As part of a downsizing and restructuring of the Army after the Civil War, Congress authorized the creation of four new cavalry regiments in 1866, two of which were to be "composed of colored men." Along with the cavalry units, the 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry, "colored" infantry units were authorized as well, the 24th and 25th U.S. Infantry.

Commanded by white officers, these regiments represent the first African-American professional soldiers in the country’s peacetime army. Sent out west the following year they quickly proved to be a capable and courageous addition to the country’s frontier military force.

One of these two new all black cavalry regiments, the 10th U.S. Cavalry, served for two years at Fort Larned from 1867 to 1869.

Most people know these black soldiers by their nickname, Buffalo Soldier, although the historical record is not clear about where the name comes from. Some sources claim it comes from early campaigns with the plains Indians, who bestowed it out of respect for their fierce fighting ability. Others assert that the Native Americans were referring to the soldiers’ dark, curly hair as resembling a buffalo’s coat.

It’s estimated that more than 12,000 African-American men served during the late 19th century, many for the entire 5 year enlistment. This despite the hardships of life on frontier campaigns, the loneliness of garrison duty, and the sting of the prevailing racism of the day.