Technical Reports
Weed Control Options in California Strawberry Without MeBr
S.A. Fennimore *1, M.J. Haar 2 and H. Ajwa
3
1,2University of
California-Davis, Salinas, CA 93905
3USDA-ARS, Water
Management Research Laboratory, Fresno, CA 93727
Introduction
Strawberry production in California is a two-component system consisting of
nursery and fruit production, and methyl bromide has been used as the basis for
weed control for both components. The phase-out of methyl bromide requires the
development of alternative fumigant systems for both nursery and fruit
production systems. Alternative fumigants in evaluation include chloropicrin
alone, iodomethane plus chloropicrin mixture 50:50, 1,3-D plus chloropicrin
mixture 65:35, and metam sodium. Iodomethane was evaluated in nurseries, and
several emulsified fumigants were evaluated in a fruiting field. The objective
of the work reported here was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of
alternative fumigants in both nursery and fruiting fields.
Methods
Iodomethane evaluation in nursery production. The weed control
efficacy of iodomethane was compared to methyl bromide in the spring and summer
of 2000 at a low elevation nursery at Ballico, CA and a high elevation nursery
at Susanville, CA. The effects of iodomethane on weed seed viability, weed
densities and time required to hand weed were measured. Iodomethane was applied
as a 50:50 mixture with chloropicrin (IM/Pic) at the rate of 350 lbs. per acre
(lb./A). Methyl bromide and chloropicrin (MeBr/Pic) was applied for comparison
as a 57:43 mixture at the rate of 400 lb./A at Ballico and 355 lb./A at
Susanville. Each treatment was replicated four times and the plot size was 2860
ft2.
The effect of fumigants on weed seed was tested by burying nylon mesh bags
containing seed of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), prostrate
knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) and little mallow (Malva
parviflora) prior to fumigation. Following fumigation, bags were retrieved
and the percentage viable seed was determined using tetrazolium salts.
Emulsified fumigant evaluation in fruiting fields. Evaluation of
emulsified fumigants was initiated in November 1999 in a fruit production field
near Salinas, CA. Four weeks after fumigation, the mulch was removed and
cultivar 'Selva' was planted in two rows at 12-inch spacing between plants.
Emulsified fumigants were applied through two drip lines placed 8 inches apart
in the middle of the bed. Drip-applied treatments were: 1,3-D plus chloropicrin
mixture in an emulsified formulation (1,3-D + Pic EC) at 253 and 422 lb./A,
metam sodium at 213 and 320 lb./A, chloropicrin alone (Pic EC) at 328 lb./A,
1,3-D + Pic EC followed by (fb) metam sodium at 253 lb./A fb 213 lb./A, and 422
lb./A fb 320 lb./A, and Pic EC fb metam sodium at 328 lb./A fb 213 lb./A. Bed
shank-applied materials were methyl bromide plus chloropicrin 67:33 (MeBr/Pic)
at 400 lb./A, 1,3-D plus chloropicrin mixture 65:35 (1,3-D + Pic) at 410 lb./A
and chloropicrin alone (Pic) at 300 lb./A. Each treatment was replicated three
times and the plot size was three 52-inch beds wide by 100 ft. long.
The effect of emulsified fumigants on the native weed biomass was measured
on February 24, 2000 by harvesting the weeds present on the center bed of each
plot (250 ft2). Weeds were identified by species and then biomass
was determined. Weed seed bags containing common purslane, little mallow, and
prostrate knotweed were placed in nylon mesh bags and buried in all plots prior
to fumigation (data not shown).
Results
Iodomethane evaluation in nursery production. Percentage viable
common purslane and prostrate knotweed seed was much lower for seed treated
with IM/Pic or MeBr/Pic compared to untreated seeds at both sites
(Table 1).
Differences in percentage viable seed were not found between IM/Pic and
MeBr/Pic treatments for common purslane or prostrate knotweed. At Susanville,
percentage viable was lower for little mallow seed exposed to MeBr/Pic compared
to untreated seed; however a 77.1 percent viable seed is not considered an
acceptable level of control. A difference in little mallow seed viability was
not observed at Ballico.
The effect of fumigants on emergence of native weed populations was
evaluated by periodically determining the density of each weed species. Common
lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and little mallow were the most
abundant weeds at Susanville
(Table 2).
Problem weeds at Ballico were carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata)
prostrate spurge (Euphorbia humistrata) and filaree (Erodium
spp.). Both IM/Pic and MeBr/Pic reduced the number of common lambsquarters,
carpetweed and prostrate spurge for each date. MeBr/Pic reduced the number of
filaree compared to IM/Pic for the first sample date, but differences were not
found for the second count. The number of little mallow was lower in the
MeBr/Pic treated plots compared to controls for the first weed count at
Susanville; for other weed counts, there was not a difference.
Less time was required to hand weed plots treated with MeBr/Pic or IM/Pic at
Ballico compared to untreated areas
(Table 3). A
difference was not found between MeBr/Pic and IM/Pic.
These results suggest that the weed control efficacy of IM/Pic 50:50 at 350
lb./A was approximately equal to MeBr/Pic 57:43 at 355 to 400 lb./A.
Emulsified fumigant evaluation in fruiting fields. All fumigant
treatments significantly reduced common chickweed (Stellaria media) and
shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) bio-masses compared to the
untreated check (Table 4). Bur
clover (Medicago polymorpha) and little mallow biomass was greater in
the MeBr/Pic treatment than in the untreated check. This was likely due to the
germination stimulus on bur clover and little mallow seed provided by MeBr/Pic.
Results indicate that drip-applied 1,3-D + Pic EC provided better control of
bur clover and little mallow than shank-applied 1,3-D + Pic. Similarly,
drip-applied Pic EC provided better control of bur clover and little mallow
than shank-applied Pic. The weed control provided by drip-applied 1,3-D + Pic
EC at 253 or 422 lb./A was not improved by the addition of a sequential
application of metam sodium at 213 or 320 lb./A, respectively. Similarly, the
weed control provided by drip-applied Pic EC was not improved by a sequential
application of metam sodium at 213 lb./A. Metam sodium alone at 213 or 320
lb./A provided poor to fair control of all species.
Sequential applications of metam sodium did not improve the weed control
provided by drip-applied 1,3-D + Pic EC or Pic EC.
[April 2001 Table of Contents]
[Newsletter Issues
Listing] [Methyl
Bromide Home Page]
[ARS Home Page]
[USDA Home Page]
Last Updated: September 5, 2001
|