Sono-radio-buoy deployed in the Aleutians for RAR work. Buoy deployed from the PIONEER

Inspecting the electronics package of a sono-radio-buoy. RAR work on the OCEANOGRAPHER

Holding RAR bomb. In 1944 issue of the magazine "The Military Engineer"

RAR bomb being exploded astern of EXPLORER. In vicinity of Islands of the Four Mountains

RAR bomb being exploded astern of GUIDE. North shore of Unimak Island

"Gee" or Shoran hyperbolic navigation lattice over France. Allies installed electronic navigation systems to guide bombers. Adapted to hydrographic survey needs at end of war

Front page of first report detailing tests of Shoran by C&GS. Clarence Burmister spearheaded efforts to adapt Shoran to survey use. Tests run in vicinity of Attu Island

Shoran was high frequency line-of-sight system

Shipboard Shoran antenna from below. On EXPLORER

Shipboard Shoran antenna as viewed from bow. On EXPLORER

Shore station Shoran antenna being raised. First electronic navigation antenna ever raised by C&GS. Party off of EXPLORER. Photo No. 1 of sequence

Shore station Shoran antenna being raised. First electronic navigation antenna ever raised by C&GS. Party off of EXPLORER. Photo No. 2 of sequence

Range-range navigation lattice generated by Attu-Semichi stations. First purely electronic navigation lattice used by C&GS. Electronic navigation lattice developed by party off of EXPLORER

Closeup of Shoran antenna mounted on radar antenna. Shoran array installed by party off of LYDONIA

Shoran antenna installed on radar tower. Shoran array installed by party off of LYDONIA

Shoran antenna installed on radar tower. Shoran array installed by party off of LYDONIA

Plotting range-range Shoran position with Odessey protractor. On LYDONIA

A conceptual Shoran station layout. Circular lines of position with Shoran in range-range mode

Mast and antenna system for Shoran installation. First electronic navigation antenna ever raised by C&GS. Party off of EXPLORER. Photo No. 3 of sequence

Mast and antenna system for Shoran installation. First electronic navigation antenna ever raised by C&GS. Party off of EXPLORER. Photo No. 4 of sequence

Shoran antenna at Cape Wrangell. Party off of SURVEYOR

Shoran station in Liberia. Combined operations party of George Morris. Shoran used to control airplane conducting photogrammetric operations

Shoran station being unloaded through surf at Nushagak Bay. Party off of PATHFINDER. Photo No. 1 of sequence

Hauling Shoran gear up the cliff at Nushagak Bay. Party off of PATHFINDER. Photo No. 2 of sequence

Hauling Shoran gear up the cliff at Nushagak Bay. Party off of PATHFINDER. Photo No. 3 of sequence

Shoran equipped launch in the Beaufort Sea. Launch operating with the Arctic Field Party

Inshore sextant fix hydrography as out of line-of-sight of Shoran. Launch off of EXPLORER

Shoran station Stem. Installed by party off of EXPLORER

Shoran installation at Port Clarence.

Diagram of range-range navigation geometry. Hydrographic Manual

Erecting EPI (Electronic Position Indicator) antenna. EPI was a medium frequency system that was useable out to 200 miles. Invented within the Coast and Geodetic Survey

EPI antenna mast used in Bering Sea operations.

Carl Aslakson monitoring EPI receiver on HYDROGRAPHER. Field testing of EPI - first medium frequency survey navigation system. Invented within the Coast and Geodetic Survey

First field testing of Raydist on the SOSBEE. Medium frequency survey navigation system

Raydist watch on the HYDROGRAPHER. Hydrographic surveying operations

Electronic survey equipment on HYDROGRAPHER. Field testing of electronic survey equipment

Setting up a Raydist tower. Base plate with tower and cable - tower assembled from 10-foot aluminum sections . Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #1 of sequence

Setting up a Raydist tower. Preparing the gin pole - basically a large lever arm. Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #2 of sequence

Setting up a Raydist tower. Ready to erect tower. Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #3 of sequence

Setting up a Raydist tower. Lifted a little. Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #4 of sequence

Setting up a Raydist tower. About half-way up. Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #5 of sequence

Setting up a Raydist tower. Most of the way up. Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #6 of sequence

Setting up a Raydist tower. Tower in position and ready to transmit. Party off of wire drag vessels WAINWRIGHT and HILGARD. Photograph #7 of sequence

Erecting a 100-foot Raydist tower with a 30-foot gin pole. Party off of PATHFINDER

NOAA helicopter supporting Raydist tower installation. Party off of SURVEYOR

Electronics for loading Raydist tower.

Operational Raydist station at Kamishak Bay. Installation by party off of PATHFINDER

ARGO tower being installed. Installation by party off of FAIRWEATHER

Raydist tower at Cape San Blas. Note man at top of tower making final adjustments. Installed by party off of NOAA Launch 1257

Assembling Raydist tower sections. Party off of NOAA Launch 1257