450 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00450.jpg) |
Longitude and latitude lines are drawn on the Coast and Geodetic Survey projection ruling machine. This machine eliminated thousands of man-hours of drafting time that would have been required to produce the projections made for the thousands of maps produced for the Allied Armed Services during WWII. Barbara Clayton and Patricia Hayes are the operators of the machine. |
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451 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00451.jpg) |
The vacuum printing frame used to process wet plate negatives to aluminum printing plates. |
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452 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00452.jpg) |
Information from other sources is reduced and included in the compilation drawing. An operator is using a pantograph to produce the reduced image. |
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453 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00453.jpg) |
Operating the 50-inch camera which was invented by Lieutenant Otis Reading during the 1930's. This camera could photograph images up to 50 inches square. It would reproduce images with an error of less than one thousandth of an inch. |
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454 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00454.jpg) |
The negatives are then exposed to sensitized aluminum plates. |
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455 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00455.jpg) |
The sheets are then reduced to the scale of the chart, proper selection of the material which will appear on it being made, and the whole worked into a compilation drawing. |
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456 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00456.jpg) |
The soundings showing depths throughout the water areas are machine-cut through the film of the negative. |
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457 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00457.jpg) |
After the plate is completed, a proof is made on the above press. The plates are made for offset printing and the proof is made by taking the print from the plate to a rubber blanket fastened on the cylinder. The rubber blanket deposits the print to the paper. Up-to-the minute corrections are applied to the plate at this stage, and the plate is then ready for final printing. |
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458 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00458.jpg) |
Engraving on a nautical chart negatives. |
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459 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00459.jpg) |
Engraving on nautical chart negative. |
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460 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00460.jpg) |
Compiling a nautical chart from field survey sheets and other data. |
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461 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00461.jpg) |
Preparing printing plates for presses. |
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462 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00462.jpg) |
Compilation work for a nautical chart. |
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463 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00464.jpg) |
Reproduction methods of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. |
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464 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00465.jpg) |
Negative engraving tools. |
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465 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00466.jpg) |
All the field data are sent to the Washington Office where the triangulation, magnetic, and tidal work is examined by mathematicians who make the necessary adjustments to connect it with work already done. Cartographers complete the plotting, inking and verification of the hydrographic and topographic sheets. |
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466 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00467.jpg) |
Using a multi-plex stereoplotter to develop shoreline and topography from aerial photography. |
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467 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00468.jpg) |
Army aerial photography unit with three-lens camera. Circa 1920's. |
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468 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00469.jpg) |
Nine-lens camera used by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. It obtains topography to be employed on nautical charts, and for making airport surveys. The camera takes nine photographs simultaneously of adjoining areas on a single piece of film 23 inches square. The center photograph is taken vertically downward, while the other eight are oblique views. |
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469 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00470.jpg) |
Nine-lens photograph. Reduction of a nine-lens camera photograph as taken with the aerial camera of the C&GS. The top photo represents the contact print from the negative, and the bottom photo represents the transposed view. |
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470 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00471.jpg) |
Monument 272 along the Alaska-Canada Boundary in the Southeast Alaska area. |
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471 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00472.jpg) |
Third-order triangulation station Iquak in southwest Alaska, while attached to the USC&GS Steamer DISCOVERER in 1923. |
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472 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00473.jpg) |
Surveying party climbing over a glacier with Mount St. Elias in the background. Note dog with pack in foreground. |
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473 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00474.jpg) |
Packing across a river in South Mindanao, Philippine Islands, enroute to a triangulation station. |
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474 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00475.jpg) |
A triangulation party at the foot of Mt. Galintan in the Davao Gulf region of Mindanao, Philippine Islands. The party but a few minutes before had emerged from the woods in the background through which they had traveled by compass alone for a day and a half. The vegetation is cogon grass of moderated height. However, even here it reaches to the men's waists. |
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475 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00476.jpg) |
Freighting in Texas with a barrel wagon. |
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476 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00477.jpg) |
Packing a theodolite across the swollen Verde River, 1924. |
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477 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00478.jpg) |
Canadian and U.S. representatives of the Alaska-Canada International Boundary Survey meet at Point Demarcation on the Beaufort Sea. The U.S. representative took great pride in having attended Princeton University. |
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478 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00479.jpg) |
Northernmost point on the Alaska-Canada Boundary, where the 141st Meridian projects into the Beaufort Sea. The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey represented the U.S. in the delineation of this boundary. |
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479 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00480.jpg) |
The "goat trail" in Chitistone Valley used during the Alaska-Canada Boundary Survey, 1913. |
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480 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00481.jpg) |
Early C&GS trucks passing through plowed field. |
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481 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00482.jpg) |
A plane-table party working in Alaska. The use of aluminum-mounted topographic survey sheets greatly facilitated plane table surveys in regions where fog and rain prevail, as they eliminate the difficulty due to distortion of ordinary paper sheets. |
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482 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00483.jpg) |
The making of a plane-table survey in Philippine mangrove swamps. These waters were frequented by salt-water crocodiles necessitating a constant lookout . This party was off the C&GS Steamer FATHOMER during the field season of 1915-1916. |
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483 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00484.jpg) |
Shoreline topography in Alaska. |
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484 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00485.jpg) |
Topographic work in Alaska, Glacier Bay area, off of C&GS Ship WESTDAHL. |
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485 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00486.jpg) |
Topographic work in Alaska, Glacier Bay area, off of C&GS Ship WESTDAHL. |
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486 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00487.jpg) |
A theodolite for observing horizontal angles. |
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487 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00488.jpg) |
Observing horizontal angles with a Wild T-3 theodolite from a lighthouse. |
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488 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00489.jpg) |
Triangulation tower constructed from pre-cut lumber at Tacoma North Base. Pre- Bilby Tower era. |
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489 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00490.jpg) |
Building crew constructing a steel portable Bilby triangulation tower. |
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490 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00491.jpg) |
Station Tensas. A 159-foot Bilby tower was constructed here in April, 1931. Lieutenant Ralph Pfau was chief of party at this station along the Atlanta- Shreveport triangulation arc. |
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491 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00492.jpg) |
Using collimator to align instrument observing stand at top of Bilby tower with mark in the ground at a triangulation station. |
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492 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00493.jpg) |
A Bilby triangulation tower in the vicinity of an oil production facility. |
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493 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00494.jpg) |
Light keeper orienting lights for triangulation observing party prior to beginning night's observations. Apparently operating off a water tower. |
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494 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00495.jpg) |
Making near contact on low bench over a traverse station. Invar tapes pulled to maintain a constant tension were used to measure distances in the days before electronic distance measuring devices. |
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495 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00496.jpg) |
Contact platforms were under water because of heavy rains during traverse survey using invar tapes. Along the Florida West Coast in 1928. |
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496 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00497.jpg) |
Coast and Geodetic Surveyors using early geodimeter for measuring distance by laser light over long distances. |
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497 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00498.jpg) |
Coast and Geodetic Surveyors using early geodimeter for measuring distance by laser light over long distances. |
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498 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00499.jpg) |
Mechanized leveling before the automobile. Using a railroad velocipede to transport a level instrument as well as serve as the stand. |
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499 | ![thumbnail picture](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20081006105927im_/http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ths/cgs00500.jpg) |
Second-order leveling observing unit working in Virginia in 1935. |
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