 ppb), respectively for 4-aminopyridine. The recovery
at the RQL was 96.6% for 2-aminopyridine, 97.8% for 3-aminopyridine, and 95.4% for 4-aminopyridine.
Table
1.2.1
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure
for 2-Aminopyridine
|
Figure 1.2.1 Plot of data to determine the DLOP/RQL for 2-aminopyridine. (y
= 429x - 148; SEE = 137.8) |
mass per sample
(µg) |
area counts
(µV•s) |
|
0.00 |
0 |
1.15 |
323 |
2.30 |
637 |
3.45 |
1156 |
4.60 |
1944 |
5.75 |
2410 |
6.90 |
2964 |
8.05 |
3331 |
9.20 |
3645 |
10.4 |
4387 |
11.5 |
4745 |
|
Table
1.2.2
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure
for 3-Aminopyridine
|
Figure 1.2.2 Plot of data to determine the DLOP/RQL for 3-aminopyridine. (y
= 496x – 35.4; SEE = 240) |
mass per sample
(µg) |
area counts
(µV•s) |
|
0.00 |
0 |
1.21 |
494 |
2.42 |
1012 |
3.63 |
1424 |
4.84 |
2510 |
6.05 |
3326 |
7.26 |
3829 |
8.47 |
4293 |
9.68 |
4757 |
10.9 |
5123 |
12.1 |
5837 |
|
Table 1.2.3
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure
for 4-Aminopyridine
|
Figure 1.2.3 Plot of data to determine the DLOP/RQL for 4-aminopyridine. (y
= 595x - 754; SEE = 502) |
mass per sample
(µg) |
area counts
(µV•s) |
|
0.00 |
0 |
2.28 |
503 |
4.56 |
1274 |
6.84 |
3338 |
9.12 |
4054 |
11.4 |
6634 |
13.7 |
7218 |
16.0 |
9036 |
18.2 |
9879 |
20.5 |
11102 |
22.8 |
13278 |
|
Below is a chromatogram of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine at the RQL. The recovery at the RQL was 96.6% for
2-aminopyridine, 97.8% for 3-aminopyridine, and 95.4% for 4-aminopyridine.
Figure 1.2.4 Chromatogram of the 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and
4-aminopyridine standard near the RQL. (Key: 1 = 2-aminopyridine, 2 =
3-aminopyridine, and 3 = 4-aminopyridine) |
2. Sampling Procedure
All safety practices that apply to the work area being sampled should be followed. The sampling equipment should be attached to the worker
in such a manner that it will not interfere with work performance or safety.
2.1 Apparatus
Samples are collected using a personal sampling pump calibrated, with the sampling device attached, to
within ±5% of the recommended flow rate.
Samples are collected with 37-mm polystyrene cassettes containing two glass fiber filters coated
with sulfuric acid, separated by a spacer. For this evaluation, commercially prepared sulfuric acid coated glass fiber filters in
37-mm polystyrene cassettes were purchased from SKC, Inc. (Catalog no. 225-9004, lot 3872). |
Figure 2.1 Expanded view of cassette assembly |
2.2 Reagents
None required
2.3 Technique
Immediately before sampling, remove the end plugs of the cassette. All cassettes should be from the same lot.
Attach the cassette to the sampling pump so that it is in an approximately vertical position with the inlet facing down during sampling near
the worker’s breathing zone. Position the sampling pump, cassette, and tubing so it does not impede work performance or safety.
Air being sampled should not pass through any hose or tubing before entering the cassette.
After sampling for the appropriate time, remove the sample, and replace the end plugs. Wrap each sample end-to-end with a Form OSHA-21 seal.
Submit at least one blank sample with each set of samples, making sure that it is from the same lot as the filters used for sampling.
Handle the blank sampler in the same manner as the other samples except draw no air through it.
Record sample volumes (in liters of air) for each sample and any potential interferences
Submit the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible after sampling. If delay is unavoidable, store the samples at
refrigerator temperature. Ship any bulk samples separate from the air samples.
2.4 Extraction efficiency
The extraction efficiency was determined by spiking 16 GFF-H2SO4 with 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, or
4-aminopyridine at 0.1 to 2 times
the target concentration. These samples were stored overnight at ambient temperature and then extracted for 30 minutes using a lab shaker,
and analyzed. The wet extraction efficiency was determined at 1 times the target concentration by spiking the analytes onto
GFF-H2SO4 that had 240-L humid air (81% at 23 °C) drawn through them. The mean extraction efficiency over the
studied range was 97.3, 97.7, and 97.5% for 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine, respectively. The wet recoveries were
similar to the mean recoveries for all analytes.
Table 2.4.1
Extraction Efficiency (%) of 2-Aminopyridine
|
level
|
sample number
|
mean
|
× target
concn |
μg per
sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
0.1 |
46 |
97.8 |
99.1 |
97.9 |
98.2 |
96.0 |
95.2 |
97.4 |
0.25 |
115 |
96.3 |
97.8 |
99.3 |
95.2 |
98.1 |
94.8 |
96.9 |
0.5 |
230 |
98.0 |
98.2 |
98.6 |
97.1 |
96.8 |
97.3 |
97.7 |
1.0 |
460 |
98.0 |
96.5 |
97.2 |
95.9 |
96.7 |
96.8 |
96.9 |
1.5 |
690 |
95.9 |
95.0 |
97.7 |
98.4 |
98.3 |
98.2 |
97.3 |
2.0 |
920 |
98.3 |
98.2 |
99.2 |
95.4 |
96.2 |
97.1 |
97.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.0 (wet) |
460 |
95.8 |
97.7 |
99.4 |
98.3 |
96.1 |
98.5 |
97.6 |
|
Table 2.4.2
Extraction Efficiency (%) of 3-Aminopyridine
|
level
|
sample number
|
mean
|
× target
concn |
μg per
sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
0.1 |
48 |
99.3 |
98.4 |
96.9 |
95.8 |
98.3 |
96.1 |
97.5 |
0.25 |
120 |
97.4 |
98.5 |
96.0 |
95.5 |
97.1 |
98.4 |
97.2 |
0.5 |
240 |
98.6 |
98.9 |
96.4 |
97.1 |
95.9 |
96.4 |
97.2 |
1.0 |
480 |
98.2 |
98.0 |
96.3 |
98.1 |
97.9 |
97.5 |
97.7 |
1.5 |
960 |
99.2 |
99.5 |
98.3 |
97.6 |
99.5 |
96.8 |
98.5 |
2.0 |
920 |
99.4 |
96.9 |
98.6 |
98.9 |
95.7 |
98.9 |
98.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.0 (wet) |
480 |
96.7 |
95.1 |
99.3 |
97.9 |
98.6 |
98.4 |
97.7 |
|
Table 2.4.3
Extraction Efficiency (%) of 4-Aminopyridine
|
level
|
sample number
|
mean
|
× target
concn |
μg per
sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
0.1 |
49 |
98.0 |
96.9 |
95.3 |
95.3 |
98.4 |
97.6 |
96.9 |
0.25 |
123 |
95.8 |
98.2 |
96.3 |
97.9 |
96.6 |
98.0 |
97.1 |
0.5 |
245 |
98.8 |
97.7 |
96.5 |
99.0 |
99.0 |
96.2 |
97.9 |
1.0 |
490 |
95.6 |
99.3 |
96.3 |
99.6 |
96.8 |
97.3 |
97.5 |
1.5 |
735 |
95.2 |
97.4 |
97.7 |
99.7 |
98.9 |
97.4 |
97.5 |
2.0 |
980 |
99.2 |
95.5 |
99.5 |
99.4 |
98.0 |
97.0 |
98.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.0 (wet) |
490 |
98.4 |
97.1 |
95.5 |
98.6 |
99.0 |
98.3 |
97.8 |
|
2.5 Retention efficiency
Six GFF-H2SO4 were spiked with 920 μg (1.00 ppm) of 2-aminopyridine, 960 μg (1.04 ppm) of 3-aminopyridine, and 980 μg
(1.06 ppm) of 4-aminopyridine. These filters were placed in a 37-mm polystyrene cassette with a second unspiked
GFF-H2SO4, with a spacer between them. This cassette was placed in a sampling train with a second cassette containing
two unspiked GFF-H2SO4 separated by a spacer. These sampling trains had 240-L humid air (80% relative humidity at
23°C) pulled through them at 1 L/min. The samples were extracted and analyzed. The mean recovery was 98.0, 97.5, and 97.4% for
2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine, respectively. There was no analyte found on the back-up filter of the first cassette,
or filters of the back-up cassette of any of the sampling trains.
Table 2.5.1
Retention Efficiency (%) of 2-Aminopyridine
|
section
|
sample number
|
mean
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
spiked GFF-H2SO4
rear GFF-H2SO4
back-up cassette
total |
98.2 |
96.5 |
98.1 |
97.6 |
98.7 |
99.0 |
98.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
98.2 |
96.5 |
98.1 |
97.6 |
98.7 |
99.0 |
98.0 |
|
Table 2.5.2
Retention Efficiency (%) of 3-Aminopyridine
|
section
|
sample number
|
mean
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
spiked GFF-H2SO4
rear GFF-H2SO4
back-up cassette
total |
98.9 |
97.2 |
99.0 |
95.9 |
97.1 |
96.8 |
97.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
98.29 |
97.2 |
99.0 |
95.9 |
97.1 |
96.8 |
97.5 |
|
Table 2.5.3
Retention Efficiency (%) of 4-Aminopyridine
|
section
|
sample number
|
mean
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
|
spiked GFF-H2SO4
rear GFF-H2SO4
back-up cassette
total |
98.5 |
95.3 |
96.7 |
98.1 |
96.8 |
99.2 |
97.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
98.5 |
95.3 |
96.7 |
98.1 |
96.8 |
99.2 |
97.4 |
|
2.6 Sample storage
Fifteen GFF-H2SO4 were each spiked with 460 μg (0.50 ppm) of 2-aminopyridine, 480 μg (0.52 ppm) of 3-aminopyridine,
and 490 μg (0.53 ppm) of 4-aminopyridine. These were assembled into 37-mm cassettes with a second unspiked GFF-H2SO4,
with a spacer between the filters. These cassettes had 240 L of air (80% relative humidity at 23°C) drawn through them at 1 L/min. Three
samples were analyzed immediately, and the rest were sealed. Six were stored at room temperature (23°C), while the other six were stored at
refrigerated temperature (4°C). Three samples stored at room temperature and three samples stored at refrigerated temperature were analyzed
after 8 days and the remaining six after 15 days. The amounts recovered indicate good storage stability for the time period studied.
Table 2.6.1
Storage Test for 2-Aminopyridine
|
time
(days) |
ambient storage
recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage
recovery (%) |
|
0 |
97.2 |
98.9 |
96.9 |
|
|
|
8 |
97.8 |
95.9 |
98.4 |
99.0 |
97.4 |
98.2 |
15 |
96.2 |
98.0 |
97.2 |
96.3 |
97.0 |
96.5 |
|
Table 2.6.2
Storage Test for 3-Aminopyridine
|
time
(days) |
ambient storage
recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage
recovery (%) |
|
0 |
99.0 |
96.7 |
97.8 |
|
|
|
8 |
98.5 |
97.1 |
96.2 |
97.8 |
98.1 |
97.0 |
15 |
95.7 |
95.3 |
93.6 |
95.4 |
96.3 |
98.1 |
|
Table 2.6.3
Storage Test for 4-Aminopyridine
|
time
(days) |
ambient storage
recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage
recovery (%) |
|
0 |
98.4 |
98.9 |
95.7 |
|
|
|
8 |
95.9 |
97.8 |
96.9 |
97.2 |
98.6 |
96.9 |
15 |
97.6 |
98.7 |
95.6 |
98.4 |
96.6 |
97.9 |
|
2.7 Recommended air volume and sampling rate
Based on the data collected in this evaluation, 240-L air samples should be collected at a sampling rate of 1 L/min for 240 minutes.
2.8 Interferences (sampling)
There are no known compounds which will severely interfere with the collection of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, or 4-aminopyridine.
Suspected interferences should be reported to the laboratory with submitted samples.
3. Analytical Procedure
Adhere to the rules set down in your Chemical Hygiene Plan. Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals and review all appropriate
MSDSs.
3.1 Apparatus
A gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector. For this evaluation, an Agilent 6890 GC was used.
A GC column capable of separating 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine from the extraction solvent and any potential
interferences. A 60-m × 0.32-mm i.d. DB-1 (1.0-µm df) capillary column was used in this evaluation. Due to the caustic nature of the
analytes and extraction solvent, a Siltek® injection port liner and a syringe with a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) tipped plunger
in the autosampler, were used in this evaluation. A syringe rinse of DI water was used in the autosampler.
An electronic integrator or some other suitable means of measuring peak areas. A Waters Empower 2 Data System and an Agilent 3396 integrator
were used in this evaluation.
Glass vials with PTFE-lined caps. For this evaluation 2-mL vials were used for the autosampler, and 4-mL vials used for sample extraction.
A dispenser capable of delivering 3.0 mL of extraction solvent to prepare standards and samples. If a dispenser is not available, a 3.0-mL
volumetric pipet can be used.
A mechanical shaker. An Eberbach mechanical shaker was used in this evaluation.
Class A volumetric flasks, 10-mL and other convenient sizes for preparing standards.
Class A volumetric pipets and calibrated micropipets, for making analytical standards.
Micro-analytical balance capable of weighing to at least 0.01 mg. An Ohaus Galaxy 160D balance was used in this evaluation.
Optional: Centrifuge for spinning down the particles of the glass fiber filters in samples. An International Equipment Company Centra CL3
centrifuge was used in this method.
3.2 Reagents
2-Aminopyridine [CAS no. 504-29-0], reagent grade. Aldrich 99%+ lot 1852LI was used in this evaluation.
3-Aminopyridine [CAS no. 462-08-8], reagent grade. Aldrich 99% lot 11604CD was used in this evaluation.
4-Aminopyridine [CAS no. 504-24-5], reagent grade. Aldrich 98%+ lot 04609HR was used in this evaluation.
Sodium hydroxide [CAS no. 1310-73-2], reagent grade. Fisher 99%+ lot 046207 was used in this evaluation.
DI water, 18 MΩ-cm. A Barnstead NanoPure Diamond system was used to purify the water for this evaluation.
The extraction solvent solution was 0.1 N NaOH. This was prepared by placing 4 g of NaOH in a 1.0 liter flask and bringing it up to the
mark with DI water.
3.3 Standard preparation
Prepare stock standards by weighing out known amounts of each aminopyridine into volumetric flasks and bringing it up to the mark
with the extraction solvent. Dilutions of the stock standard are made with the extraction solvent to cover the range of 1 to 1000
μg/sample.
Bracket sample concentrations with standard concentrations. If, upon analysis, sample concentrations fall outside the range of prepared
standards, prepare and analyze additional standards to confirm instrument response, or dilute high samples with extraction solvent and
reanalyze the diluted samples.
3.4 Sample preparation
Remove the front and back GFF-H2SO4 from the cassette and carefully transfer each filter to a separate labeled 4-mL
vial. Wipe the interior walls of the cassette with a GFF-H2SO4 wetted with a drop of DI water and place into a
separate labeled 4-mL vial.
Add 3.0 mL of extraction solvent to each vial using the same dispenser as used for preparation of standards.
Add 3.0 mL of extraction solvent to each vial using the same dispenser as used for preparation of standards.
Immediately seal the vials with PTFE-lined caps, and shake the vials on a shaker for 30 minutes. Allow the vials to settle for 3 hours or
spin them down on a centrifuge for 5 min at 2500 rpm. Transfer the clear supernatant to 2-mL autosampler vials for analysis.
3.5 Analysis
Gas chromatography conditions:
Zone temperatures:
|
|
column: |
initial 110°C, hold 1 min,
program at 12 °C/min to 140 °C, then program at 20 °C/min to 200 °C, and
hold 5 min |
injector: |
250 °C/min |
detector: |
260 °C |
run time: |
12 min |
column gas flow: |
1.5 mL/min (hydrogen) |
injection size: |
1.0 µL (10:1 split) |
column: |
60-m × 0.32 mm i.d. capillary
DB-1 (df = 1 μm) |
|
|
NPD conditions
|
|
hydrogen flow: |
2 mL/min |
air flow: |
60 mL/min |
nitrogen makeup flow |
10 mL/min |
Peak areas are measured by an integrator or other suitable means.
Amine compounds tend to have carry-over of the previous injection onto the next injection. It may be necessary to do 3 injections/vial
and throw out the first injection, which has the carry-over.
An external standard (ESTD) calibration method is used. A calibration curve
can be constructed by plotting response of standard injections versus
micrograms of analyte per sample (μg/mL x 3-mL sample volume = μg/sample).
Bracket the samples with freshly prepared analytical standards over the
range of concentrations. |
Figure 3.5.1 A chromatogram of 153 μg/mL 2-aminopyridine, 160 μg/mL
3-aminopyridine, and 163 μg/mL 4-aminopyridine. [Key: 1 = 2-aminopyridine, 2
= 3-aminopyridine, and 3 = 4-aminopyridine]
|
Figure 3.5.2 Calibration curve for 2-aminopyridine.
(y = 515x – 5073) |
Figure 3.5.3 Calibration curve for 3-aminopyridine.
(y = 862x – 1.62E4) |
Figure 3.5.4 Calibration curve for 4-aminopyridine. (y = 683x – 1.09E4) |
The standard error of estimate was determined from the linear regression of data points from standards over a range that covers 0.25 to 2
times the TWA target concentration. Calibration curves were constructed and shown in Section 3.5 from the three injections each of five
standards. The standard error of estimate are 14.6 μg/sample for 2-aminopyridine, 24.6 μg/sample for 3-aminopyridine, 21.0 μg/sample for
4-aminopyridine.
Table 3.5.1
Instrument Calibration for 2-Aminopyridine
|
standard concn (μg/sample) |
x OSHA
PEL |
area counts
(μV•s) |
|
115 |
0.25 |
56709 |
55129 |
54319 |
230 |
0.5 |
115267 |
110294 |
108679 |
460 |
1.0 |
230132 |
232084 |
235934 |
690 |
1.5 |
349728 |
350412 |
352502 |
920 |
2.0 |
466812 |
469129 |
470015 |
|
Table 3.5.2
Instrument Calibration for 3-Aminopyridine
|
standard concn (μg/sample) |
x OSHA
PEL |
area counts
(μV•s) |
|
120 |
0.25 |
92730 |
90937 |
94123 |
240 |
0.5 |
185430 |
183045 |
188932 |
480 |
1.0 |
397350 |
399268 |
390834 |
720 |
1.5 |
601368 |
603192 |
606149 |
960 |
2.0 |
809958 |
810234 |
820023 |
|
Table 3.5.3
Instrument Calibration for 4-Aminopyridine
|
standard concn (μg/sample) |
x OSHA
PEL |
area counts
(μV•s) |
|
123 |
0.25 |
72652 |
73349 |
74923 |
245 |
0.5 |
152286 |
155931 |
153423 |
490 |
1.0 |
322563 |
332012 |
324310 |
735 |
1.5 |
490098 |
494102 |
495341 |
980 |
2.0 |
659597 |
658042 |
653149 |
|
3.6 Interferences (analytical)
Any compound that produces a GC response and has a similar retention time as the analyte is a potential interference. If any potential
interferences were reported, they should be considered before samples are extracted. Generally, chromatographic conditions can be altered to
separate an interference from the analyte.
When necessary, the identity or purity of an analyte peak can be confirmed by GC-mass spectrometry.
Figure 3.6.1 Mass spectrum of 2-aminopyridine. |
Figure 3.6.2 Mass spectrum of 3-aminopyridine. |
Figure 3.6.3 Mass spectrum of 4-aminopyridine. |
3.7 Calculations
The amount of analyte per sampler is obtained from the appropriate calibration curve in terms of micrograms per sample, uncorrected for
extraction efficiency. The results from each filter in the cassette are added together to calculate the total μg/sample. This amount is
corrected by subtracting the amount (if any) found on the filters in the blank cassette. The blank-corrected results from the cassette
wipe are included in the total μg/sample. The air concentration is calculated using the following formulas.
M=[(Us-UB) + (Us-UB)] |
where |
uS is ug/sample analyte in sample
uc is ug/sample analyte in cassette wall wipe
uB is ug/sample analyte in blank
M is microgram per sample
|
CM = |
M
VEE |
|
where |
CM is concentration by weight (mg/m3)
M is micrograms per sample
V is liters of air sampled
EE is extraction efficiency, in decimal form
|
CV= |
VMCM Mr |
|
where |
CV is concentration by volume (ppm)
VM is molar volume at 25oC and 1 atm = 24.46
CM is concentration by weight
Mr is molecular weight = 94.12 |
4. Recommendations for Further Study
Collection, reproducibility, and other detection limit studies need to be performed to make this a fully validated method.
References
1. OSHA Methods
4,4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA),
Benzidine 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 2,4-Toluenediamine 2,6-Toluenediamine,
o-Dianisidine/4,4' Methylenebis(2-Chloroaniline) (MOCA)/o-Tolidine, and
o-Toluidine m-Toluidine p-Toluidine, (accessed 1/20/06).
2. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances, 7th ed.,
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Inc., Cincinnati, OH,
2001, vol. 1, 2-Aminopyridine 1-2.
3.
3-Aminopyridine MSDS
(accessed 2/15/06).
4. Lewis, R., Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, 4th ed., Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, 1997, p 52.
5. Lewis, R., Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th ed., John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York, 2001, p 58.
6.
OSHA Chemical Sampling Information
(accessed 2/15/06).
7.
Evaluation Guidelines For Air Sampling Methods Utilizing Chromatographic Analysis (accessed 2/15/06).
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